• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.631-640
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• 2014

The inhibitory effects of Boswellia serrata (BW) extracts on degenerative osteoarthritis were investigated in primary-cultured rat cartilage cells and a monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rat model. To identify the protective effects of BW extract against $H_2O_2$ ($800{\mu}M$, 2 hr) in vitro, cell survival was measured by MTT assay. Cell survival after $H_2O_2$ treatment was elevated by BW extract at a concentration of $20{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, BW extract treatment significantly reduced and normalized the productions of pro-inflammatory factors, nuclear transcription factor ${\kappa}B$, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and interleukin-6 at a concentration of $20{\mu}g/mL$. Treatment of chondrocytes with BW extract significantly reduced 5-lipoxygenase activity and production of prostaglandin E2, especially at a concentration of $10{\sim}20{\mu}g/mL$. For the in vivo animal study, osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of MIA into knee joints of rats. Consumption of a diet containing BW extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 35 days significantly inhibited the development and severity of osteoarthritis in rats. To determine the genetic expression of arthritic factors in articular cartilage, real-time PCR was applied to measure matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13), collagen type I, collagen type II, and aggrecan, and BW extract had protective effects at a concentration of 200 mg/kg. In conclusion, BW extract was able to inhibit articular cartilage degeneration by preventing extracellular matrix degradation and chondrocyte injury. One can consider that BW extract may be a potential therapeutic treatment for degenerative osteoarthritis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2008

Purpose: On-line image guided radiation therapy(on-line IGRT) and(kV X-ray images or cone beam CT images) were obtained by an on-board imager(OBI) and cone beam CT(CBCT), respectively. The images were then compared with simulated images to evaluate the patient's setup and correct for deviations. The setup deviations between the simulated images(kV or CBCT images), were computed from 2D/2D match or 3D/3D match programs, respectively. We then investigated the correctness of the calculated deviations. Materials and Methods: After the simulation and treatment planning for the RANDO phantom, the phantom was positioned on the treatment table. The phantom setup process was performed with side wall lasers which standardized treatment setup of the phantom with the simulated images, after the establishment of tolerance limits for laser line thickness. After a known translation or rotation angle was applied to the phantom, the kV X-ray images and CBCT images were obtained. Next, 2D/2D match and 3D/3D match with simulation CT images were taken. Lastly, the results were analyzed for accuracy of positional correction. Results: In the case of the 2D/2D match using kV X-ray and simulation images, a setup correction within $0.06^{\circ}$ for rotation only, 1.8 mm for translation only, and 2.1 mm and $0.3^{\circ}$ for both rotation and translation, respectively, was possible. As for the 3D/3D match using CBCT images, a correction within $0.03^{\circ}$ for rotation only, 0.16 mm for translation only, and 1.5 mm for translation and $0.0^{\circ}$ for rotation, respectively, was possible. Conclusion: The use of OBI or CBCT for the on-line IGRT provides the ability to exactly reproduce the simulated images in the setup of a patient in the treatment room. The fast detection and correction of a patient's positional error is possible in two dimensions via kV X-ray images from OBI and in three dimensions via CBCT with a higher accuracy. Consequently, the on-line IGRT represents a promising and reliable treatment procedure.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.62-68
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• 2016

