• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1315-1331
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• 2014

Replacement rates which shows the ratio of retirement income relative to preretirement income is used for a valuable evaluation measures while discussing social security benefit levels or the adequacy of retirement income. However, replacement rates has been only used for an index for evaluating benefit level at the time of retirement or specific retirement period in advanced research projects. This article analyzes how much the uncertainty of survival has an influence on retirement income, and shows replacement rates in conformity with the period of survival as an index. The researchers named this index lifetime income replacement rates. Analysis based on this index shows both life replacement income rates of 38.3% in men's case and of 41.1% in women's case while enrolled for 20years in three pension plans - national pension, retirement pension and individual annuity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.26-36
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• 2019

Since more than 30 different information systems are collecting and providing construction related information, it is difficult for information users to figure out where and how to acquire the required information. Even if the user find the information, it is hard to meet users demand. Because the current systems accumulate the data just as administrative data and can do not connect the information from the different phases of the lifecycle for the specific facility. The information collected and managed in different information systems should be integrated in terms of lifecycle of the facility to improve money for value of public investment, the quality of life by improving quality of the facility and to provide the foundation for big data utilization in the construction industry. This paper suggested strategic planning for the development of the (assumed name) "The Lifecycle Integrated Construction Information Portal" as a foundation to use the data in construction industry, by investigating prerequisites and suggesting conceptual framework of the system.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.73-82
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• 2022

Chronic diseases such as hypertension require a differentiated approach according to age and life cycle. Chronic diseases such as hypertension require differentiated management according to the life cycle. It is also known that the cause of hypertension is a combination of various factors. This study uses machine learning prediction techniques to analyze various factors affecting hypertension by life cycle. To this end, a total of 35 variables were used through preprocessing and variable selection processes for the National Health and Nutrition Survey data of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As a result of the study, among the tree-based machine learning models, XGBoost was found to have high predictive performance in both middle and old age. Looking at the risk factors for hypertension by life cycle, individual characteristic factors, genetic factors, and nutritional intake factors were found to be risk factors for hypertension in the middle age, and nutritional intake factors, dietary factors, and lifestyle factors were derived as risk factors for hypertension. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data useful for hypertension management by life cycle.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.6A
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• pp.1023-1032
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• 2006

In this paper, a new method for the bridge maintenance is proposed to overcome the limit of the existing methods and to implement the preventive bridge maintenance system. The proposed method can establish the lifetime optimum maintenance strategy of the deteriorating bridges considering the life-cycle performance as well as the life-cycle cost. The lifetime performance of the deteriorating bridges is evaluated by the safety index based on the structural reliability and the condition index detailing the condition state. The life-cycle cost is estimated by considering not only the direct maintenance cost but also the user and failure cost. The genetic algorithm is applied to generate a set of maintenance scenarios which is the multi-objective combinatorial optimization problem related to the life-cycle cost and performance. The study examined the proposed method by establishing a maintenance strategy for the existing bridge and its advantages. The result shows that the proposed method can be effectively applied to deciding the bridge maintenance strategy.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.2081-2091
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• 2013

Recently, the demand on the practical application of life-cycle cost effectiveness for design and rehabilitation of civil infrastructure is rapidly growing unprecedently in civil engineering practice. Accordingly, in the 21st century, it is almost obvious that life-cycle cost together with value engineering will become a new paradigm for all engineering decision problems in practice. However, in spite of impressive progress in the researches on the LCC, the most researches have only focused on the Deterministic or Probabilistic LCC analysis approach and general bridge at design stage. Thus, the goal of this study is to develop a practical and realistic methodology for the Life-Cycle Cost LCC-effective optimum decision-making based on reliability analysis of bridges at design stage. The proposed updated methodology is based on the concept of Life Cycle Performance(LCP) which is expressed as the sum of present value of expected direct/indirect maintenance costs with expected optimal maintenance scenario. The updated LCC methodology proposed in this study is applied to the optimum design problem of an actual highway bridge with Cable Stayed Bridges. In conclusion, based on the application of the proposed methods to an actual example bridge, it is demonstrated that a updated methodology for performance-based LCC analysis proposed in this thesis, shown applicably in practice as a efficient, practical, process LCC analysis method at design stage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.17 no.2 s.75
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• pp.227-241
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• 2005

This paper presents a practical and realistic Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) optimum design methodology for steel bridges considering the long-term effect of environmental stressors such as corrosion and heavy truck traffics on bridge reliability. The LCC functions considered in the LCC optimization consist of initial cost, expected life-cycle maintenance cost, and expected life-cycle rehabilitation costs including repair/replacement costs, loss of contents or fatality and injury losses, road user costs, and indirect socio-economic losses. For the assessment of the life-cycle rehabilitation costs, the annual probability of failure, which depends upon the prior and updated load and resistance histories, should be accounted for. For the purpose, Nowak live load model and a modified corrosion propagation model, which takes into consideration corrosion initiation, corrosion rate, and repainting effect, are adopted in this study. The proposed methodology is applied to the LCC optimum design problem of an actual steel box girder bridge with 3 continuous spans (40m+50m+40m=130m). Various sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the effects of various design parameters and conditions on the LCC-effectiveness. From the numerical investigation, it has been observed that local corrosion environments and the volume of truck traffic significantly influence the LCC-effective optimum design of steel bridges. Thus, these conditions should be considered as crucial parameters for the optimum LCC-effective design.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.323-357
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• 2009

