• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.177-185
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• 2022

In this study, the economic feasibility of a local energy facility that uses forest biomass as an energy source was assessed. We analyzed profitability using data from the Forest Energy Self-sufficient Village Project financed by the Korea Forest Service. The energy facility has a cogeneration generator and wood chip boiler. Wood chip, which has lower heat value and is cheaper than wood pellets, is used as fuel. Revenue comes from the sale of electricity, heat, and renewable energy certificates. Additionally, we considered the sale of carbon credits as substitutes for fossil fuels. The expenditure consists of fuel costs and fixed costs, and the initial investment is treated as a sunk cost. Under the condition of a 55% operation rate and wood chip price of 95,000 KRW per ton, the annual net revenue is positive. Crucial factors for managing the facility sustainably are operation rate and fuel cost. A simulation in which two factors were changed showed that the annual net revenue is negative with a 50% operation rate and 100,000 KRW per ton of wood chip price. To improve net revenue, an increase in the operation rate or a decrease in the wood chip price is required. Additionally, selling carbon credits will make the operation of the facility more profitable. Furthermore, the payment required to procure wood chips could contribute to the rural economy. To foster the use of forest biomass for energy, the price for heat supplied from renewable energy sources should be subsidized.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2016

Researches on soil microbial community are increasing to assess ecosystem responses to anthropogenic disturbances and to provide an indicator of ecosystem recovery. Microbial communities are able to respond more rapidly to environmental changes than plants and therefore they may provide an early indication of the ecosystem recovery trajectory. This study was conducted using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing of soil samples to compare soil bacterial community composition between artificially covered soils of the Baedudaegan ridgeline and their adjacent forest soils in two restoration project sites, Ihwaryeong and Yuksimnyeong, which were completed in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Richness of the Phylum level was 29.3 in Ihwaryeong and 32.3 in Yuksimnyeong. Significant difference in the richness between artificial restored soils and adjacent forest soils(p<0.01) was observed, however no significant difference was observed for site location and soil depth. Acidobacteria(37.3%) and Proteobacteria(31.1%) were more abundant than any other phylum in collected soil samples. Also, we found the significant difference in the relative abundance of the two abundant phyla between artificially restored soils and their adjacent forest soils (Proteobacteria, 38.1% in restored soils vs 24.2% in adjacent forest soils, p<0.01; Acidobacteria, 55.4% in restored soils vs 19.2% in adjacent forest soils, p<0.001). The results support the previous researches indicating that soil bacterial community composition is affected by nutritional status of soils and that Acidobacteria is also strongly influenced by pH, thus favoring soils with lower pH. This study could be utilized to monitor and evaluate restoration success of forest soil environment quantitatively.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.62.2-62.2
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• 2019

한국의 고천문 자료는 삼국시대 이후 근대 조선까지 다수가 존재하여 세계적으로 드문 기록 문화를 보유하고 있으나, 한문 번역이 많이 이루어지지 않아 학술적 활용이 활발하지 못한 상태이다. 고문헌의 한문 문장 번역은 전문인력의 수작업에 의존하는 만큼 소요 시간이 길기에 투자대비 효율성이 떨어지는 편이다. 이에 최근 여러 분야에서 응용되는 인공지능의 적용을 대안으로 삼을 수 있으며, 초벌 번역 수준일지라도 자동번역기의 개발은 유용한 학술도구가 될 수 있다. 한국천문연구원은 한국정보화진흥원이 주관하는 2019년도 Information and Communication Technology 기반 공공서비스 촉진사업에 한국고전번역원과 공동 참여하여 인공신경망 기계학습이 적용된 고문헌 자동번역모델을 개발하고자 한다. 이 연구는 고천문 도메인에 특화된 인공지능 기계학습 기법으로 자동번역모델을 개발하여 이를 서비스하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 방법은 크게 4가지 개발을 진행하는 것으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 인공지능의 학습 데이터에 해당되는 '코퍼스'를 구축하는 것이다. 이는 고문헌의 한자 원문과 한글 번역문이 쌍을 이루도록 만들어 줌으로써 학습에 최적화한 데이터를 최소 6만 개 이상 추출하는 것이다. 둘째, 추출된 학습 데이터 코퍼스를 다양한 인공지능 기계학습 기법에 적용하여 천문 분야 특수고전 도메인에 특화된 자동번역 모델을 생성하는 것이다. 셋째, 클라우드 기반에서 참여 기관별로 소장한 고문헌을 자동 번역 모델에 기반하여 도메인 특화된 모델로 도출 및 활용할 수 있는 대기관 서비스 플랫폼 구축이다. 넷째, 개발된 자동 번역기의 대국민 개방을 위해 웹과 모바일 메신저를 통해 자동 번역 서비스를 클라우드 기반으로 구축하는 것이다. 이 연구는 시스템 요구사항 분석과 정의를 바탕으로 설계가 진행 또는 일부 완료되어 구현 중에 있다. 추후 이 연구의 성능 평가는 자동번역모델 평가와 응용시스템 시험으로 나누어 진행된다. 자동번역모델은 평가용 테스트셋에 의한 자동 평가와 전문가에 의한 휴먼 평가에 따라 모델의 품질을 수치로 측정할 수 있다. 또한 응용시스템 시험은 소프트웨어 방법론의 개발 단계별 테스트를 적용한다. 이 연구를 통해 고천문 분야가 인공지능 자동번역 확산 플랫폼 시범의 첫 케이스라는 점에서 의의가 있다. 즉, 클라우드 기반으로 시스템을 구축함으로써 상대적으로 적은 초기 비용을 투자하여 활용성이 높은 한문 문장 자동 번역기라는 연구 인프라를 확보하는 첫 적용 학문 분야이다. 향후 이를 활용한 고천문 분야 학술 활동이 더욱 활발해질 것을 기대해 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.46-58
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to understand the current status of the pet plant kit industry and determine the priorities for support policies to revitalize the industry. SWOT analysis assessed the industry's current state, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used with industry professionals to prioritize support policies. The SWOT analysis results indicated that SO strategies involve leveraging government support policies to enhance marketing and developing eco-friendly DIY products. WO strategies include launching advertising campaigns to increase market recognition and establishing strategic partnerships to expand distribution. ST strategies focus on strengthening price competitiveness and proposing unique values, while WT strategies involve improving production processes and enhancing product quality based on consumer feedback. The AHP analysis identified 3 top-level and 12 sub-level evaluation items, with data collected from 17 expert surveys. The results showed the 'entry phase' (0.482), 'activation phase' (0.397), and 'advanced phase' (0.121) were prioritized, with 'organizing seminars' (0.181) as the most crucial subcategory and 'support for kit development' (0.020) as the least. The pet plant kit industry is in its early stages, and appropriate policy incubation can help activate the garden industry. This study provides foundational information on the industry's needs for activation.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.124-140
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• 2023