Purpose In a cyclosporine experiment using a robotic liquid handing system has found a deviation of its standard curve and low reproducibility of patients's results. The difference of the test is that methanol is mixed with samples and the extractions are used for the test. Therefore, we assumed that the abnormal test results came from using methanol and conducted this test. In a manual of a robotic liquid handling system mentions that we can choose several setting parameters depending on the viscosity of the liquids being used, the size of the sampling tips and the motor speeds that you elect to use but there's no exact order. This study was undertaken to confirm pipetting ability depending on types of liquids and investigate proper setting parameters for the optimum dispensing ability. Materials and Methods 4types of liquids(water, serum, methanol, PEG 6000(25%)) and $TSH^{125}I$ tracer(515 kBq) are used to confirm pipetting ability. 29 specimens for Cyclosporine test are used to compare results. Prepare 8 plastic tubes for each of the liquids and with multi pipette $400{\mu}l$ of each liquid is dispensed to 8 tubes and $100{\mu}l$ of $TSH^{125}I$ tracer are dispensed to all of the tubes. From the prepared samples, $100{\mu}l$ of liquids are dispensed using a robotic liquid handing system, counted and calculated its CV(%) depending on types of liquids. And then by adjusting several setting parameters(air gap, dispense time, delay time) the change of the CV(%)are calcutated and finds optimum setting parameters. 29 specimens are tested with 3 methods. The first(A) is manual method and the second(B) is used robotic liquid handling system with existing parameters. The third(C) is used robotic liquid handling system with adjusted parameters. Pipetting ability depending on types of liquids is assessed with CV(%). On the basis of (A), patients's test results are compared (A)and(B), (A)and(C) and they are assessed with %RE(%Relative error) and %Diff(%Difference). Results The CV(%) of the CPM depending on liquid types were water 0.88, serum 0.95, methanol 10.22 and PEG 0.68. As expected dispensing of methanol using a liquid handling system was the problem and others were good. The methanol's dispensing were conducted by adjusting several setting parameters. When transport air gap 0 was adjusted to 2 and 5, CV(%) were 20.16, 12.54 and when system air gap 0 was adjusted to 2 and 5, CV(%) were 8.94, 1.36. When adjusted to system air gap 2, transport air gap 2 was 12.96 and adjusted to system air gap 5, Transport air gap 5 was 1.33. When dispense speed was adjusted 300 to 100, CV(%) was 13.32 and when dispense delay was adjusted 200 to 100 was 13.55. When compared (B) to (A), the result increased 99.44% and %RE was 93.59%. When compared (C-system air gap was adjusted 0 to 5) to (A), the result increased 6.75% and %RE was 5.10%. Conclusion Adjusting speed and delay time of aspiration and dispense was meaningless but changing system air gap was effective. By adjusting several parameters proper value was found and it affected the practical result of the experiment. To optimize the system active efforts are needed through the test and in case of dispensing new types of liquids proper test is required to check the liquid is suitable for using the equipment.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2009

This study was performed using animals to confirm the effect of tourmaline-ionized water (TIW) the properties of which were changed by tourmaline energy and electric discharge. In the ICR mice fed high-fat diet, body weight increasing rate of the TIW-treated group (Exp) was generally decreased and moreover exhibited significance at 11th week (P<0.05) compared with the control (Con) group fed distilled water, although water intake of the Exp group was lower than that of the Con group. In the ICR mice with $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity, AST and ALT activities of the Exp group were not significant but showed some decreasing trend, and histological damage of liver was less compared with thatof the Con group. On the study of ethanol-induced hangovers in Sprague-Dawley rat, blood alcohol concentration was significantly decreased (P<0.01), activity of GST, antioxidant enzyme related to the alcohol metabolism, was increased in liver tissue (P<0.05), and AST and ALT show a tendency to be decreasedin the Exp group. These results suggest that drinking TIWhas not only some obesity preventing effect but also an alcohol detoxification effect and liver protecting effect in vivo. It is supposed due to a structural change of water cluster and a property which maintains the changed structure through tourmaline energy and electric discharge. Therefore, TIW has a potentiality to be developed as functional water with several beneficial effects as well as for daily drinking, but further study on the mechanism related with efficacy will be necessary.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1377-1384
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• 2011

