• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.456-464
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• 1998

For the standardization and quality improvement of traditional Korean Nuruk, 10 strains of fungi, which were isolated from Nuruks and showed good productivity of the saccharogenic and dextrinogenic enzymes, acid and flavor, were selected and their enzymological characteristics and identification were carried out. Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus sp. showed a high liquefying activity without regard to cultivation time, whereas the majority of strains except for Rhizopus sp. had decreasing saccharifying activity in proportion to the increase in cultivation time. Aspergillus spp. No.17-2, No.17-6 and Rhizopus sp. No.18-1 showed high liquefying and saccharifying activity after 15 and 30 day cultivation. The optimum temperature of most of these saccharogenic and dextrinogenic enzymes was from 40$^{\circ}C$ to 60$^{\circ}C$, and their optimum pH was extensive between pH 3 and pH 11. But Penicillium spp.(2 strains) and Rhizopus sp. showed low activity under the alkalic and acidic conditions. Among these isolated strains, 5 strains which had shown the high productivity of materials were identified as Aspergillus oryzae NR3-6 and Aspergillus oryzae NR17-6, Aspergillus penicilloides NR12-1, Penicillium expansum NR7-7 and Rhizopus oryzee NRl8-1, respectively. Five kinds of mixed culture were carried out and all of them showed a better productivity of saccharogenic and dextrinogenic enzymes than single culture. These results indicate that it is possible to make traditional Korean liquors of good quality by using these fungi.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.195-203
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• 1999

Background: Telomerase enzyme activity is not detected in most normal cells, a phonomenon believed to be associated with limitations on cellular proliferation. Since this activity is detected in nearly all human tumor, including lung cancers, it has been suggested that telomerase activation may be coupled to acquisition of malignant phenotype. In this study, we determined whether telomerase activity was associated with tumor pathologic stage. Methods: Primary tumor specimens obtained by bronchoscopic biopsies from 33 patients were analyzed. Telomerase activity was measured by means of a modified Telomeric Repeat Amplication Protocol(TRAP) assay. Results: Telomerase activity was detected in 23 of the 27 non-small-cell lung cancer and 5 of 6 small-cell lung cancer. A few primary tumors did not appear to have detectable telomerase activity. Positive associations were found between the telomerase-positive rate and tumor stage(p<0.05). Conclusion: High telomerase activity is detected frequently in primary lung cancers that exhibit high tumor cell proliferation rates and advanced pathologic stage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.475-482
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• 2006

The quality characteristics and functional properties of fermented soybean by lactic acid bacteria (FSB) were investigated and compared with those of soybean (control) and commercial cheonggukjang Powder (CGP). The crude protein, lipid, and fiber contents of FSB were similar to those in CGP. The vitamin $B_2$ content in FSB (1.4 mg%) was similar to the control (1.3 mg%) whereas it was remarkably low in the CGP (0.2 mg%). The bright yellow color of FSB determined by Hunter's colormeter was quite different from the dark reddish brown color of the CGP. The pH of FSB was the lowest and thee amino-nitrogen was 517.2 mg%, which was higher than that in CGP (468.1 mg%). Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine were the most abundant amino acids. In particular, the increase in the glutamic acid level was noticeable in FSB. The fatty acid compositions of FSB and CGP were similar to the control. However, the sucrose and fructose levels were lower after fermentation but the glucose level was higher. The results of isoflavone analysis by HPLC showed that the levels of daidzein and genistein in FSB were as much as 48.33 and 52.82 mg%, respectively, which is higher than that found in CGP. The DPPH free radical scavenging effects of FSB and CGP were 1.8 times higher an those of the control. The fibrinolytic activity determined by the diameter of the lysed area on the fibrin plate was the most effective in FSB. In conclusion, it is believed that FSB has a similar or higher quality than CGP. Therefore, FSB is expected to be good functional food material.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2005

