• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.148-149
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• 2000

황금배는 1967년에 신고에 이십세기를 교배하여 1977년 1차선발과 1982년 2차선발을 거 쳐 1984년 최종선발, 명명한 품종으로, 당도가 높고 육질이 부드러워서 최근 몇년 사이에 캐 나다, 미국, 호주, 그리고 유럽 지역에서의 수요가 급증하고 있는 수출전망이 매우 밝은 품 종 중의 하나이다(92년 재배면적 lOha 수출량 5. 8M/T, 95년 재배면적 150ha 수출량 2 200.6M/T), 황금배는 비교적 대과이고 과형은 원형에 가까운 편원형으로서 사과 골든처럼 과피가 황금색이고 과육은 연황백색으로 투명하며 보기에 극히 미려한 특징이 있다. 아울러 육질이 유연치밀하고 과즙이 극히 많으며 당도가 높아 13$^{\circ}$ Bx이상, 15도 Bx까지 측정되는 둥 감산이 적화되어 맛이 극히 우수하다. 그러나 이러한 황금배는 동녹, 흑반병 등 병충해로 인한 상품가치의 하락으로 현재 수요를 충족시키지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 1 16세기부터 씌워진 과실봉지는 초기 병해충을 방지할 목적만으로 사용되어 왔지만, 현 재는 방균과 방충의 효과와 함께 자연현상의 최적화를 위한 차광성, 발수성, 투기성을 조절 하며 과실의 외관까지 영향을 미치는 바, 과실봉지의 기능성 부여를 위해서는 고도의 기술 력이 요구되고 있다 하겠다. 상기한 배에 방균방충처리된 과설봉지를 씌워서 재배하면 농 약 살포횟수를 줄이고 배에 농약이 직접 묻지 않아 배의 농약오염을 예방할 수 있으며, 봉 지 안으로의 해충이나 균의 침투를 원천적으로 봉쇄할 수 있다. 그러나 기존의 황금배용 봉 지는 비록 기타 병충해 피해를 방지하는 효과는 있었으나, 동녹을 억제하는 효력이 다소 미 흡하였다. 과피의 비정상적인 코르크화로 인해 발생하는 동녹은 과피의 물리적 할렬과 생리적 장 해에 의해 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다(永澤 1940). 과실이 비대해짐에 따라 과피의 기공 (과점)이 할렬하면서 코르크화가 진행되는데 그 발생정도나 시기는 배의 품종에 따라 다르 나 일반적으로 코르크화는 기상조건, 특히 습도와 밀접한 관련이 있다고 알려져 있다 황금 배의 재배에 봉지를 적용하면 일반적으로 과피의 코르크화가 억제되는데 그러한 이유는 다 음과 같이 설명할 수 있다. 과실은 하루를 주기로 하여 수축과 팽창을 반복하면서 비대화하 는데 이러한 현상은 과실 내의 수분 조건에 따르는 것으로, 봉지재배의 경우 무대재배보다 단기간에 변화되는 습도의 범위가 좁아 급변을 방지하기에 과점의 할렬이 완화될 수 있다. 즉, 봉지를 씌웅으로서 봉지 내의 대기 환경이 외기보다 안정적으로 유지되고 직사광선이나 농약 및 마찰로부터 과실을 보호해 주기에 동녹이 어느 정도 방지될 수 있는 것이다. 그러나 기존의 황금배봉지는 동녹의 정도를 완화시킬 뿐 완전히 방지할 수 없었으며, 봉지를 적 용한 재배조건에서의 동녹발생 기구를 정확히 이해하지 못했었기에 효과적으로 봉지의 기능 을 개선하는 것이 불가능하였다. 과설의 미려도는 과실의 맛과 함께 그 가치를 결정짓는 중요한 물성으로서 우리나라 황 금배 재배환경과 특성에 알맞은 배봉지의 제작이 선결될 때, 배 품질의 향상, 안정된 공급이 가능하게 될 것이며 아울러 농가의 수업증대와 수출 경쟁력 강화가 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 측면에서 황금배 재배농가가 당면한 동녹발생의 문제점을 신속한 해결 을 위한 새로운 기능성 국산 황금배 봉지의 개발이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 위와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 과실봉지의 종류간에 동녹발생 정도 가 상이한 점에 예의 주시하여 다양한 봉지의 적용실험을 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 황금배의 동녹 발생 정도는 배봉지의 발수성과 투기 및 투습도에 의해 크게 영향받는다. 상기한 바와 같이 과점의 코르크화로 인해 동녹이 발생된다고 할 때, 봉지 내의 습기 및 웅결수의 양은 황금배의 동녹에 중대한 영향을 미친다. 태양광이 내려찍는 낮 시간동안 황 금배는 증산작용을 하며 습기를 배출하는데 봉지 내의 온도가 높은 낮 시간 동안 수분이 습기로 존재하지만 기온이 급격히 떨어지는 일몰 이후에는 상대습도가 높아짐에 따라 결로 현상으로 인해 응결수가 된다. 이때 응결수와 접촉한 과피는 건조한 상태보다 세균의 침입 이 용이할 뿐만 아니라 기공(과점)의 호홉에 지장이 초래됨에 따라 과점의 할렬이 더욱 조 장되어 코르크화를 유발하고 결과적으로 동녹이 발생한다고 판단된다. 따라서 만일에 봉지 의 투기, 투습도가 양호하여 봉지 내의 과다한 수분이 충분히 배출될 수 있었다면, 수분의 응결을 피하고 동녹을 완화시킬 수 있을 것이라 판단되었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.19-25
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• 2019