This study illuminates the mechanism of life course on labor status of old age complementing the limits of labor status hypothesis of old age and model of statues attainment and combining them. The main results from this analysis are summarized in four points. Firstly, older men mostly engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishing industry or low-class occupations. A very small portion held high level or professional occupations. Regular full-time employees or employers were only 4.4% while, about 70% of older employees were temporal employees or self-employed. This shows that the elderly affluence hypothesis which alleges that most older men maintain high level occupations, applies to only a few. The second finding is that wealth differentials are sizable: about 20% of older workers own less than 50 million won, while 9.3% possess more than 600 million won. Therefore, it is not safe to claim that most people have accumulated enough wealth for old age according to the elderly affluence hypothesis. This gap being mainly reflected by education level, suggests that the model of status attainment is appropriate as wealth accumulation hypothesis. Thirdly, educational level determined not only lifetime careers, but also labor status of old age. Fourthly, using path analysis, the last finding is that education had effect on labor status of old age through lifetime career and wealth. That is, old men who have low education level had unstable lifetime career and own less wealth. They work in low income job, low social occupations and unstable occupation type in old age. This shows that life inequality continues until old age. Therefore, the inequality of education opportunity, spread of part-time work and small scale self employees should be discouraged. Furthermore, related policy should be provided in order to prevent being caught in unstable work.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.44
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• pp.101-151
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• 2015

This article analyzes biographies of women participants in Miryang struggle against 765㎸ transmission tower and finds that the experience of state violence under the ideological conflicts works the biographical context of participation in environment movement. The cases analyzed in this article disclose the family member's experience of state violence and their trauma through the participation in social movement. And they legitimize their family member's life, heal their trauma, and live a new life by the social movement participation. But the power of healing trauma comes from solidarity and support in social movement. Findings of this article imply that experiences of state violence have influence on the formation and development of various Korean social movements and we need more solidarity and democracy for healing the trauma occurred by state violence and concealed in individual memory. Findings of this article also suggest the importance of biography documents. Biography documents can contribute to widen and to deepen understandings on the social interaction and social history, because they are the document about people's experience who are excluded from the official history and character culture. Moreover biography documents can compensate the official documents, because they can offer the context to the social actions in the official documents. More accumulations and analyses on biographies can serve to widen and to deepen understanding and explanation of Korean society having multilayered exclusion in the process of the compressed modernization and the history of national division.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1A
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• pp.75-89
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• 2006

This paper presents a practical and realistic Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) optimum design methodology of steel bridges considering time effect of bridge reliability under environmental stressors such as corrosion and heavy truck traffics. The LCC functions considered in the LCC optimization consist of initial cost, expected life-cycle maintenance cost and expected life-cycle rehabilitation costs including repair/replacement costs, loss of contents or fatality and injury losses, road user costs, and indirect socio-economic losses. For the assessment of the life-cycle rehabilitation costs, the annual probability of failure which depends upon the prior and updated load and resistance histories should be accounted for. For the purpose, Nowak live load model and a modified corrosion propagation model considering corrosion initiation, corrosion rate, and repainting effect are adopted in this study. The proposed methodology is applied to the LCC optimum design problem of an actual steel box girder bridge with 3 continuous spans (40 m+50 m+40 m=130 m), and various sensitivity analyses of types of steel, local corrosion environments, average daily traffic volume, and discount rates are performed to investigate the effects of various design parameters and conditions on the LCC-effectiveness. From the numerical investigation, it has been observed that local corrosion environments and the number of truck traffics significantly influence the LCC-effective optimum design of steel bridges, and thus realized that these conditions should be considered as crucial parameters for the optimum LCC-effective design.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2010

"伤寒论"这部论着, 对东洋医学的辨证论治体系给予了很好的反映, 而对"伤寒论"的研究至宋代已经颇为可观, 所以把握宋代的"伤寒论"的发展过程, 将成为"伤寒论"硏究的重要基础. 作者在有关宋代"伤寒论"的诸多硏究书籍中, 选择了庞安时的"伤寒总病论"进行了考察. 首先, 通过对庞安时生涯进行考察, 得知他自幼便有很多机会接触医学, 使他后来能够在医术上有所成就, 再者他与宋代着名的儒学者苏东坡, 张耒, 黄庭坚等文人多有交流, 而使其名声更为显赫. 故此, 后世将明代罗田的万密斋, 蕲州的李时珍, 淸的广济县的杨际泰和他共赞为鄂东四大名医. 他着述了"伤寒总病论"六卷, "难经解"一卷, "主对集"一卷, "本草补遗"一卷, "验方书"一卷, "庞氏家藏秘宝方"五卷和"脉法篇"一卷等, 对医经, 脉法, 本草及伤寒论, 进行了精密的硏究. 尤其是他的"伤寒总病论", 本于"内经"之要旨, 从于王叔和的"伤寒例", 再结合自己的临床经验, 对"伤寒论"的要点进行了阐发, 可谓集北宋以前伤寒学术之大成.