• Plant Journal
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2019

In the study, the effect of steam injection on syngas productivity was investigated under the constant operating conditions of gasifier oxygen load while the coal feed was fixed and the steam injection flow rate is changed in Taean IGCC plant. The maximum syngas average productivity was found to be at 80 % and 90 % of gasifier oxygen loads with the steam injection flow rate of 0.14 kg/s and 0.15 kg/s per coal burner. Through this study, the syngas productivity was changed by adjusting the steam injection amount and as the steam injection flow rate increased, the syngas productivity increased and then decreased again. The syngas productivity can be increased only by steam injection without supplying additional coal and it is considered that the syngas productivity has different characteristics depending on coal type. Thus it is recommended to operate the gasifier using Carbo-One coal with the steam injection flow rate of about 0.14 kg/s per coal burner when the gasifier oxygen load is 80 % ~ 90 %.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.532-539
• /
• 2011

The physical and chemical properties of the dried low rank coals (LRCs) before and after the surface treatment using ozone and ammonia were characterized in this study. The contents of moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and ash consisting of dried LRCs before the surface treatment were about 2.0, 44.8, 44.9 and 8.9%, respectively. Also, it was composed of carbon of 62.66%, hydrogen of 4.33%, nitrogen of 0.94%, oxygen of 27.01% and sulfur of 0.09%. The dried LRCs was surface-treated with the various dry methods using gases such as ozone at room temperature, ammonia at $200^{\circ}C$ and then the dried LRCs before and after the surface treatment were characterized by the various analysis methods such as FT-IR, TGA, proximate and elemental analysis, caloric value, ignition test, adsorption of $H_2O$ and $NH_3-TPD$. As a result, the oxygen content increased and the calorific value, ignition temperature and the contents of carbon and hydrogen relatively decreased because the oxygen-contained functional groups were additionally generated by the surface oxidation with ozone which plays a role as an oxidant. Also, its $H_2O$ adsorption ability got higher because the hydrophilic oxygen-contained functional groups were additionally generated by the surface oxidation with ozone. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the dried LRCs after the surface treatment with $NH_3$ at $200^{\circ}C$ have the decreased oxygen content, but the increased calorific value, ignition temperature and contents of carbon and hydrogen because of the decomposition of oxygen-contained functional groups the on the surface. In addition, the $H_2O$ adsorption ability was lowered bucause the surface of the dried LRCs might be hydrophobicized by the loss of the hydrophilic oxygen-contained functional groups. It was concluded that the various physico-chemical properties of the dried LRCs can be changed by the surface treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2022.05a
• /
• pp.27-27
• /
• 2022

본 연구는 본 연구에서는 내륙에 위치한 하천(백제보)과 호소(남양호)를 대상으로 수체반사도를 활용하여 유역특성에 따른 반사도의 변화를 확인하고 Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)의 농도를 추정하고자 하였다. 각 유역별 특성분석을 위해 제원자료, 토지피복도 및 11개(수소이온농도, 용존산소, BOD, COD, 부유물질, 총질소, 총인, 수온, 전기전도도 및 Chlorophyll-a)의 수질인자 자료를 구축하였다. 백제보는 2016-2017년 유인항공기에 탑재된 초분광센서를 이용하여 반사도를 측정하였고, 남양호는 2020-2021년 초분광센서가 탑재된 Drone과 Sentinel-2 MSI영상으로부터 반사도를 측정하였으며 두 유역 모두 촬영 범위에 대하여 현장샘플링을 실시하였다. 유역특성, 수질인자간 상관성 및 밴드별 상관성 분석을 실시하였다. 수질인자 간 상관성 분석 결과 Chl-a와 광학적 특징이 있는 SS, TOC가 상관성이 높게 나타났으며, 반사도의 경우 Chl-a가 고농도일수록 Near-Infrared, Blue 파장과 상관성이 높게 나타났다. 해당 분석결과를 기반으로 각 유역에 대해 Chl-a Machine-learning 기법과 원격탐사자료를 이용하여 Chl-a의 농도를 산정하였으며 백제보, 남양호 각각 결정계수(R²) 0.80, 0.88의 성능을 보였다. 추후 고해상도 광학위성영상을 통해 유역특성을 고려한 광범위한 지역 규모의 Chl-a의 시공간적 분석이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.7
• /
• pp.599-606
• /
• 2019

