• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of yogurt containing spirulina. Yogurt base was prepared from skim milk added with $0.25{\sim}1%(w/v)$ spirulina powder and fermented with lactic acid bacteria (S. thermophilus : L. bulgaricus = 1 : 1) at $40^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr. Kiwi puree and oligosaccharides were then added. The addition of 1% spirulina powder stimulated the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which showed the highest viable cell count ($3.4{\times}10^9$ CFU/mL), and increased the titratable acidity (1.10%). The viscosity range of the yogurt was 6,000 to 9,000 cP, and the sugar content of the yogurt was around 18 $^{\circ}Brix$. The antioxidant activities were determined using the DPPH method, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the yogurt containing spirulina was higher than that of the control. The sensory evaluation scores for appearance, odor, taste, overall acceptability and buying intention were higher in the yogurt containing 0.25% spirulina than in the other groups. The amount of macronutrients in the yogurt containing spirulina was higher than that in the control. In addition, the amounts of micronutrients in the yogurt containing spirulina was significantly increased. According to these results, the optimum concentration of spirulina powder is around 0.25%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.65-79
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• 1991

In order to investigate the species composition and the colony density of ants in Mt. Namsan, Seoul, 39 quadrats were installed in 13 vegetations, 443 colonies of ants were collected from June, 1989 to October, 1990. As the result, 4 subfamilies, 23 genera, 28 species was confirmed. Among them, Cerapachys humicola $O_{GATA}$ is new to Korean fauna along with the subfamily Cerapachinae. For the species composition of ant communities in each vegetation, Robinia pseudoacacia vegetation(containing 3 subfamilies, 14 genera, 15 species-53.6% of all colonies collected in Mt. Namsan) and Quercus mongolica vegetation (3 subfamiles, 12 genera, 14 species -50%) showed relatively rich composition, while Platunus orientalis vegetation (3 subfamilies, 3 genera, 3 species) showed the simplest composition. Colony density was the highest in Prunus sargentii vegetation (7.875 colony /$m^2$) and the lowest in Platunus orientalis (1.000 colony/$m^2$). The relative density of Paratrechina flavipes proved to be the highest (RD = 0.422) and that of Cerapachys humicola $O_{GATA}$ Massor aciculatus was the lowest (RD = O. 002 respectively). In the analysis of the similarity of ant communities between each vegetation by S¢rensen's coefficient, Prunus sargentii was very similar to Sorbus alnifolia (0.745) and Pinus densiflora (0.736), but had the lowest similarity to Metasequoia glyptostoboides and Chamaecyparis pisifera vegetation (0.164 respectively). Dominance of ants in each vegetation analyzed by Simpson'formula was found to be high in Platunus orientalis ($\lambda$ = 0.393) and Sorbus alnifolia ($\lambda$ = 0.392) and the lowest in Metasequoia glyptostroboides vegetation($\lambda$= 0.067). The analysis of diversity by reverse Simpson's coefficient revealed that it was high in Metasequoia glyptostroboides ($d_s$ = 14.925), Pinus rigida ($d_s$ = 7.874) and was the lowest in Platunus orientalis vegetation ($d_s$ = 2.545). Evenness calculated by using d. and $d_{max}$(maximal diversity) was high in Metasequoia glyptostroboides ($E_s$ = 0.714) and Chamaecyparis pisifera vegetation ($E_s$ = 0.624). On the contrary, Quercus mongo/ica vegetation had the lowest value of evenness ($E_s$ = 0.182).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.342-350
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify the environmental factors that affect the beginning and end of calling by Hyalessa fuscata and Cryptotympana atrata, which are dominant cicada species in the central urban areas of Korea. The study area was Banpo Apartments in Seoul. The research period included two months, being from the end of July to the end of August 2015. We analyzed the start and end time of cicada calling, and on average H. fuscata started calling at 5:21 am and C. atrata started at 7:40 am. The average end time of calling was 6:31 pm for H. fuscata and 7:51 pm for C. atrata. From the scatter plot and box plot results, H. fuscata started calling at 05:00 am, whereas C. atrata consistently stopped calling at 20:00 pm compared to H. fuscata. Multiple regression analysis of the start and end time of cicada calling showed that sunrise time was a factor affecting the start of H. fuscata calling. The end time of H. fuscata calling was affected by sunset time and total cloud cover. The starting time of C. atrata calling was mostly affected by temperature and sunrise time. The effect of temperature was greater than that of sunrise time. The end time of C. atrata calling was strongly affected by sunset time, whereas peak temperature was also shown to affect the end time. From the above results, sunrise and sunset are thought to be the critical factor affecting the start and end time of H. fuscata calling. Therefore, H. fuscata started calling with sunrise, and the end time was also affected by sunset. Temperature was the factor most affecting the start of C. atrata calling and sunset was identified as the factor affecting the end time. Therefore, the start time of C. atrata calling shows variation with daily temperature changes, and C. atrata stop calling simultaneously with sunset.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.865-870