The vascular plant at Korea CC was researched in 95 taxa and Korea CC had the highest number of vascular plants among the ponds of 9 golf courses in the capital region. The number of vascular plants at Eunhwasam CC was 21 taxa which followed as the second most. Most of the vascular plants surveyed consist of a mon-ocotyledon with 1-2 years of life and a dicotyledon as perennial. The ratio between an introduced species of pond vegetation and planting species from Jisan CC is $52.3\%$, which is the highest. The lowest ratio of those is $21.1\%$, which is from Pine Creek Cc. Pine Creek CC has 25 plant communities in total, with 16 semi-natural and natural communities and 9 planting or introduced communities. Pine Creek CC has the most varied plant communities among 9 golf clubs. There are plant communities of semi-natural and natural vegetation from all ponds, and there are 12 aquatic plant communities at disturbance or planting vegetation. We found out that Pine creek CC has more natural communities than disturbance or planting communities compared to other golf clubs, and there is not any natural vegetation at Pristine Valley CC. According to value grade from assessment indicator, the natural aspect of Seseoul CC and Eunhwasam CC are the lowest among 9 golf clubs. Taeyoung CC, Eunhwasam CC, Jisan CC, Seseoul CC are superior in made vegetation among the group in terms of euclidean similarity coefficient on natural aspect and are classified as one group. Korea CC and Pristine Valley CC have distinguished semi-natural vegetation and Midas Valley CC and Pine Creek CC, which have a relatively high natural aspect, are classified as one group. Blue Heron CC is separated from other groups into its own group because it has a high value of scenery in particular. In conclusion, there is a correlation between the natural aspect of a pond and size of vegetation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1484-1490
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to look at prevalences of abnormal serum aminotransferase levels and abnormal serum total cholesterol levels among adolescents with obesity in Seoul area. Methods : Body mass index[$BMI(kg/m^2)$], serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST) alanine aminotransferase( ALT), and total cholesterol levels were measured in 26,876 adolescents(male : 13,287, female : 13,589) of first grade of high school in Seoul between the ages of 15 and 16 years, enrolled in a large health examination survey by Seoul School Health Center(SSHC) in 2001. Obesity was defined as BMI more than 95th percentile for age and sex and normal weight was defined as BMI between 25th percentile and 75th percentile for age and sex. Abnormal levels of AST, ALT and total cholesterol were defined as more than 95th percentile for age and sex. Results : The BMI at 95th percentile was 28.7 in males and 26.9 in females. The prevalence of abnormal AST levels was higher in obesity group than in normal weight group. In males, those were 23.7% and 3.7%, respectively(P<0.01, $x^2-value$ : 529.2). In females, those were 11.8% and 4.9 %, respectively(P<0.01, $x^2-value$ : 56.3). The prevalence of abnormal ALT levels was significantly higher in the obesity group compared with the normal weight group. In males, those were 33.9% and 1.7%, respectively(P<0.01, $x^2-value$ : 1,693.4). In females, those were 22.3% and 3.9%, repectively(P<0.01, $x^2-value$ : 397.6). The prevalence of abnormal total cholesterol levels was higher in the obesity group than in the normal weight group. In males, those were 16.8% and 3.5%, respectively(P<0.01, $x^2-value$ : 268.3). In females, those were 9.0% and 5.4%, respectively(P<0.01, $x^2-value$ : 14.2). Conclusion : This study revealed that the prevalences of abnormal AST, ALT and total cholesterol level were higher in the obese group than in the normal weight group.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.639-645
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• 1996

A 14-year-old male patient with previous surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot was admitted with hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia (VT). On preoperative electrophysiologic study (EPS), the morphology of documented VT was RBBB of vertical axis with 320 msec cycle length. The endocardial mapping during VT delineated the origin of VT at right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), where the patch was attached. The clinical VT had a clockwise reentry circuit around the patch with the earliest activation at the same site seen during the preoperative EPS. The previously placed right ventricular outflow patch and fibrous tissue were removed. During a postoperative EPS, it was no longer possible to induce the VT. Ventricular tachycardia following repair of tetralogy of Fallot seen in this patient was caused by a macro-reentry around the right ventricular outflow patch. We were able to ablate the VT with the aid of a detailed mapping of its epicardial activation sequence.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2012

Increasing concerns over green farming technology, plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGRP) having growth promoting as well as plant disease suppressing properties was recently preferred to use for biological control of plant pathogens infecting plant. We measured the influence of the selected microbial consortium agents-a mixture of PGPR strains-, commercial bio-fungicide, and chemical pesticides on soil microbial community in red pepper field. The activities of soil enzyme such as dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, and cellulase were analyzed to investigate that of soil microbial community. We also measured plant length, main stem, stem diameter, number of branches and yields of red-pepper in order to observe the red pepper growth promotion. The results of measuring enzyme activities were dehydrogenase 3.5584 ${\mu}g$ TPF $g^{-1}h^{-1}$, urease 15.8689 ${\mu}g$ $NH_4{^-}N$ $g^{-1}h^{-1}$, phosphatase 0.5692 ${\mu}g$ PNP $g^{-1}h^{-1}$, ${\beta}$-glucosidase 2.4785 ${\mu}g$ PNP $g^{-1}h^{-1}$, and cellulase 86.1597 ${\mu}g$ glucose $g^{-1}h^{-1}$ in the soil treated with the microbial consortium agents, so it came out to be very active in the soil. Observing the growth of red-peppers, the main-stem length and the stem diameter were 6.1% and 8.1% higher in the soil treated with the selected microbial consortium agent than the chemical pesticides. After harvesting, yields were 7.3% higher in the soil treated with selected microbial consortium agents than the chemical pesticides. These results showed that microbial consortium agents contribute to increasing soil microbial diversity, growth promoting, and yield of red pepper.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 1984