Astaxanthin (ATX) is a red-orange carotenoid pigment that occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. In this study we investigated the inhibitory effects of ATX on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), proinflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-${\kappa}B$) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, we tested the superoxide radical scavenging activity of ATX by scavenging assay. iNOS and NF-${\kappa}B$ expressions were determined by immunoblot analysis. Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) were assayed by ELISA. NO production was monitored by measuring the amount of nitrite. ROS was examined by using the 2', 7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) method. At a concentration of 100 ${\mu}M$, ATX inhibited the expression level of LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$, as well as the production of LPS-induced NO and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$), by suppressing iNOS expression. In particular, the maximal inhibition rate of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production by ATX (100 ${\mu}M$) was 65.2----- and 21.2-----, respectively. In addition, ATX inhibited the LPS-induced transcriptional activity of NF-${\kappa}B$, and this was associated with suppressing the translocations of NF-${\kappa}B$ from the cytosol to the nucleus. Moreover, at various concentrations (25-100 ${\mu}M$), ATX inhibited the intracellular level of ROS. At a concentration of 5 mg/ml, the superoxide radical scavenging activity of ATX was 1.33 times higher than ${\alpha}$-tocopherol of the same concentration. These results showed that ATX inhibited the expression of iNOS and the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines resulting from ROS production and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in macrophages. Furthermore, ATX was found to be more effective in superoxide radical scavenging activities compared to ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. These findings are expected to strengthen the position of ATX as anti-inflammatory medicine and antioxidant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.944-951
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine and examine the contents of vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ using the high-performance liquid chromatography method in traditional holiday foods in Korea. All analyses were under the quality control chart of vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$. The z-scores for vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ were 1.3, 0.0, and 0.6, respectively, in food analysis performance assessment scheme proficiency tests assuring reliability of analytical performance. Vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ contents were analyzed in a total of 31 samples. Vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ contents ranged from 0.000 to 0.973 mg/100 g, from 0.037 to 0.264 mg/100 g, and from 0.000 to 1.223 mg/100 g in Korean traditional holiday foods, respectively. The highest contents of vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ were 0.973 mg/100 g in Yukwon-jeon, 0.264 mg/100 g in Dongtae-jeon, and 1.223 mg/100 g in Yukwon-jeon sample, respectively. However, compared to vitamins $B_2$ and $B_3$, vitamin $B_1$ was not detected, generally. Therefore, these results can be used as basic data for a food composition table and improvement of national health for Koreans.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.65-73
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT) under two landscaping shade membranes, white and black, with those of natural outdoor spaces at summer midday. An additional perforated black shading net was applied and compared for the consideration of the practical application. The average MRT at the height of 2.4m, 10cm below the membranes of black, white, and perforated black were $49.1^{\circ}C$, $41.6^{\circ}C$ and $36.8^{\circ}C$ respectively, while that of open sky was $41.8^{\circ}C$. This indicates that a closer position to the darker membrane caused a higher MRT. At the height of 1.1m and 1.7m, the difference of MRT between the black and the white membranes was slight, while the value of white was unexpectedly higher than the black. The MRT of black perforated net showed the lowest value at every height. The black membrane absorbed more solar radiation than the white, which caused the greater release of long wave radiation and higher temperature near the membrane itself. In spite of the higher albedo of the white membrane, the higher solar radiation transmittance rate of which seemed to cause the slightly higher MRT than the black at the hight of 1.1m and 1.7m. In summary, the performance of the black membrane was slightly better than the white in terms of the air conditioning of the human related space around the height of 1.1m and 1.7m, when the shading membranes were at 2.5m height.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.1 s.48
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• pp.55-72
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of mechanical and thermal fatigue on the shear bond strength(SBS) in orthodontic brackets bonded to human premolars with chemically cured adhesive(Mono-$Lok^2$, Rocky Mountain Orthodontics). Two types of metal brackets (Ormesh, Microloc) and three types of ceramic brackets (Fascination, Starfire, Transcend 2000) were used in this study. The $10^6$ loadcycles of $|7.4{\times}10{^2}sin2{\pi}ft|g{\cdot}cm$ and the 1,000 thermocycles of 15 second dwell time each in $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$ baths were acturated as mechanical and thermal fatigue stress, and SBS were measured after each fatigue test. The fracture sites were examined by stereoscope and scanning electron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows, 1. In static shear bond test, Fascination brackets showed the maximum SBS($20.78\pm3.45$ MPa) and Microloc brackets showed the minimum SBS($14.88\pm3.10$ MPa). Fascination and Starfire brackets showed significantly greater SBS than Microloc brackets(P<0.05). 2. In mechanical fatigue test, Fascination brackets showed the maximum SBS ($20.19\pm3.45$ MPa) and Starfire brackets showed the minimum SBS($9.10\pm8.33$ MPa). The SBS or Transcend 2000 brackets(P<0.01) and Starfire brackets(P<0.05) significantly decreased after $10^6$ loadcycles. 3. In thermocycling test, Ormesh brackets showed the maximum SBS ($19.36\pm2.76$ MPa) and Starfire brackets showed the minimum SBS($11.94\pm6.86$ MPa). The SBS of Transcend 2000(P<0.01), Microloc and Starfire brackets(P<0.05) significantly decreased after $10^3$ thermocycles. 4. Failure sites of thermocycling groups were similar to those of static groups but after mechanical fatigue test, Ormesh and Transcend 2000 brackets failed at the bracket/resin interface and Microloc brackets failed within adhesive. Facination brackets failed at the enamel/resin interface irrespective of experimental condition.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2009

