• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of probiotic from pine needle microbes on growth performance, blood characteristics, carcass traits and economy of pigs. One hundred eighty pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D, average body weight=75 kg) were grouped and housed with 15 animals per pen for 3 replications per each treatment. The ingredients and pine needle microbes mixed and fermented on anaerobic condition for 10 days to make the fermented diet. The basal diet was substituted with 0 (CON), 3 (T1), 5 (T2) and 10% (T3) of fermented diet, the pigs were fed for 42 days and slaughtered at the end of the trial to measure the carcass traits. Crude protein concentration of fermented diet on 10 day was higher (p<0.05) than that of on 0 day, while crude fiber concentration and pH were lower (p<0.05). The supplementation of fermented diet did not affect on growth performance and feed intake. Hemoglobin concentration of whole blood in T3 was higher (p<0.05) than that of CON, and hematocrit concentrations in CON and T1 were higher (p<0.05) than that of T2 and T3. The concentration of platelet was higher (p<0.05) in T1 than in T2 and T3. The CON had higher (p<0.05) total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations than the treatments, whereas lower (p<0.05) HDL-cholesterol concentration. Carcass weight and dressing in T1 and T3 were higher (p<0.05) than those of CON and T2. The backfat thickness was higher (p<0.05) in CON and T2 than in T3. The carcass grade and economy improved by supplementation of fermented diet compare to CON. In conclusion, the supplementation of fermented diet using probiotics from pine needle microbes could improve health and meat quality and reduce the feed cost of pigs.

• Feed Journal
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• v.3 no.8 s.24
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• pp.94-99
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• 2005

깨끗한 물에 의존하는 수산동물산업에 있어 오염율이 낮은 환경친화형 사료의 사용은 산업의 지속적인 발전에 거의 강제적일만큼 필수적인 것이다. 양식 선진국의 양어사료 생산업체들은 이미 오래전부터 저오염 사료개발에 착수하여 우수한 결과를 만들어내고 있다. 15여년 전에 비해 연어나 송어사료의 사료효율은 두배 이상 개선되었다. 아울러, 사료배합 기술의 개선에 힘입어 양식 송어의 분과 뇨를 통한 인 배설량은 절반 수준으로 감소하였다. 따라서, 과거의 사료보다 오늘날의 사료가 더욱 환경친화적인 것을 부인할 수 없으며, 여전히 오염도를 낮추려는 연구가 진행되고 있다.

• Feed Journal
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• v.2 no.7
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• pp.66-72
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• 2004

미국 농업부는 2004년도 세계 식육 수출량이 저년도에 비해 4% 감소한 1,670만톤으로 줄어들 것으로 전망하고 있다. 품목별 수출량은 쇠고기가 전년에 비해 9%감소하고 돼지고기와 가금육은 각각 1%, 2% 감소할 것으로 예상하고 있다. <중략>

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.20 no.12 s.230
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• pp.63-67
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• 1988

(1) 3$\~$9주령시의 증체중은 CP와 ME가 증가함에 따라서 증가하는 경향을 인정하였으나 7$\~$9주령시 CP 18$\%$구의 증체중은 타구와 비교하여 크게 떨어졌다. (2) 3$\~$9주령시 사료섭취는 CP와 ME가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. (3) 사료요구율은 CP와 ME의 증가에 따라 낮아지는 경향을 보였으나 7$\~$9주령시에 있어서 18$\%$구의 증체량이 낮아짐에 따라 사료요구율도 나빴다. (4) 경제성에 대하여는 증체 1kg에 요하는 사료비를 산출한 바 16$\%$-3,050kcal구 다음이 16$\%$-3,250kcal구가 좋으나 복강내지방축적율과는 정의상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있다. 이상 산이현축산시험장 조조씨 외 3명의 논문을 소개한 것은 브로일러 산업에서 품질좋은 대형육계(2.5kg이상)을 생산함에 있어 사료비를 적게 들이고 보다 유리한 경영이 되게끔 하기 위한 의도에서 원고를 쓰게 되었다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1975