Most facilities that manufacture products made from the hazardous materials operate at high temperatures and pressures. Therefore, there is a risk of fire explosion. In particular, an explosion accident is a major risk factor for facilities with hazardous materials, such as oil, chemical, and gas. Propylene is often used in sites producing basic raw materials and synthetic materials by addition polymerization at petrochemical plants. To prevent an explosion in the business using propylene, the explosion range with the oxygen concentration was calculated according to the changes in temperature and pressure using an inert gas, carbon dioxide. In these measurements, the temperature was $25^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, and $200^{\circ}C$ and the amount of carbon dioxide in the container was $1.0kgf/cm^2.G$, $1.5kgf/cm^2.G$, $2.0kgf/cm^2.G$, and $2.5kgf/cm^2.G$. The explosion limit was related to temperature, pressure, and oxygen concentration. The minimum oxygen concentration for an explosion decreased with increasing temperature and pressure. The range of explosion narrowed with decreasing oxygen concentration. In addition, no explosion occurred at concentrations below the minimum oxygen concentration, even with steam and an ignition source of propylene.

• JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL WORLD
• /
• s.410
• /
• pp.48-53
• /
• 2011

발전 및 플랜트 분야의 '청정 산소탱크' 두산중공업. 명장(明匠)은 명품(名品)을 낳고, 이렇게 만들어진 두중의 명품은 지구와 인류의 가치를 드높이고 있다. 발전과 Water사업 분야의 다양한 명품들을 제작해 내고 있는 두중 창원공장. 최첨단 친환경 고효율 발전기술을 보유한 두중은 국내에서 가동 중인 20기의 원전 중 16기에 주기기 공급, HRGS(배열회수보일러) 세계시장 점유율 1위, 자타공인 해수담수화 분야 세계 넘버 원 기업이다. 또한 지난 20년간 세계에서 가장 많은 원전 주기기 공급뿐만 아니라 중국 최초의 3G 원전인 산먼, 하이양 원전 수주, 미국에서 발주된 6기의 AP1000 주기기 전량을 수주하는 기록을 달성하기도 했다. 여기에 더해 최근 두산중공업은 풍력발전 등 신재생에너지 분야와 CCS 등 친환경발전 분야의 기술 상용화부문에서도 가속도를 내고 있다. 일관성과 원칙을 중시하는 박지원 사장의 진두지휘 하에 '경쟁우위의 지속'을 지향하는 두중의 글로벌 가치제고 노력은 여전히 현재 진행형이고, 미래지향적이다.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.173-179
• /
• 2019

Cryogenic air separation unit produces various gases such as $N_2$, $O_2$, and Ar by liquefying air. The process also varies with diverse production conditions. The one for SNG production among them has lower efficiency compared to other air separation unit because it requires ultrapure $O_2$ with purity not lower than 99.5%. Among factors that reduce the efficiency of air separation unit, power consumption due to compress air and heat duty of double column were representatives. In this study, simulation of the air separation unit for SNG production was carry out by using ASEPN PLUS. In the results of the simulation, 18.21 kg/s of at least 99.5% pure $O_2$ was produced and 33.26 MW of power was consumed. To improve the energy efficiency of air separation unit for SNG production, the sensitivity analysis for power consumption, purities and flow rate of $N_2$, $O_2$ production in the air separation unit was performed by change of air boosting ratios. The simulated model has three types of air with different pressure levels and two air boosting ratio. The air boosting ratio means flow rate ratio of air by recompressing in the process. As increasing the first air boosting ratio, $N_2$ flow rate which has purity of 99.9 mol% over increase and $O_2$ flow rate and purity decrease. As increasing the second air boosting ratio, $N_2$ flow rate which has purity of 99.9 mol% over decreases and $O_2$ flow rate increases but the purity of $O_2$ decreases. In addition, power consumption of compressing to increase in the two cases but results of heat duty in double column were different. The heat duty in double column decreases as increasing the first air boosting ratio but increases as increasing the second air boosting ratio. According to the results of the sensitivity analysis, the optimum air boosting ratios were 0.48 and 0.50 respectively and after adjusting the air boosting ratios, power consumption decreased by approximately 7% from $0.51kWh/O_2kg$ to $0.47kWh/O_2kg$.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2010.06a
• /
• pp.108.1-108.1
• /
• 2010

