• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2002

Saussurea chabyoungsanica was recorded in new species by Lim Hyoung Tak in 1997. In order to understand the entity of new species, we investigated the new distribution sites, vegetation structure and soil environmental factors. Additionally discovered distribution sites of S. chabyoungsanica were Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung, Mt. Duckhang, and Sukgaejae, which were located on ridge of the Taebaek mountains. Those sites are typical limestone zones of Korea and among them Sukgaejae belongs to lower great limestone area and Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung and Mt. Duckhang belong to uper great limestone area. According to the result of phytosociological study, plant communities of S. chabyoungsanica were classified by 1 Community group, 4 Communities and 2 Subcommunities; Carex humilis var. nana - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community group in wide sense Quercus mongolica Community group, Lespedeza maximowiczii- Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Galium kinuta - Saussurea chabyongsanica Community, Saliva chanryonica - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Zabelia coreana - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community. Environmental factor analysis of habitat showed that the distribution site of S. chabyoungsanica was ridge of North aspect and displayed pH 7∼8 typical of limestone. Soil moisture content was high, whereas organic matter content was low. Considering its high occurrence in sites of 1∼10cm in soil depth, and of 30∼45% in relative light intensity, major distribution sites were outcrops and boundaries between shrubland and forest. After community division by vegetation structure in habitat of S. chabyoungsanica, we investigated characters of soil environment by community. As a result of PCA analysis of soil sample by community, it was possible to divide community by characters of soil environmental factor. The cumulative value of contribution rate represented in second dimension space was 73% and the major factors for that value were soil texture, organic matter content and field capacity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.422-439
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• 2019

The rear edge population is considered to have low genetic diversity and high risk of extinction according to a highly isolated distribution. However, the rear edge population is observed to have persisted for an extended period despite the low genetic diversity. As such, it is necessary to understand the ecological process involved in the persistence of the population. Viola mirabilis L. in Korea is considered the rear edge population from the perspective of the worldwide distribution. We surveyed the distribution range of V. mirabilis, which shows the isolated distribution in the central area of Korea, to find out the factors of its persistence. Next, we investigated and accessed the vegetational pattern of habitats, soil environment, phenology, self-compatibility, population structure, and extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area. V. mirabilis was distributed in the understory of the deciduous forest, planted forest of the deciduous conifer and deciduous broad-leaved trees, shrubland, and grassland in the limestone area. We also observed the re-establishment of seedlings in the population, and most of them showed a stable population structure. For chasmogamous flowers, the visit by pollinators has a significantly positive relationship with the production of fruits. However, we found that the production of the cleistogamous flowers was more numerous in all studied populations and that only the cleistogamous flowers were produced despite a more substantial plant size in some populations. The plant size was more related to the production of the cleistogamous flowers than that of the chasmogamous flowers. Accordingly, the cleistogamous flowers significantly contributed to seedling recruitment in the population. We found that the production of the chasmogamous flowers and the cleistogamous flowers did not have a correlation with the factors of the soil analysis except for phosphoric acid. V. mirabilis showed the self-incompatibility characteristics most likely due to the production capability of the cleistogamous flowers. Potential extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area was included the development of limestone mine, the expansion of agricultural fields, and the construction of houses. Although V. mirabilis showed an isolated distribution in the limestone area in the Korean peninsula, it showed a diverse distribution in a wide habitat environment ranging from the grassland to the understory of the trees with relatively low canopy closure rate. Moreover, we concluded that the persistence of the population was possible if we can maintain the current state of multiple populations and stable population structure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.220-256
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• 2022

The most important thing for conserving plant diversity in an area is to make an overall inventory of the plant species inhabiting the area. In particular, limestone areas are known for their high plant diversity and distribution of specific plants. Despite that, only a few have been designated as protected areas. This study investigated the vascular plants distributed in Goyangsan Mtn. and Munraesan Mtn., located in limestone areas of the central part of the Korean Peninsula. A field survey was conducted eight times from April to October 2021. As a result, we identified a total of 654 taxa comprising 113 families, 357 genera, 592 species, 15 subspecies, 44 varieties, and 3 formulas. They included four endangered wild plant species: Astilboides tabularis, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Cypripedium macranthos, and Epilobium hirsutum. Endemic plants in Korea were identified as 32 taxa. Floristic target plants were identified as 168 taxa, specifically 5 taxa of grade V, 41 taxa of grade IV, and 36 taxa of grade III. The red data plants included 2 taxa as "Endangered (EN)", 7 taxa as "Vulnerable (VU)", and 7 taxa as "Near threatened (NT)". A total of 41 taxa of naturalized plants were identified, and 4 of them were invasive alien plants. The surveyed vicinity of Goyangsan Mtn. and Munraesan Mtn. showed high plant diversity and contained core habitats for distribution of an endangered wild plant, Astilboides tabularis,in the limestone area. Moreover, both mountains contained a small population of Cotoneaster integerrimus. These findings confirm that the area has conservation values. Therefore, we propose to identify areas with high plant diversity and designate them as special protected areas.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.241-263
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• 2016