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• 2017

Yogurt is produced by fermentation of milk using bacteria known as "yogurt cultures". Most of these bacteria are probiotics such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lb. rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bifidobacterium. The domestic fermented milk market is increasing, and about 30 companies are producing yogurt. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality characteristics of domestic commercial liquid yogurt. Total 30types of commercial yogurts were sampled and their physicochemicial properties, including pH, sugar content, acidity, viscosity, and microbial characteristics of lactic acid bacteria counts, were measured. Commercial liquid type yogurt showed a pH of 4.5, sugar content of 7.4-21.2%, total acid content of 0.4-0.9%, and viscosity of 0.1-250 cP. In terms of microbial populations, lactic acid bacteria counts were 7.2-11.3 log CFU/mL and anaerobic lactic acid bacteria counts were 8.0-11.5 log CFU/mL. The quality characteristics differed depending on the constituents of the sample and the microorganisms used. These results are related to the quality characteristics of yogurts and are useful for identifying new trends in the domestic fermented milk industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.926-934
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• 2006

The base for preparing oyster hydrolysate-added yogurt was consisted of whole milk (1,000 mL), skim milk (44.05 to 42.05 g), enzymatic oyster hydrolysates powder (OHP, 0 to 2.0 g) and pectin. The yogurt base was fermented with 7 kinds of starter cultures (3% based on yogurt volume), such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus bulgaricus, lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Streptcoccus thermophilus and the mixed starters (L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus) at optimal temperature. Processing condition and quality characteristics of the yogurt were evaluated by analyzing pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, viable cell count, functional properties and sensory evaluation. The results suggested that the optimal conditions for preparing the good quality yogurt revealed the mixed starters (L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus) for starter culture, 1.0 g of 3 kDa hydrolysate for amount, and 5.5 hrs for fermentation time. The good quality yogurt showed 4.31 for pH, 1.07% for titratable acidity, 469 cps for viscosity and $4.9{\times}10^8\;CFU/mL$ for viable cell count. The hydrolysate-added yogurt was 2 times higher in ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activities than commercial yogurt, and kept good quality during storage of 15 days at $5^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1971

Ecological studies on the effect of an accidental fire on the composition of the post-fire vegetation in relation to the productivity system were made at the burned site on Mt. Samak located at Duckduwon-Ri, Sumyun, Chun Sung-Kun, Kangwon-Do, the same plots used in the previous study carried out in 1967. The result are summarized as follows. 1. In the productivity system, the standing crop measured was as follows; Carex Lanceolata var. Nana, Miscanthus purpurscens etc. were contained in the herbs and their individual number was larger than that of the woody plants. (Table 1). In the woody plants, Quercus Acutissima was the most abundant, showing larger number of tree than Quercus dentata. The S.D.R. value of the family Poaceae was the highest among the herbs and in the test plots, it was 4 times larger in number than in the controlled plots. (Table 3, Fig. 4, 5). 2. In the unburned sities, 5 dominant species were selected and by calculating their S.D.R., it was shown that woody plants, S.D.R. is 4.43 while it is 11.52 with herbs. (Table 4, Fig. 6). 3. When making comparisons with the standing crop on the higher around, it was found that the test plots had 522.45 gm more than the controlled and 1470. 