The rapid growth in shared E-scooters worldwide has led to many studies on the topic. The results of these studies are still in the early stages, and the main factors affecting trips are being identified. In particular, the development of trip-generation models is very important for transportation planning, and a new transportation mode for developing the models for shared E-scooters is lacking both domestically and internationally. This study aims to develop a trip generation model for shared E-scooters using significant variables by thoroughly reviewing previous studies. The trip characteristics of major service areas and other areas may differ owing to the trip characteristics of the mode. The trip generation models were developed based on the service trip density by dividing the areas by service level. The factors affecting shared E-scooter trips in major service areas included the presence of universities, closeness centrality, and cultural areas, while factors affecting the trips in minor service areas included the presence of universities, betweenness centrality, and trip distance. The developed models provide basic information that can be used to establish transport policies for introducing shared E-scooters in cities in the future.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.189-200
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• 2023

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Korea's wine market had shrunk as other countries. However, right after the pandemic, Korea's imported wine consumption had been increased 69.6%. Because of the ban on overseas travel, wine was consumed in the domestic market. And consumption of high-end wines were increased significantly due to revenge spending and home drinking. However, from 2022 Korea's wine market has begun to shrink sharply again. Therefore this study forecasts the size of imported wine market by 2032 to provide useful information to wine related business entities. KITA(Korea International Trade Association)'s 95 time-series data per quarter from Q1 of 2001 to Q3 of 2023 was utilized in this research. The accuracy of model was tested based on value of MAPE. And ARIMA model was chosen to forecast the size of market value and Winter's multiplicative model was used for the size of market volume. The result of ARIMA model for the value (MAPE=10.56%) shows that the size of market value in 2032 will be increased up to USD $1,023,619, CAGR=6.22% which is 101% bigger than its size of 2023. On the other hand, the volume of imported wine market (MAPE=10.56%) will be increased up to 64,691,329 tons, CAGR=-0.61% which is only 15.12% bigger than its size of 2023. The result implies that the value of Korea's wine market will continue to grow despite the recent decline. And the high-end wine market will account for most of the increase.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.466-474
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• 2023

In recent years, the government has strongly promoted multi-purpose utilization of paddy field. However, poor drainage causes waterlogging stress in upland crops, requiring subsurface drainage technology, resulting in high installation and management costs. To address this issue, a low-cost and high-efficiency technique was developed that utilizes wasted coir substrates which have characteristics of high porosity and good drainage, for upland crop cultivation in paddy fields. Soybeans were grown in both paddy soil and wasted coir slab with two planting densities (80×20 cm and 60×20 cm). The results showed that the coir substrates had better performance than the paddy soil in terms of soil physical and chemical properties and the growth and yield of upland crops are improved. The treatments using wasted coir substrate showed a 41.4% increase in yield and a 21.3% increase in protein content compared to PS treatment. Our findings demonstrate that recycling waste coir substrates to grow upland crops is a positive cultivation strategy to solve some drainage problems in paddy fields. This approach offers a sustainable solution for upland crop production while also addressing the issue of waste management in agriculture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.149-153
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• 2008