This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants on Mt. Seokbyeongsan (1,055 m) and provide a basis for the conservation and management of plant resources. The vascular plants were surveyed from March to October 2015. The flora on Mt. Seokbyeongsan was classified as follows: 102 families, 295 genera, 454 species, 4 subspecies, 51 varieties, 7 forms, and a total of 516 taxa. Endemic plants included 17 families, 24 genera, 25 species, 1 variety, and a total of 26 taxa. The Korea Forest Service assignment of rare plants, including 21 families, 33 genera, 33 species, 3 varieties, and a total of 36 taxa, was investigated. Moreover, the Ministry of Environment assignment of rare plants, including 13 families, 17 genera, 17 species, 1 variety, and a total of 18 taxa, was investigated. Floristic special plants in the surveyed area were divided into five classes (Classes I-V): 42 taxa of Class I, 26 taxa of Class II, 35 taxa of Class III, 20 taxa of Class IV, and 9 taxa of Class V for a total of 132 taxa. Naturalized plants were 18 taxa, and plants threatened by climate change were 48 taxa.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 1998

Physical geography is the discipline which deals with the relationship between man and natural environment. Therefore, it should be studied as the organized unity. In this paper I recognize the drainage basin as a framework outlining physical geography, describe the difference of inhabitant's life style due to the difference of natural environment in the drainage basin, and consider the meaning of drainage basin as a unit of life(and unit of regional geography). Munkyung is divided into three regions(intermontane basin region, middle mountainous region, marginal hilly region of the great basin) owing to the topographic characteristics. Subdivision in these regions is related closely to drainage network distribution, specially in intermontane basin region. And small regions have developed with the confluence point of $3{\sim}4$ order streams as the central figure. Intermontane basin region is the valley floor of Sinbuk-Soya-Kauun-Nongam stream located in the limestone region which is exposed according to Munkyung fault at its northern part. Small streams are affected strongly by the influence of the NNE-SSE or WNW-ESE tectolineament. Thus Kaeripryungro(鷄立嶺路), Saejaegil(새재길), Ewharyungro(伊火嶺路) and so on are constructed through the tectolineament. In the valley floors of small streams which flow into the intermontane basin, there are large floodplains. Floodplain in Sinbuk, Joryung, and Yangsan stream is used to paddy field or orchard, and in Nongam stream is used to paddy field or vegetable field. Hills are distributed largely in the periphery of intermontane basin. Limestone hills in Kauun and Masung basin are not continuous to the present low and flat floodplain, and most of those are used to forest land and field. On the other side. granite hills in Koyori are continuous to be used to the present floodplain, and they are used to residential area and field. In the middle mountainous region are there hilly mountains constructed in the geology of Palaeozoic Pyeongan System in northern area and Chosun System's Limestone Series in southern area, and banded gneiss and schist among Sobaeksan Gneiss Complex. In Palaeozoic Pyeongan System region are there relatively rugged mountains and ingrown meanders developed along tectolineaments. Chosun System's Limestone Series region builds up a geomorphic surface, develops various karst landforms. Mountainous area is used to field. On the other hand, especially in case of Hogye, valley bottom is wide, long, and discontinuous to slope, is used to paddy field dominantly. And schist region in Youngnam Block of Pre-Cambrian is rugged mountainous. Marginal hilly region of the great basin is hilly zone located in the margin of erosional basin(Bonghwa-Youngju-Yechon-Hamchang-Sangju). This region is lower geomorphic surface which is consisted of hills of $50{\sim}100$m height. Hills are used to field or orchard, and dissected gentle depression is used to paddy field.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.77
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• pp.43-52
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• 2007

중국 호남성의 장가계시 무릉원(武陵源)에는 위로 천문산(天門山)의 천문동(天門洞)과 땅 아래로 뻗혀 있는 황룡동굴(黃龍洞窟)이 있다. 천문동은 오나라 때의 대지진으로 인하여 생긴 것이며, 황룡동굴은 이 지역에 분포된 석회암 지대로 말미암아 영겁의 세월을 통하여 생성된 지하생성물의 극치이다. 천문산 고봉의 하늘 맞닿은 높은 곳에 형성된 천문동혈(天門同穴)과, 4층 규모로 된 땅속의 산 같은 석회동 구조물과 강물을 무색케 하는 지중뱃길수로를 끌어안고 있는 황룡동굴은 과연 천산용동(天山龍洞)의 바로 그것이 아닌가. [답사보고서 중에서]

• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 1993.07a
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• pp.155-159
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• 1993

중국에서는 동굴 탐험이 그다지 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 남부의 귀주와 광서지방에는 광대한 카르스트지대가 펼쳐진다. 광서지방의 탑모양의 카르스트는 바늘봉 같은 특이한 풍경을 이루어, 옛날 그림에도 자주 묘사되고있다. 하나하나가 탑모양의 석회암에는, 짧은 동굴이 벌집처럼 발달하고 있다. 귀주지방에도 넓은 석회암대지가 있는데, 많은 큰 하천이 지하를 흐르면서, 멋진 동굴이 발달되어 있다. 귀주의 두세개의 동굴은 상당한 규모의 동굴이 있는데 높이, 폭 모두 30m 이상이 되는 것도 있다. 중국에 가장 유명한 동굴은 반대로 북부지방의 많은 작은 동굴이다. 주거지로 옛날에 인공적으로 파진 동굴로, 황하분지에 많다. 부드러운 황도를 파서 예배당으로 이용된 것도 많다. 또 유명한 주거점의 동굴에서 북경원인의 화석이 발견되고 있다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.119-120
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• 1994

중국에서는 동굴 탐험이 그다지 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 남부의 귀주와 광서지방에는 광대한 카르스트지대가 펼쳐진다. 광서지방의 탑모양의 카르스트는 바늘봉 같은 특이한 풍경을 이루어, 옛날 그림에도 자주 묘사되고 있다. 하나하나가 탑모양의 석회암에는, 짧은 동굴이 벌집처럼 발달하고 있다. 귀주지방에도 넓은 석회암대지가 있는데, 많은 큰 하천이 지하를 흐르면서, 멋진 동굴이 발달되어 있다. 귀주의 두세개의 동굴은 상당한 규모의 동굴이 있는데 높이, 폭 모두 30m 이상이 되는 것도 있다. 중국에 가장 유명한 동굴은 반대로 북부지방의 많은 작은 동굴이다. 주거지로 옛날에 인공적으로 파진 동굴로, 황하분지에 많다. 부드러운 황도를 파서 예배당으로 이용된 것도 많다. 또 유명한 주구점의 동굴에서 북경원인의 화석이 발견되고 있다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.89-90
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• 1997

중국에서는 동굴 탐험이 그다지 이루어 지지 않은 상태이다. 남부의 귀주와 광서지방에는 광대한 카르스트지대가 펼쳐진다. 광서지방의 탑모양의 카르스트는 바늘봉 같은 특이한 풍경을 이루어, 옛날 그림에도 자주 묘사되고 있다. 하나하나가 탑모양의 석회암에는, 짧은 동굴이 벌집처럼 발달하고 있다. 귀주지방에도 넓은 석회암대지가 있는데, 많은 큰 하천이 지하를 흐르면서, 멋진 동굴이 발달되어 있다. 귀주의 두세개의 동굴은 상당한 규모의 동굴이 있는데 높이, 폭 모두 30m 이상이 되는 것도 있다. 중국에 가장 유명한 동굴은 반대로 북부지방의 많은 작은 동굴이다. 주거지로 옛날에 인공적으로 파진 동굴로, 황하분지에 많다. 부드러운 황도를 파서 예배당으로 이용된 것도 많다. 또 유명한 주구점의 동굴에서 북경원인의 화석이 발견되고 있다.(중략)

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.32
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• pp.97-106
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• 1992

중국에서는 동굴 탐험이 그다지 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 남부의 귀주와 광서지방에는 광대한 카르스트지대가 펼쳐진다. 광서지방의 탑모양의 카르스트는 바늘봉 같은 특이한 풍경을 이루어, 옛날 그림에도 자주 묘사되고 있다. 하나하나가 탑모양의 석회암에는, 짧은 동굴이 벌집처럼 발달하고 있다. 귀주지방에도 넓은 석회암대지가 있는데, 많은 하천이 지하를 흐르면서, 멋진 동굴이 발달되어 있다. 귀주의 두세개의 동굴은 상당한 규모의 동굴이 있는데 높이, 폭 모두 30m 이상이 되는 것도 있다. 중국에 가장 유명한 동굴은 반대로 북부지방의 많은 작은 동굴이다. 주거지로 옛날에 인공적으로 파진 동굴로, 황하분지에 많다. 부드러운 황도를 파서 예배당으로 이용된 것도 많다. 또 유명한 주구점의 동굴에서 북경원인의 화석이 발견되고 있다.(중략)