분류층 가스화기는 석탄과 산소(공기) 및 수증기가 반응하여 $1200{\sim}1600^{\circ}C$의 고온, 20~60기압의 고압에서 작동되어 합성가스를 생성하며 합성가스에 포함된 입자 및 황화합물 등을 정제설비를 통하여 정제 후 발전 및 화학원료로 사용한다. 석탄가스화 중 석탄에 포함된 대부분의 회분은 용융슬래그 형태로 가스화기 벽면을 따라 흘러 내려 가스화기 하부의 냉각수조에서 급랭되어 배출된다. 이때 용융슬래그의 원활한 배출을 위해서는 일정범위의 점도를 유지하는 것이 필요하다. 슬래그의 점도는 가스화기 온도 및 Ash의 조성에 따라 크게 변하며 가스화기 설계 및 운전 시 매우 중요한 변수이다. 따라서 최적의 설계 및 운전을 위해서는 Ash의 점도예측이 중요하며, 분류층 가스화기내부에서 Ash 점도 예측을 위한 DooVisco 프로그램을 개발하였다. DooVisco는 가스화기 내부에서 슬래그 용융온도 및 온도별 점도, 가스화기 최소 운전온도 및 석회석 투입 효과 분석뿐만 아니라 석탄의 혼합 사용 시의 특성 예측도 가능하도록 개발되었다. DooVisco는 슬래그 주요 4성분인 SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, FeO 성분에 대한 Phase Diagram을 이용하여 1차적으로 슬래그용융온도(Liquidus Temperature)를 예측하고, 주요 4 성분 외에 Na2O, MgO, K2O, TiO2 등을 고려한 Kalmanovich Model을 이용하여 점도를 예측한다. 최종적으로 슬래그 용융온도와 점도를 활용하여 분류층 가스화기 운전가능 온도범위를 예측한다. 개발된 DooVisco를 활용하여 300MW급 실증 IGCC 플랜트에 사용가능성이 있는 석탄을 대상으로 슬래그의 용융온도 및 점도 등을 예측하였으며 최적 운전을 위한 슬form점도 조절용 Flux인 석회석 투입량 등을 평가하였다. 평가 결과 슬래그 용융온도가 $1700^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 석회석 투입이 필요하다고 판단되었다. 약 가스화기 내부 온도를 $1500^{\circ}C$ 정도에서 원활한 운전을 위해서는 석탄 대비 약 10% 내외의 석회석 투입이 필요할 것으로 평가되었다. DooVisco는 분류층 가스화기 설 계시 가스화기 최적 운전 온도 설정 및 Flux 투입필요성, 종류, 투입량 선정에 활용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 플랜트 운전시 석탄의 탄종 적합성 등을 판단하는데 활용될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

• Plant Journal
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.36-46
• /
• 2017

In the reaction furnace of modified Claus process, chemical equilibrium reactions and kinetic reactions occur simultaneously. The main kinetic components are hydrogen ($H_2$), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulphide (COS) and carbon disulphide ($CS_2$). The equilibrium calculations, empirical correlations and sulfur recovery technology providers' (licensors) data for kinetic components (COS and $CS_2$) in the reaction furnace were analyzed to evaluate the amount of kinetic components by applying them to five different projects in which GS Engineering & Construction participated. Kinetic components ($H_2$ and CO) are also calculated and the results are analyzed to evaluate the impact of temperature in the reaction furnace and the waste heat boiler. Total required $O_2$ deviations for combustion in the reaction furnace are additionally shown, with and without side reactions. A full understanding of side reactions in the modified Claus process can help to improve sulfur recovery efficiency and optimize equipment design.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.82-88
• /
• 2020

Recently, a fuel reforming plant for supplying high purity hydrogen has been studied to increase the operation time of underwater weapon systems. Since steam reforming is an endothermic reaction, it is necessary to continuously supply heat to the reactor. A fuel reforming plant needs a methanol-O₂ catalytic burner to obtain heat and supply heat to the reformer. In this study, two types of designs of a catalytic burner are presented and the results are analyzed through the experiments. The design of the catalytic burner is divided into that the O₂ supply direction is perpendicular to the methanol flow direction (Design 1) and the same as the methanol flow direction (Design 2). In case of Design 1, backfire and flame combustion occurred in the mixing space in front of the catalyst, and in the absence of the mixing space, combustion reaction occurred only in a part of the catalyst. For above reasons, Design 1 could not increase the exhaust gas temperature to 750℃. In Design 2, no flashback and flame combustion were observed, the exhaust gas could be maintained up to 750℃. However, the O₂ distributor was exposed to high temperatures, resulting in thermal damage.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.561-566
• /
• 2008

Gasification plant using petroleum coke for refinery and power generation process is increased from considering petroleum coke as a valuable fuel. In this study, gasification of petroleum coke was performed to utilize petroleum coke and to develop essential technology using 1T/D coal gasification system. In case of petroleum coke gasification, because of lower reactivity, consumption of oxygen is higher than coal gasification. The calorific value of syngas from petroleum coke mixed with coal at a mass ratio of 1:1 shows about $6.7{\sim}7.2MJ/Nm^3$. Although carbon conversion could reach more than 92% according to oxygen amount, cold gas efficiency shows lower value than the case of coal. Therefore, it was shown that complemental study in burner design to atomize slurry droplet is required to elevate gasification performance of petroleum coke which has lower reactivity than coal.