The pollutant capacity occurred before and after the development of a watershed should be quantitatively estimated and controlled for the minimization of water contamination. The Ministry of Environment suggested a guideline for the legal management of nonpoint source from 2006. However, the rational method for the determination of treatment capacity from nonpoint source proposed in the guideline has the problem in the field application because it does not reflect the project based cases and overestimates the pollutant load to be reduced. So, we perform the standard rainfall analysis by analytical probabilistic method for the estimation of an additional pollutant load occurred by a project and suggest a methodology for the estimation of contaminant capacity instead of a simple rational method. The suggested methodology in this study could determine the reasonable capacity and efficiency of a treatment facility through the estimation of pollutant load from nonpoint source and from this we can manage the watershed appropriately. We applied a suggested methodology to the projects of housing land development and a dam construction in the watersheds. When we determine the treatment capacity by a rational method without consideration of the types of projects we should treat the 90% of pollutant capacity occurred by the development and to do so, about 30% of the total cost for the development should be invested for the treatment facility. This requires too big cost and is not realistic. If we use the suggested method the target pollutant capacity to be reduced will be 10 to 30% of the capacity occurred by the development and about 5 to 10% of the total cost can be used. The control of nonpoint source must be performed for the water resources management. However it is not possible to treat the 90% of pollutant load occurred by the development. The proper pollutant capacity from nonpoint source should be estimated and controlled based on various project types and in reality, this is very important for the watershed management. Therefore the results of this study might be more reasonable than the rational method proposed in the Ministry of Environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.366-376
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• 2016

The "Forest Partnership" mechanism in Indonesia allows those with authority to manage forests, including Forest Management Units (KPH) and concession holders, to partner with local communities for forest management and profit sharing. The objective of this study is to identify the challenges that this new mechanism is facing and develop practical policy recommendations for its successful implementation. "Lombok Forest Partnership" is the first of its kind in Indonesia between Forest Management Unit (KPH) and a local community. The local community members participating in this partnership were surveyed for their expected outcomes, degree of their satisfaction about the process and profits sharing, as well as other factors affecting their participation. Respondents reported that they have obtained the information on Forest Partnership completely from KPH and NGO. Local peoples participated in Lombok Forest Partnership to improve their incomes, and recognized timber production as the most important income source with high possibility of success. However, timber production will require sizable initial capital investment for establishing nursery and other supporting activities, which cannot come from local communities lacking economic means. Thus, Forest Partnership would be difficult to succeed if KPH does not take the initiative to permit and promote local community to use special area and generate profits in their jurisdiction. KPH, in turn, can share the profits with local peoples. In this regard, KPH's leadership is the key factor in the success of Forest Partnership. However, KPH will need to cultivate their capacity to develop and implement income-generating business with local community. Although profit sharing ratio of timber and non-timber forest products among local community who participated in Lombok Forest Partnership was very high at 75%, and 90%, the level of satisfaction on profit sharing ratio was only average. The cooperative organized by the local community is also dealing with sensitive nature of allocating forest area internally among their members. Thus, keeping the principle of fairness, equity and transparency is the key for successful implementation of Forest Partnership mechanism. This first case of Forest Partnership can serve as a model for the future cases and provide the early lessons.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 2001

In order to environmentally use wood chips manufactured from low valued forest resources by forest tendering, wood chips were used for the evaluation on chips characteristics, decomposition capability of organic wastes, and field experiment and determination of conditions for decomposer. Bioclusters manufactured by Cryptomeria japonica, commercially available wood chips in Japan, showed higher pore ratio, water reservation and water resistance, and higher cellulose content with lower hot water solubles than domestic wood chips. The useful size of wood chips for swine manure decomposition was 10 (length) ${\times}$ 5 (width) ${\times}$ 2 (thickness) mm, and cellulose contents and alkali solubles of Pinus densiflora and Populus tomentiglandulosa were similar to those of bioclusters. According to the decomposition ratio depending on wood species, it was ordered as Pinus densiflora > Pinus koraiensis > Cryptomeria japonica. The swine manure decomposition ratio depending on treatment hours by Pinus koraiensis was constant with the ratio of 15 to 16 g per hour by 1 kg of chip, indicating of daily swine decomposition amount of 390 kg by 1 ton of chips which was equal to the amount of daily swine manure production by 70 swines. Analyzing by long term used wood chips during 40 days treatment, the treated wood chips characteristically showed stable total nitrogen content, suitable pH, high accumulation of inorganic contents such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium, and no odor. During winter, the inner temperature of decomposer was kept at $43^{\circ}C$, but air bubble was occurred due to high pH and viscosity of swine manure. The most appropriate mixing ratio between wood chips and swine manure was 1 versus 2 or 3, and at more than ratio 1 versus 3, ammonia gas was caused because of anaerobic fermentation status by high moisture content of wood chips. The mixing interval of decomposer was 3 mins. per hour for the best swine decomposition.