53gm more than those on lower ground. These results were considered to indicate that high temperature caused by fire resulted in the increase of germination rate of seeds as it was seen in the previous study and it further stimulate the growth of the perennial plants. (Table 6, 7) 4. In the number of species, the standing crop was increased in the order of Genus Miscanthus and Genus Carex. and in the woody plants Genus Lespedeza was increased in the standing crop. 5. It was found that in the rest plots, total summed height was greater by about 6000cm than that in the controlled plots. 6. In conclusion, the forest fire gave a great loss to tall trees and woody plants burning them together with unmatured seeds. In the succession of the 2nd year it was considered that the growth of the perennial plants had been stimulated on the barned sites.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.152-171
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• 2009

The Dancheong(丹靑) of the main building of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple(美黃寺) in Haenam(海南) is the leading work of the Jeolla Dancheong style, which was created in the 18th century and has been passed down to the early modern days, and boasts its excellence and originality. On the outside, one can only see the traces of the Dancheong due to the colors that fell off and deteriorated severely. On the inside, however, the general Dancheong pattern is accompanied by the painting of 1,000 Buddhas(千佛圖), which is hardly found in other Buddhist temples, and the Arahan painting, which is truly magnificent in technique and can pass as an independent painting. The Dancheong also has unique methodological characteristics that can't be found in other Dancheong works such as the painting and attaching technique. The Dancheong inside is estimated to have been created in 1754 considering the records of "Dalmasan Mihwangsasa Daebeopdang Jungsusangryangmun(達摩山美黃寺大法堂重修上樑文)", the calligraphical writings of "Mudeungsanindanhwakya(無等山人丹?也)"and "Geonryungshipgu(乾隆十九)" left in the Jungryang, and the style characteristics reflected in the Dancheong patterns and the painting of 1,000 Buddhas. The fact that there are no traces of re-Dancheong also supports the estimation that the Dancheong was created in the absolute age of 1754. The absolute age will be the reference of deciding the chronological years of Dancheong patterns and be helpful in examining the characteristics and changes by the periods. There were certain style characteristics in Dancheong by the periods and regions. The Dancheong of Jeolla region also had its own style, which includes the tendency of finishing with two- or three-fold green belts without giving meokdanggi to the meoricho and the huge jar decoration of huigol. Treating the baetbadak of all materials, whether it's Geumdancheong or morodancheong, with lines of certain thickness and colors is another style of Jeolla Dancheong from the 18th to the 20th century. The Dancheong of the Geukrakbojeon(極樂寶殿) of Cheoneunsa Buddhist Temple and Daewoongbojeon(大雄寶殿) of Naesosa Buddhist Temple in Jeolla is especially noteworthy in that it bears similar patterns and techniques to that of the main building of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple in addition to the characteristics mentioned above. The Dancheong of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple must have exerted so great influences on that of the two temples that it's called "the style of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple."When adopting a broader point of view, it can be classified as one of the Dancheong styles of Jeolla. The common icons and techniques found in the Dancheong of Mihwangsa, Cheoneunsa, and Naesosa Buddhist Temple provide some clues about the influential relationships among painters of the days. They may have been created by the painters of the same school or the painters affected by those who created the Dancheong of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze distribution situation of alien plants and to propose management plan in the 3 Folk village in Gyeongsangbuk-do which is Cultural property designated by the State; Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae. This research is for improve of sincerity of historical site and provide basic information which use about administration of preservation. The results are as follows. 1. Overall flora and alien plants appearance The total flora in the 3 folk villages were listed total 752 taxa including 127 families, 430 genera, 614 species, 5 subspecies, 100 varieties and 33 forms. Among them, woody plants take 263 taxa(35.0%) and herbaceous plants take 489 taxa (65.0%). Flora in the Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae village were total 534, 479 taxa and 408 taxa and exotic plant index was 30.1%, 38.2% and 37.0% respectively. In types of exotic plants, ornamental exotic plants were 135 taxa, deciduous exotic plants were 21 taxa, cultivating exotic plants were 64 taxa, and naturalized exotic plants were 80 taxa and those result lead that the ornamental exotic plants is the highest ratio. According to the villages, Hahoe village had 161 taxa(30.1%), Yangdong Village had 183 taxa(38.2%), and Hangae village had 151 taxa(37.0%) that Yangdong village showed the most number of exotic plants. 