• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.25
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• pp.9-24
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• 2006

지속적으로 증가 하고 있는 악성 종양 발병률의 증가, 생존률의 향상, 조기발견의 증가 등이 암 기왕자의 보험 수요 상승을 가져오고 있으며, 보험시장에서 더 이상 암 기왕자를 도외시하기 어렵게 만들고 있다. 그러나, 현재 국내에서는 암 기왕자를 인수할 수 있는 상품과 언더라이팅 인수 기법이 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문은 이러한 상황 하에서 기존에 거절체로 인식되었던 암 기왕자의 적극적인 인수를 위해 악성종양에 대한 보험 의학적인 고찰과 사망률, 위험도에 대해 분석하고, 국내에서 암 기왕자의 보험 인수 시 문제점과 그 해결방안을 모색해 보았다. 종양은 종양세포의 성장과 확산의 정도를 나타내는 병기와 조직학적 등급에 의해 그 예후와 경과가 예측 가능하며, 이 병기를 표준화하려는 국제적 시도로 1977년 American Joint Committee on Cancer(AJCC)는 TNM system 을 제시하였다. 병기를 기초로 치료의 결정도 함께 이루어지는데, 주요 치료법을 수술, 방사선치료, 항암치료, 면역요법이 있다. 이러한 치료법들은 후기 부작용을 일으키거나 이차성 암(Secondary malignant neoplasm)의 원인이 되기도 한다. 병기에 따른 암환자의 사망률을 살펴 보면, 암은 일정시기 동안 사망률이 급격히 증가하다가 이후에 점차 사망률이 감소하고, 그 이후에는 사망률에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 이러한 사망률 변화의 특성은 암 기왕자에게 평준식 정액 할증법(Per mille flat extra)의 적용이 적절함을 보여준다. 그러나, 현재 국내에서는 악성 종양 기왕자를 위한 상품이 전무한 상태이며, 암의 병리적 병기와 치료에 관련된 정보를 얻을 수 있는 도구도 부족하고, 명확한 인수 기법이 없다. 또한, 자체의 경험통계의 부족으로 위험에 대한 부담감이 큰 것이 현실이다. 하지만, 병기에 따른 사망률의 변화에서도 알 수 있듯이 평준식 정액 할증법의 도입이나, 악성종양의 병기(Stage)별 정액 할증률을 삭감법으로 전환하는 기준을 개발한다면, 종신보험은 충분히 인수가 가능하다. 또한, CI 보험도 암에 대한 부담보를 하는 선진사의 인수 기법을 도입하거나, 암 기왕자만을 위한 CI 상품을 개발하는 등 새로운 인수 기법을 모색한다면, 암기왕자 인수의 폭은 넓어질 것이다. 이와 같은 노력과 함께, 언더라이팅의 정보 획득을 위한 암 기왕자만의 고지서를 개발하고, 전문 언더라이터의 양성을 위한 노력을 게을리 하지 않는다면, 암기왕자를 적극적으로 인수할 수 있을 것이다. 앞으로 국내 보험사가 위와 같은 노력을 지속적으로 해 나가고, 비교적 예후와 경과가 양호한 0기와 1기 암 기왕자부터 단계적으로 종신보험의 인수를 시도한다면, 비교적 안전하게 경험치를 축적할 수 있을 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 국내 보험업계는 새로운 시장의 확보와 보험에 대한 대외 이미지 개선이라는 효과도 함께 얻게 될 것이다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.22-32
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• 2016

As the number of aged population rapidly goes up, the cases of stroke and the related medical expenses continuously increase. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mortality of stroke patients based on CCI(Charlson Comorbidity Index) by utilizing the Korea National Hospital Discharge Injury Survey, analyzing the factors associated with the mortality of stroke patients. We analyzed 21,494 cases which are classified as the death of strokes aged over 20 years by using the Korea National Hospital Discharge Injury Survey between the year 2005 and 2010. In order to find out the mortality based on CCI and status of comorbidity, we used the technical statistics. We performed a logistic regression analysis to examine the reasons for the mortality of the strokes. We found that the independent variables for the influence of the mortality of strokes include age, type of insurance, residence urban size, size of hospital beds, the location of hospital, admission route, physical therapy, brain surgery, type of stroke, and CCI. This indicates that the effective monitoring on the age, types of stroke, comorbidity is needed. In addition to this, more medical support toward medicaid patients are needed, too. We believe that these results will be used positively for the evaluation of the stroke patients, providing the basic materials for the further research on the establishment of the health-related policy.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.447-455
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• 2023

COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease that is hard to predict in terms of fatality rate, treatments, and the timing of its end. World is developing treatments and vaccines for COVID-19. Several treatments and vaccines currently have emergency use authorization, but the treatments are only allowed for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the confirmed cases of COVID-19, including mortality and testing, in OECD countries and to assess the effect of vaccination on mortality. Looking at the confirmed cases, mortality, and vaccination rates of COVID-19, the number of confirmed cases was lower than previously reported cases after full vaccination. In early 2022, with Omicron, the confirmed cases increased sharply, while mortality dropped, and the mortality showed a gentle curve as the cumulative fully vaccinated exceeded 50%. This indicates that COVID-19 vaccines have an effect on reducing mortality. However, the duration of effectiveness of vaccines was considerably short, which decreased the initial inoculation effect and increased the monthly mortality. As this study was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was not enough data to analyze comprehensively. However, it is meaningful to compare and analyze the impact of COVID-19 by country.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2005

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the trend of tuberculosis mortality rate by years and by areas. Methods: We calculated raw and age-adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis from 1995 to 2002. The calculation was based on the data from resident registration data and death certification registration data gathered by 232 basic local authority. We used direct age standardization method for calculating age-adjusted mortality rate. We compared patterns of change in tuberculosis mortality rate of metropolitan areas, cities, and countryside by determinating the comparability of medels to explore linear relationship. We also analyzed the data of mortality rate between urban and rural area by comparing ANOVA and post-hoc by two periods: one from 1995 to 1998, and the other from 1999 to 2002. Results: In national mortality rate, both raw and age-adjusted mortality rate showed negative linear relationship. However, the graph become more horizontal: the slope line is close to zero. From 1995 to 1998, countryside showed significantly higher age-adjusted mortality rate than in metropolitan areas and cities. Ever after considering more horizontal graph in national mortality rate, the data shows that the countryside still have significantly higher mortality rate from 1999 to 2002. In model diagnostic checking, metropolitan areas and cities showed apparently linear pattern on the decrease of age-adjusted mortality rate. Pattern of mortality rate in countryside was decreased initially, but became flat. Conclusions: Further research is necessary to explore the characteristics of quality of tuberculosis control program in rural area. Different approach and strategies should be considered to decrease tuberculosis mortality rate in rural areas.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of completing death certificates among medical students. Methods: The self-administered questionnaires were completed, during May to August 2007, by 380 medical students in senior. The questionnaire was composed of 10 cases to write the death certificate. The cause-of-deaths written by students were compared with the gold standards and their errors in the certificates also evaluated. Results: Mean agreement score for 10 underlying cause-of-deaths completed on the lowest line of part I in the death certificate (UC1) was $4.8{\pm}1.7$, and for underlying cause-of-death selected by a coder of the death certificates (UC2) was $5.6{\pm}1.5$. The UC1 and UC2 were significantly higher among the students having the case-oriented education for death certificate than others. For the major errors in the certificates completed by students, the students having the error with no antecedent cause were highest, the error with two or more conditions secondly highest. Mean number of errors was significantly lower in the case-oriented education group than others. Conclusions: Errors are common in the death certificates completed by medical students in senior. The accuracy of death certification may be more improved with the case-oriented education than the traditional method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.90-90
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• 2003

체세포 핵이식에 의한 복제기술은 매우 낮은 성공률 나타내고 있어 실용화에 지장을 초래하고 있다. 이것은 후생적인 유전현상인 reprogramming이 불완전하게 이루어지기 때문인 것으로 추측되어지고 있다(Reik et al., Theriogenology 2003, 59: 21-32; Han et al, Theriogenology 2003, 59: 33-44). 체세포 핵이식 후에 태아사망의 원인이 태반의 비정상적인 기능과 관계가 있는 것으로 추정되는데 복제시 태아사망의 원인을 찾기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 한우에서 체세포 복제 후 임신 말기에 태아가 사망한 태반조직 3개와 IVF 수정란 이식 후 동일한 시기에 제왕절개술을 실시한 태반조직 2개를 실험에 이용하였다. 태반 protein을 Two-Dimensional electrophoresis와 Mass spectrometer를 이용하여 분석 비교하였다. IPG-system을 이용하여 pH 4~7, pH 6~9에서 1차 전기영동을 한 후, 8~l6%의 SDS-PAGE gel에 2차 전기영동을 실시하였고 G-250 Coomassie로 염색하였다. gel 이미지는 Malanie III program을 이용하여 분석하였다. 전체 gel에서 약 1800개의 구분 가능한 protein spot이 나타났다. pH 4~7 범위에서 양적으로 차이나는 것 15개 중 복제한우 태반에서 증가되는 protein spot 5개와 감소하는 protein spot 10개를 골라 protein identification을 실시하였다. MALDI-TOF-MS를 이용하여 동정한 결과 phosphatidylinositol transfer protein-$\alpha$와 interleukin-18 등의 protein이 복제태반에서 발현이 증가되었고, 복제한우에서 발현이 감소되는 것으로는 vimentin, Rho-GDI-$\beta$, TRAST $\beta$-chain, ovarian sterol carrier protein 2, triosephosphate isomerase, tropemyosin beta chain, Aldose reductase 등으로 나타났다. 이러한 protein들은 inositol 지질 신호전달과 면역시스템, 세포분열, 산소 운반, steroidogenic 세포에서의 콜레스테롤 이동, 촉매 작용, 대사 작용 등에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 체세포 복제에 의한 태아사망 원인은 태반에서 이러한 protein들의 비정상적인 발현에 기인된 것으로 추정된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.2 s.88
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• pp.139-145
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• 2006