In case of radiation treatment using small field high-energy photon beams, an accurate dosimetry is a challenging task because of dosimetrically unfavorable phenomena such as dramatic changes of the dose at the field boundaries, dis-equilibrium of the electrons, and non-uniformity between the detector and the phantom materials. In this study, the absorbed dose in the phantom was measured by using an ion chamber and a diode detector widely used in clinics. $GAFCHROMIC^{(R)}$ EBT films composed of water equivalent materials was also evaluated as a small field detector and compared with ionchamber and diode detectors. The output factors at 10 cm depth of a solid phantom located 100 cm from the 6 MV linear accelerator (Varian, 6 EX) source were measured for 6 field sizes ($5{\times}5\;cm^2$, $2{\times}2\;cm^2$, $1.5{\times}1.5\;cm^2$, $1{\times}1\;cm^2$, $0.7{\times}0.7\;cm^2$ and $0.5{\times}0.5\;cm^2$). As a result, from $5{\times}5\;cm^2$ to $1.5{\times}1.5\;cm^2$ field sizes, absorbed doses from three detectors were accurately identified within 1%. Wheres, the ion chamber underestimated dose compared to other detectors in the field sizes less than $1{\times}1\;cm^2$. In order to correct the observed underestimation, a convolution method was employed to eliminate the volume averaging effect of an ion chamber. Finally, in $1{\times}1\;cm^2$ field the absorbed dose with a diode detector was about 3% higher than that with the EBT film while the dose with the ion chamber after volume correction was 1% lower. For $0.5{\times}0.5\;cm^2$ field, the dose with the diode detector was 1% larger than that with the EBT film while dose with volume corrected ionization chamber was 7% lower. In conclusion, the possibility of $GAFCHROMIC^{(R)}$ EBT film as an small field dosimeter was tested and further investigation will be proceed using Monte Calro simulation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 2014

Fluxapyroxad is classified as carboxamide fungicide that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase in complex II of mitochondrial respiratory chain, which results in inhibition of mycelial growth within the fungus target species. This study was carried out to assure the safety of fluxapyroxad residues in agricultural products by developing an official analytical method. A new, reliable analytical method was developed and validated using High Performance liquid Chromatograph-UV/visible detector (HPLC-UVD) for the determination of fluxapyroxad residues. The fluxapyroxad residues in samples were extracted with acetonitrile, partitioned with dichloromethane, and then purified with silica solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Correlation coefficient($R^2$) of fluxapyroxad standard solution was 0.9999. The method was validated using apple, pear, peanut, pepper, hulled rice, potato, and soybean spiked with fluxapyroxad at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. Average recoveries were 80.6~114.0% with relative standard deviation less than 10%, and limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. All validation parameters were followed with Codex guideline (CAC/GL 40). LC-MS (Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer) was also applied to confirm the analytical method. Base on these results, this method was found to be appropriate fluxapyroxad residue determination and can be used as the official method of analysis.