A study on the stability of chlorophyll a in Undaria pinnatifida during blanching, salting and storage was carried out. Raw Undaria pinnatifida was blanched for 25 seconds in the temperature range of 70 to $100^{\circ}C$. To stabilize the chlorophyll a some chemicals such as 1% solutions of $Ca(CH_3CO_2)_2,{\;}Ca(OH)_2,{\;}MgCO_3,{\;}0.5%{\;}Ca(CH_3CO_2)_2$ with $0.5%{\;}MgCO_3$, and reed ash solution were used during/after blanching. The blanched product was salted with table salt after centrifuging for 2 minutes at 1500 rpm, and then again centrifuged after 48 hours for dewatering. The product which was mixed with 8% of table salt was sealed in a polyethylene film bag and stored at 10, 20, 30 and $40^{\circ}C$. The most effective blanching temperature for maximal residual amount of chlorophyll a was $85^{\circ}C$. The quantities of total organic and volatile acids were not significantly changed by the blanching temperature. Blanching in 1% chemical solutions showed bitter results than soaking in 1% chemical solutions for 20 minutes after blanching without chemicals. Reed ash and 0.5% $Ca(CH_3CO_2)_2$ with 0.5% $MgCO_3$ solutions were more effective than the 1% solutions of other chemicals, but the effect was not significant, compared with the group not treated with chemicals. The most reasonable ratio of added salt to dewater the product for 48 hours was 30% in w/w. The amount of total organic and volatile acids revealed no correlation with the amount of added salt. Color and odor of salted product was not severely changed during the storage of 77 days at $10^{\circ}C$. But the changes were accelerated with increasing storage temperatures. The degradation of chlorophyll a in salted product during storage could be interpreted as a first order reaction, and the rate constants at 10, 20, 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ were 0.1289, 0.1028, 0.0770 and 0.0550, respectively. $Q_{10}$ and the activation energy were 1.33 and 5.01 Kcal/g mole.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2018

In this study, cosmetic materials were developed using a new method of making juice through the fermentation of raw natural materials with microorganisms in order to supplement the advantages and disadvantages of an organic solvent extraction method and a microbial fermentation method. The natural products were selected from two colors (red, green) of paprika known to be rich in various colors and vitamins. The microorganisms used for fermentation were fermented by inoculating paprika with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) having sugar-hydrolyzed ability. First, we investigated the changes of physiologically active substances of two kinds of paprika juice and two kinds of fermented paprika juice. Total phenols content and total flavonoids content were higher in the fermented paprika juice than in the paprika juice, and especially in the fermented red paprika juice. Free radical scavenging effect and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect were also showed an excellent antioxidative effect on paprika fermented juice, among which the effect of red paprika fermentation juice was the highest. The expression of MMP-1 in fermented red paprika juice with high antioxidant activity was inhibited by concentration-dependent expression of MMP-1 mRNA and MMP-1 protein. In the glycation experiments with aging, the anti-glycation effect of fermented paprika juice was highly inhibited by the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which was closely related to the antioxidant effect. In addition, the activity of senescence-associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal), an indicator of cell senescence, was measured using human dermal fibroblast (HDF). The results showed that the cell senescence was inhibited when the cells were treated with fermented paprika juice. In conclusion, fermented paprika juice using lactic acid bacteria showed better antioxidative and anti-aging effects than paprika juice. Among them, fermented red paprika juice has the best antioxidant and anti-aging effect and can be applied as natural new material of antioxidant and anti-aging.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.4 no.11
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• pp.509-520
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• 2015

College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT) is a primary test to evaluate the study achievement of high-school students and used by most universities for admission decision in South Korea. Because its level of difficulty is a significant issue to both students and universities, the government makes a huge effort to have a consistent difficulty level every year. However, the actual levels of difficulty have significantly fluctuated, which causes many problems with university admission. In this paper, we build two types of data-driven prediction models to predict correct answer rate and to identify significant factors for CSAT English test through accumulated test data of CSAT, unlike traditional methods depending on experts' judgments. Initially, we derive candidate question-specific factors that can influence the correct answer rate, such as the position, EBS-relation, readability, from the annual CSAT practices and CSAT for 10 years. In addition, we drive context-specific factors by employing topic modeling which identify the underlying topics over the text. Then, the correct answer rate is predicted by multiple linear regression and level of difficulty is predicted by classification tree. The experimental results show that 90% of accuracy can be achieved by the level of difficulty (difficult/easy) classification model, whereas the error rate for correct answer rate is below 16%. Points and problem category are found to be critical to predict the correct answer rate. In addition, the correct answer rate is also influenced by some of the topics discovered by topic modeling. Based on our study, it will be possible to predict the range of expected correct answer rate for both question-level and entire test-level, which will help CSAT examiners to control the level of difficulties.