The CleanSYS(Clean SYStem) is operated to monitor air pollutants emitted from specific industrial complexes in Korea. So the industrial complexes without the system are directly monitored by the control officers. For efficient monitoring, studies using various sensors have been conducted to monitor air pollutants emitted from industrial complex. In this study, hyperspectral sensors were used to model and verify the equations for estimating the concentration of $NO_2$(nitrogen dioxide) in air pollutants emitted. For development of the equations, spectral radiance were observed for $NO_2$ at various concentrations with different SZA(Solar Zenith Angle), VZA(Viewing Zenith Angle), and RAA(Relative Azimuth Angle). From the observed spectral radiance, the calculated value of the difference between the values of the specific wavelengths was taken as an absorption depth, and the equations were developed using the relationship between the depth and the $NO_2$ concentration. The spectral radiance mixed gas of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$(sulfur dioxide) was used to verify the equations. As a result, the $R^2$(coefficient of determination) and RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) were different from 0.71~0.88 and 72~23 ppm according to the form of the equation, and $R^2$ of the exponential form was the highest among the equations. Depending on the type of the equations, the accuracy of the estimated concentration with varying concentrations is not constant. However, if the equations are advanced in the future, hyperspectral sensors can be used to monitor the $NO_2$ emitted from the industrial complex.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.2
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• pp.165-178
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• 2021

Owing to the lack of consistent research on endangered plant species in Korea, there are insufficient data to preservespecies and expand habitats. This study analyzed the preferred habitat and threats to the survival of Aconitum austrokoreense, found on Baekwun Mountain in Gurye-gun, Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do Province, and classified as a level two endangered wild plant by the Ministry of Environment, by investigating major environmental factors such as climate, location, soil, and stand structure. By examining five selected sites inhabited by Aconitum austrokoreense on BaekwunMountain, this study found that the habitat had an altitude of 420 to 675 m above sea level and showed a northeast tendency, spreading over a range of inclination angles between 15° and 37°. The average number of plants across the five sites was 156. Site 4 (550 m) had the highest density of 372 plants, with an average height of 0.6 m. The average soil moisture and relative light intensity were 20.48% and 7.34%, respectively. Layer soil was presumed to be sandy loam, characterized by high sand content and good drainage. The habitat had average soil pH of 5.2, average organic matter of 16.46%, average nitrogen of 0.86%, average available phosphate of 11.86 mg/kg, average electrical conductivity of 0.44 dS/m, and average cation exchange capacity of 37.04 cmolc/kg. The total carbon in soil averaged 10.68%. From the analysis of the vegetation structure of sites inhabited by Aconitum austrokoreense, the dominant populations were Pinus koraiensis and Lindera erythrocarpa in Site 1, Magnolia obovata and Carpinus laxiflora in Site 2, Zelkova serrate and Quercus variabilis in Site 3, Staphylea bumalda and Lindera erythrocarpa in Site 4, and Morus bombycis,Styrax japonicus, and Carpinus laxiflora in Site 5. With most habitats located near trails and sap collection sites of Acer pictum, the species were exposed to artificial damage and interference threats.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2022