2. Planting of landscape exotic plants in the unit cultural assets Meanwhile, Ornamental exotic plants in old house's gardens in Andong Hahoe village which is designated as a unit assets, those are total 30 taxa; followed by the Okyeon house(8 taxa) is highest and the Yangjindang(7), the Hadong house(6) and the Chunghyodang(5). Magnolia denudata appears the most as for 4 times and Campsis grandiflora etc. each took 2 times. Based on the Yangdong village, Gyeongju, that are found total 51 taxa; followed by the Dugok house(16 taxa) the Sujoldang(14), the Mucheondang(13), and the Sangchunheon (12). High appearance rate of ornamental exotic plants were Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Lycoris squamigera, Caragagna sinica and Magnolia denudata etc. Based on the Hangae village, Seongju, that are designated total 62 taxa; followed by the Jinsa house(35 taxa), the Gyori house(25), the Hanju head family house(20), and the Hahoe house(16). Taxa with high appearance rates were Caragana sinica, Juniperus chinensis var. horizontalis, Magnolia denudata, Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Chaenomeles speciosa etc. 3. Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the folk villages Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the Hahoe village are as follows. In lower of the Mansongjeong forest, Ambrosia artemisifolia, which are ecosystem disturbance plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, live with high dominance value. This should be have a remove with Sicyos angulatus immediately. In the Nakdong river bed around the Mansongjeong forest is covered with a riparian vegetation forest belt of Robinia pseudoacacia L. forest, Populus nigra var. italic community, and Populus x tomentiglandulosa community colony. Based on the Yangdong village, the planted or naturally distributed Ailanthus altissima colony, sporadically distributed Robinia pseudoacacia as well as Amorpha fruticosa are detected all over the village and ecotones. Based on the Hangae village, Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia are sporadically distributed around the village and there is a sign of spreading. similarity of exotic plantsis 47.0% to 48.6% and a reason why this happened is all of research site in Gyeongsanbuk-do and that is why growth norm of plant is similar, exotic plant which is sales for ornamental and it infer to require related countermeasure of each villages and joint related countermeasure.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.155-174
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• 2022

From January 2020 to October 2021, more than 500,000 academic studies related to COVID-19 (Coronavirus-2, a fatal respiratory syndrome) have been published. The rapid increase in the number of papers related to COVID-19 is putting time and technical constraints on healthcare professionals and policy makers to quickly find important research. Therefore, in this study, we propose a method of extracting useful information from text data of extensive literature using LDA and Word2vec algorithm. Papers related to keywords to be searched were extracted from papers related to COVID-19, and detailed topics were identified. The data used the CORD-19 data set on Kaggle, a free academic resource prepared by major research groups and the White House to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, updated weekly. The research methods are divided into two main categories. First, 41,062 articles were collected through data filtering and pre-processing of the abstracts of 47,110 academic papers including full text. For this purpose, the number of publications related to COVID-19 by year was analyzed through exploratory data analysis using a Python program, and the top 10 journals under active research were identified. LDA and Word2vec algorithm were used to derive research topics related to COVID-19, and after analyzing related words, similarity was measured. Second, papers containing 'vaccine' and 'treatment' were extracted from among the topics derived from all papers, and a total of 4,555 papers related to 'vaccine' and 5,971 papers related to 'treatment' were extracted. did For each collected paper, detailed topics were analyzed using LDA and Word2vec algorithms, and a clustering method through PCA dimension reduction was applied to visualize groups of papers with similar themes using the t-SNE algorithm. A noteworthy point from the results of this study is that the topics that were not derived from the topics derived for all papers being researched in relation to COVID-19 (