This paper develops pedestrian fatality models capable of producing the probability of pedestrian fatality in collision between vehicles and pedestrians. Probabilistic neural network (PNN) and binary logistic regression (BLR) ave employed in modeling pedestrian fatality pedestrian age, vehicle type, and collision speed obtained from reconstructing collected accidents are used as independent variables in fatality models. One of the nice features of this study is that an iterative sampling technique is used to construct various training and test datasets for the purpose of better performance comparison Statistical comparison considering the variation of model Performances is conducted. The results show that the PNN-based fatality model outperforms the BLR-based model. The models developed in this study that allow us to predict the pedestrian fatality would be useful tools for supporting the derivation of various safety Policies and technologies to enhance Pedestrian safety.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2021

According to the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency's (KOSHA) report on industrial accident statistics over the past four years, the number of casualties at construction sites from 2017 to June 2020 was about 93,158 and the number of deaths was about 1,977, showing a high trend of safety accidents among the eight major occupational groups, with the construction industry ranking third in total and the death rate being the highest in total. Among them, the number of deaths caused by falls in the entire occupational category is about 1,267, the highest rate of deaths due to contact is about 522, which is a frequent safety accident among the top three accident types. This paper aims to help reduce the overall proportion of construction safety accidents by developing smart safety sensing devices using ultrasonic sensors to prevent two types of safety accidents, which have the highest rate of occurrence among various types of safety accidents occurring at construction sites.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.225-237
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• 2024

In the analysis of competing risks data, some of covariates may not be fully observed for some subjects. In such cases, excluding subjects with missing covariate values from the analysis may result in biased estimates and loss of efficiency. In this paper, we studied multiple imputation and the augmented inverse probability weighting method for regression parameter estimation in the cause-specific proportional hazards model with missing covariates. The performance of estimators obtained from multiple imputation and the augmented inverse probability weighting method is evaluated by simulation studies, which show that those methods perform well. Multiple imputation and the augmented inverse probability weighting method were applied to investigate significant risk factors for the risk of death from breast cancer and from other causes for breast cancer data with missing values for tumor size obtained from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screen Trial Study. Under the cause-specific proportional hazards model, the methods show that race, marital status, stage, grade, and tumor size are significant risk factors for breast cancer mortality, and stage has the greatest effect on increasing the risk of breast cancer death. Age at diagnosis and tumor size have significant effects on increasing the risk of other-cause death.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.125-132
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• 2015

항공기 추락 시 충돌충격단계에서 사상자가 가장 많이 발생하는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 대부분의 경우, 승객들은 두부손상으로 의식을 잃게 되어 비상탈출에 실패하여 사망에 이르게 된다. 이에 대한 대응책으로 항공기 제작사들은 내구성이 강화된 항공기 좌석을 설계 및 제작하여 설치하고 있다. 객실에서는 승객들이 충격방지자세를 취함으로써 부상을 최소화할 수 있다. 승객들에 대한 충격방지자세 안내는 모든 항공사가 시간적 여유가 있는 비상상황에서만 객실승무원이 안내방송과 함께 시범을 보이도록 절차가 수립되어 있다. 그러나 갑작스런 사고의 경우 승객들은 충격방지자세에 대한 정보를 전달받지 못한 상태에서 사상의 위험에 직면하게 된다. 본 논문은 SHEL 모델을 적용하여 승객과 사상자발생 환경, 승객과 충격방지를 위한 안전절차, 승객과 승객안전정보 전달매체, 승객과 객실승무원등의 상호작용에 내재된 위해요소를 체계적으로 규명하고 객실안전에 대한 법규 및 절차 등의 개정을 제시함으써, 항공기사고로 인한 사상자 발생에 대한 근본적인 대안을 제시하여 항공안전 증진에 기여하고자 한다.