• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological characteristics and vegetation structures of Eurya japonica in Busan. As a result of the TWINSPAN and DCA analysis, 89 plots of 100㎡ each were divided into 3 communities: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-E. japonica community, and P. thunbergii-Camellia japonica community. Community I consisted of the Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica which was mainly located in the high altitude inland. While Q. serrata and P. densiflora competed in the tree layer, the dominant species of the understory layer was E. japonica. Since Carpinus tschonoskii, one of the climax species, was distributed evenly from shrub to tree layers, it was likely that deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii would become dominant species in community I. In community I, E. japonica was found in higher altitude than the other evergreen broad-leaved tree and was expected to maintain their tree vigor even if the vegetation structure is converted into the deciduous forest. Community II, the P. thunbergii-E. japonica community, was predicted to maintain its tree vigor unless there were unexpected disturbance factors. Community III, consisting of P. thunbergii-C. japonica and located in Dongbaek Island, was under artificial management. In community III, P. thunbergii was the only species in the tree layer, while C. japonica was predominant in the understory layer. E. japonica and various evergreen broad-leaved tree species were present in the understory layer and shrub layer, which were unmanaged areas. Therefore, it is expected that unless C. japonica is continuously managed, E. japonica is likely to become the dominant species. There were also various evergreen broad-leaved species, such as Machilus thunbergii and Pittosporum tobira, present in the shrub layer. If the temperature continues to rise, the habitat is expected to become evergreen broad-leaved forests in the future as P. thunbergii community declines. The result of Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of E. japonica and species appearing in 89 plots showed that 9 species were had a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05). Four species, including P. tobira and Q. dentata, had a positive correlation. Five species had a negative correlation, and C. japonica, which had the same ecological position as E. japonica, showed the most negative correlation at -0.384.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.291-302
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• 2017

The research was carried out in order to find climate factors which determine the distribution of Eurya japonica, and the potential habitats (PHs) under the current climate and climate change scenario by using species distribution models (SDMs). Four climate factors; the warmth index (WI), the minimum temperature of the coldest month (TMC), summer precipitation (PRS), and winter precipitaion (PRW) : were used as independent variables for the model. Seventeen general circulation models under RCP (Representative concentration pathway) 8.5 scenarios were used as future climate scenarios for the 2050s (2040~2069) and 2080s (2070~2099). Highly accurate SDMs were obtained for E. japonica. The model of distribution for E. japonica constructed by SDMs showed that minimum temperature of the coldest month (TMC) is a major climate factor in determining the distribution of E. japonica. The area above the $-5.7^{\circ}C$ of TMC revealed high occurrence probability of the E. japonica. Future PHs for E. japonica were projected to increase respectively by 2.5 times, 3.4 times of current PHs under 2050s and 2080s. It is expected that the potential of E. japonica habitats is expanded gradually. E. japonica is applicable as indicator species for monitoring in the Korean Peninsula. E. japonica is necessary to be monitored of potential habitats.

• The Korea Beekeeping Bulletin
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• s.352
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• pp.54-54
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• 2010

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.243-247
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• 2006

To develop the natural brown hair-dye, we investigated the dyeability of hairs dyed with the extracts of Boehmeria tricuspis and chemical hair-dye and the changes in its colors as affected by the number of washing frequencies. When dyed with the extracts of Boehmeria tricuspis, ${\Delta}E$ values was increased over 11 compared with control and dyed an order of descent YR. ${\Delta}E$ values treated the ashing juice of Japanese cleyera with a mordant was mostly increased about 15.52. Hairs was dyed with the extracts of Boehmeria tricuspis and we investigated L, a, b and ${\Delta}E$ values as affected by the number of washing frequencies. When treated the ashing juice of Japanese cleyera with a mordant, L values was mostly decreased, however, a, b and ${\Delta}E$ values was increased significantly. L values of hairs dyed with the extracts of Boehmeria tricuspis and washed over thirty times became low compared with that dyed with chemical hair-dye and changes in a, b and ${\Delta}E$values of that was small.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest vegetation management method as the cultural landscape forest of Dongbaek Island which is the district monument. The study area was $20,000m^2$ around the peak area in management as the nature sabbatical area. Vegetation structure type was classified with the criteria of topography, vegetation, management and the management plan was derived from the vegetation structure analysis according to the types. Vegetation structure types were Management-Camellia japonica, Non-management-Eurya japonica, Non-management-Rugged area-Eurya japonica. As the result of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii dominated in canopy layer and Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica dominated in Type I and in Type II and III, respectively. Especially, Machilus thunbergii as the climax species in the warm temperate forest were distributed centering shrubs, and as the result of distribution of diameter of breast height, middle size of Celtis sinensis and Machilus thunbergii were distributed in type I, II. Machilus thunbergii were distributed in range of 4 to 44 individuals through the all types. Mean age of canopy layer was 66 year-old and sub-canopy layer was 22.9 year-old. Shanon's species diversity was analysed from 0.5472 to 0.8646. As the vegetation management direction of Dongbaek island, managed Camellia japonica forest was suggested to maintain the regular management and non-managed Eurya japonica forest was required to remove the Eurya japonica and plant the Camellia japonica. In case of non managed Eurya japonica forest in rugged area, vegetation succession was required to laurel forest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2007