The modification effects of street trees on outdoor thermal comfort in summertime according to tree planting types and road direction were analyzed using a computer simulation program, ENVI-met. With trees, the air temperature and wind speed decreased, and the relative humidity increased. In the case of mean radiant temperature (T_mrt) and human thermal sensation, physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and universal thermal climate index (UTCI), there was a decrease during the daytime. The greatest change among the meteorological factors by trees happened in Tmrt, and PET and UTCI showed similar patterns with T_mrt·The most effective tree planting type on thermal comfort modification was low tree height, wide tree crown, high leaf area index, and narrow planting interval (LWDN). T_mrt, PET and UTCI showed a large difference depending on shadow patterns of buildings and trees according to solar altitude and azimuth angles, and building locations. When the building shade areas increased, the thermal modification effect by trees decreased. In particular, results on the east and west sidewalks showed a large deviation over time. When applying the LWDN, the northwest, west and southwest sidewalks showed a significant reduction of 8.6-12.3℃ PET and 4.2-4.5℃ UTCI at 10:00, and the northeast, east and southeast sidewalks showed 8.1-11.8℃ PET and 4.4-5.0℃ UTCI at 16:00. On the other hand, when the least effective type (high tree height, narrow tree crown, low leaf area index, and wide planting interval) was applied, the maximum reduction was up to 1.8℃ PET and 0.9℃ UTCI on the eastern sidewalks, and up to 3.0℃ PET and 0.9℃ UTCI on the western ones. In addition, the difference in modification effects on T_mrt, PET and UTCI between the tree planting types was not significant when the tree effects were reduced by the effects of buildings. These results can be used as basic data to make the most appropriate street tree planting model for thermal comfort improvement in urban areas in summer.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2010

Surface particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration was measured in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico on 9 cruises from November 1997 to August 2000 to investigate the seasonal and spatial variability related to synchronous remote sensing data (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), and sea surface wind (SSW)) and recorded river discharge data. Surface POC concentrations have higher values (>100 $mg/m^3$) on the inner shelf and near the Mississippi Delta, and decrease across the shelf and slope. The inter-annual variations of surface POC concentrations are relatively higher during 1997 and 1998 (El Nino) than during 1999 and 2000 (La Nina) in the study area. This phenomenon is directly related to the output of Mississippi River and other major rivers, which associated with global climate change such as ENSO events. Although highest river runoff into the northern Gulf of Mexico Coast occurs in early spring and lowest flow in late summer and fall, wide-range POC plumes are observed during the summer cruises and lower concentrations and narrow dispersion of POC during the spring and fall cruises. During the summer seasons, the river discharge remarkably decreases compared to the spring, but increasing temperature causes strong stratification of the water column and increasing buoyancy in near-surface waters. Low-density plumes containing higher POC concentrations extend out over the shelf and slope with spatial patterns and controlled by the Loop Current and eddies, which dominate offshore circulation. Although river discharge is normal or abnormal during the spring and fall seasons, increasing wind stress and decreasing temperature cause vertical mixing, with higher surface POC concentrations confined to the inner shelf.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.175-181
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• 2024

The U.N. Security Council's North Korea Sanctions Committee estimated that the amount of North Korea's cyberattacks on virtual asset-related companies from 2017 to 2023 was about 4 trillion won. North Korea's cyberattacks have secured funds through cryptocurrency hacking as it has been restricted from securing foreign currency due to economic sanctions by the international community, and it also shows the form of technology theft against defense companies, and illegal assets are being used to maintain the Kim Jong-un regime and develop nuclear and missile development. When North Korea conducted its sixth nuclear test on September 3, 2017, and declared the completion of its national nuclear armament following the launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile on November 29 of the same year, the U.N. imposed sanctions on North Korea, which are considered the strongest economic sanctions in history. In these difficult economic situations, North Korea tried to overcome the crisis through cyberattacks, but as a result of analyzing the changes through the North's cyber attack cases, the strategic goal from the first period from 2009 to 2016 was to verify and show off North Korea's cyber capabilities through the neutralization of the national network and the takeover of information, and was seen as an intention to create social chaos in South Korea. When foreign currency earnings were limited due to sanctions against North Korea in 2016, the second stage seized virtual currency and secured funds to maintain the Kim Jong-un regime and advance nuclear and missile development. The third stage is a technology hacking of domestic and foreign defense companies, focusing on taking over key technologies to achieve the five strategic weapons tasks proposed by Chairman Kim Jong-un at the 8th Party Congress in 2021. At the national level, security measures for private companies as well as state agencies should be established against North Korea's cyberattacks, and measures for legal systems, technical problems, and budgets related to science are urgently needed. It is also necessary to establish a system and manpower to respond to the ever-developing cyberattacks by focusing on cultivating and securing professional manpower such as white hackers.