To investigate the coastal forest structure and its ecological characteristics in Busan, four typical sites, Taejongdae, Molundae, Amnam Park, and Igidae, were selected and surveyed. These sites are famous coastal areas in Busan. According to the analysis of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii was a dominant species at the canopy layer in all sites. But at the understory layer, Eurya japonica in Taejongdae and Molundae, Ficus erecta in Igidae and Eurya japonica and Prunus sargentii in Amnam Park were dominant species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.539-551
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation structure and ecological characteristics of the coastal forest Pinus thunbergii community in Busan Metropolitan City (BMC) and to establish reference information for the management of the coastal forest in BMC in the future. We set up 97 plots with an area of $100m^2$ each for the analysis and investigation of the vegetation characteristics. The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Pinus thunbergii-Quercus aliena community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica(1) community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica(2) community, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica(1) community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica(2) community, and Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica-Camellia japonica community. According to the analysis of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii was a main dominant species at the canopy layer in all sites while Eurya japonica and Camellia japonica were dominant species at the understory layer. Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community is predicted in the forest succession because of the competition between Pinus thunbergii and Quercus serrata in the canopy layer and the understory layer. As such, it is necessary to observe changes by continually monitoring this community. Tree species with strong salinity tolerance, including Pinus thunbergii, have formed community groups because of the environmental characteristics of coastal forests, strong with salinity tolerance species are forming community groups. Therefore, all community groups except for the Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community will maintain the current vegetation structure unless drastic environmental changes occur.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2000

The ecological characteristics of 10 natural stands of Dendropanax morbifera(Haenam, Wando 1, Wando 2, Bogildo, Kemundo and Hongdo and Sendol, Suoak, Hannam, and Kidowon populations in Cheju island) were studied. In most of the Dendropanax morbifera natural stands, the following tree species appeared predominantly : Camellia japonica, Castanopsis cuspidate var. sieboldii, Castanopsis cuspidate var. thunbergii, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus acute and Eurya japonica. Especially, Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica appeared in all the stands. Dendropanax morbifera occupied 17.2% of the upper story, 12.9% of the middle story, and 10.3% of the lower story, respectively. The distribution patterns by Morisita's Index showed that Dendropanax morbifera was distributed randomly in all of the three stories, i.e. the upper, the middle and the lower stories. Dendropanax morbifera was positively associated with Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica, Carpinus laxiflora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Ligustrum japonicum, Callicarpa Japonica, Castanopsis cuspidate var. thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Acer palmatum and Euonymus oxyphyllus. This might suggest that the ecological niche is similar to each other. The cluster analysis using percent dissimilarity(PD) based on species composition divided into two groups. One group consisted of the populations located along the south-western coasts. The other group consisted of the populations of Cheju island. This result was agree with that of ordination analysis. From these results, We could find out that the species composition of the populations of Dendrapanax morbifera in Cheju island was quite different from those of other regions.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.14-27
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• 1990

The vegetation of Pyeongil island was ecologically investigated four times from July, 1979 to May, 1981. The vegetation of this island consisted of 80 families, 172 genera, 173 species, 21 varieties and 4 forma. Evergreen, broad-leaved trees comprised a total of 11 species including Eurya japonica Thunb. and Trachelostermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai. The distribution of evergreen, broad-leaved trees was very spares in this island as a whole. It may also be considered that evergreen, broad-leaved trees, such as Camellia japonica Linne (30cm-35cm in diameter at breast height), Pittosporum fobira Aiton, Eurya japonica Thunb. and Trachelostermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai which might have been dominant species on this island, have undergone artificial succession caused by the planting of Pinus thunbergii Parl. dominant species of today. This was due to human interferences for fuel, building, grazing and farmland use. Especially, the vegetation of this island seems to have been severely destroyed by high population density, farming rate and by rapid increase in the area of cultivated land. However, the forest of Pinus thunbergii Parlatore at Wolsong-ri is worthy of conservation. The five species of seaside plants (Ixeris dentata (Thunb.) Nakai, Rosa rugosa Thunb., Carex laticeps Clarke, Calystergia soldanella Reom. et Schult. and Phelloterus littoradis) were distributed in the vicinity of sand beaches leading to Wolsong-ri, Dongbaeg-ri and Sadong-ri.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 2006

To investigate distribution status of the evergreen broad-leaves forest in Weolchulsan National Park, 146 plots and surveyed. Thirteen Evergreen broad-leaved trees wear distributed up to four hundred fifty meters(sea level) along valley in the Weolchulsan National Park. Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica and Quercus acuta were distributed as a plant community. Neolitsea sericea, Vaccinium bracteatum, Camellia sinensis, Eleagnus macrophylla, Ligustrum japonicum and Ardisia japonica were distributed as small patch or individual. Trachelospermum asiaticum and Hedera japonica were distributed by discoid, erysipelas shape. Quercus acuta community was appeared as a small patch type in Weolchulsan National Park. Evergreen broad-leaved trees were distributed at subcanopy layer in the Pinus densiflora community, Quercus varabilis community and Quercus acutissima community. Quercus acuta community might be maintained and expanded. Pinus densiflora community and deciduous broad-leaved plant community at which Quercus acuta, were growing in the forest floor will be succeeded to Quercus acuta community.