5주령시 병아리에 대하여 볶은 콩을 이용한 고열량 사료 1030Cal구 ($T_2$ 구)를 만들고 이를 830Cal의 관용사료구(C구)와 5주간 비교시험 한 결과 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1) 증체량에 있어서 $T_1$, $T_2$구는 C구에 비하여 증체량이 높으며 5%수준의 유의차가 있었다. 한편 L.S.D.-Test에 의하면 $T_1$과 C구 사이에만 5%의 유의차를 보였다. 2) 사료섭취량에 있어서는 $T_2$, $T_1$, C구의 순으로 사료를 절약할 수 있는데 L.S.D.-Test에 의하면 $T_2$구와 C구간에 1%의 유의차가 있으며 약 9%의 사료가 절약되었고 $T_1$구와 C구간에는 5%의 유의성이 있고 약 3%의 사료가 절약되었다. 3) 경제성에 있어서 추일수당 사료비는 $T_1$, $T_2$구 모두 C구보다 고가의 경향이 있어 볶은 콩의 실용가치를 감소시킨다. 그러나 육계 판매가격에 있어서 $T_1$구는 24.85원의 이익으로 C구 26.43원보다 하회하는 결과를 보인다. (중략)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.343-354
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to examine the fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) in the rumen, and whole tract digestibility of whole crop silage based TMR in comparison with conventional separate feeding of concentrate and roughage. Three ruminally fistulated non-lactating Holstein cattle were used in a 3 $\times$ 3 Latin square design. The cattle were fed 8kg of whole crop barley silage based TMR (BS-TMR) or 8kg (DM basis) of whole crop rye silage based TMR (RS-TMR) twice (08:00 and 18:00) daily in an equal amount. The cattle were also fed concentrate (5.6kg) and rice straw (1.4kg) seperately (DM basis, Control) twice daily in an equal amount. The both silages were included in TMR at 20% level (as fed basis). pH in the rumen fluid was not influenced by the diets but was slightly higher from TMR than from control. No difference was found in ammonia-N concentration between diets. Total VFA concentration was relatively increased in the cattle fed RS-TMR to the other diets up to 6h post feeding. The proportion of acetate was increased in the TMR feeding at right before feeding (0 h, p<0.005) and 9 h (p<0.048) post feeding compared with control. Propionate proportion was increased (p<0.046) in both TMRs while butyrate proportion was increased (p<0.029) at 1h post feeding compared to other diets. Effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP of RS-TMR was relatively increased to other diets, and EDNDF of both TMRs was higher than that of control diet due to the increased parameters b (p<0.039) and c (p<0.006) in TMR treatments. Whole track digestibility of most components in the TMRs was slightly increased compared to that in control diet, and RS-TMR had a tendency to be increased whole track digestibility except for NDF compared to BS-TMR. Based on the results observed from the present study, nutrient availability of whole crop silage based TMR looked slightly better than conventional separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw, mainly due to the improved stabilization of fermentation in the rumen and increased NDF digestibility of whole crop silage in TMR.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 1997

A six week feeding trial was conducted to determine the amount of fish meal analog (FMA) that can be replacing fish meal protein (FM) in Korean Rockfish. Seven experimental diets were formulated on isonitrogenous 52% crude protein and isocaloric basic 16.8KJ/g diet. Also, foreign commercial fish meal analog (CFMA) and attractants (ATT) were tested in this experiment. Percentage of the graded level of replacement of FM by FMA/CFMA on the basis of crude protein were as following : Diet 1, 100%FM ; Diet by 2, 60%FM : 40% CFMA ; Diet 3, 60%FM : 40$ CFMA+ATT ; Diet 4, 80%FM : 20%FMA ; Diet 5, 80%FM : 20% FMA+ATT ; Diet 6, 60%FM : 40%FMA+ATT ; Diet 7, 40%FM : 60% FMA+ATT. The FMA was made by mixing six animal protein source such as th blood meal, squid liver powder, meat and bond meal, leather meal, feather meal, poultry by-product and 3 essential amino acids (Met, Lys, Ile). Weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diets 4, 5 and 6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of fish fed the control (100% FM), while those of fish fed diets 2 and 3 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the diet 6. There was no significant ATT effects in this study (P>0.05). Significant differences were found in hepatosomatic index, hemoglobin and condition factor. Therefore, these, results indicated that FMA can be used up to 40% as a substitute of fish meal protein in Korean Rockfish diets.

• Feed Journal
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• v.2 no.9
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• pp.118-124
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• 2004

유럽의 경우 동물성사료 금지에 따른 단백질 영양소조절은 식물성단백질사료로 대체하여 배합사료를 생산하고 있다(고단백질 사료는 대두박으로 대체). 단백질함량이 높은 육골분 대신 어분으로 대체시 가격이 4파운드 비싼 반면, 식물성으로 대체할 경우 어분에 비해 가격이 저렴하여(톤당 2파운드 상승) 영국의 경우 사료가격이 1.5% 상승(2003년 11월)하여 대두박으로 대체하여 배합사료를 생산하고 있다. (중략)

• Feed Journal
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• v.3 no.7 s.23
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• pp.78-83
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• 2005

맞춤사료의 향후 사료시장에서의 자리는 더욱 굳건해 지리라 본다. 앞에서도 지적하였지만, 영업비용과 제반비용 절감으로 사료가격의 많은 부분을 절감할 수 있을 것이고, 또 영양소의 균형을 유지함으로써 낭비를 없애고 최고의 품질을 유지하되 비용을 최소화 할 수 있는 배합비를 작성함으로써 더 질 좋은 사료를 공급할 수 있으며, 각 브랜드 육에 맞는 특화된 사료가 개발되어 무엇보다 농장 즉 소비자에게 가장 적합한 사료를 생산하는 것이 가능해 졌다. 이런 이점들을 토대로 하기 위해서는 소규모의 농장이 아닌 대규모 농장이나 조합을 결성하게 되는데 이를 통하여 조합원의 결속력을 강화 할 수 있는 계기가 마련된다. 그뿐 아니라 농장들은 자가 사료 공장을 갖지 않으면서도 자가 공장을 가진 것과 같은 효과를 누릴 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 1988

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum level of Red Pepper (including seeds) for laying-hen'diet in summer. A total 240 birds of 37 week-old Manina Brown Hen was alloted to 4 treatments, 3 replications per treatment, according to complecately randomized design to find out the effects of adding levels (0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.08%) of Red Pepper on laying Performance and e99 Quality of experimental birds for 10 weeks. The results obtained from this study were summaried as follows : 1) I班 shell thickness was different significantly among treatments, (P＜0.05). Especially, Ta was highest one. 2) Egg shell breaking strength was highly significant difference between C and $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$ (p＜0.01). 3) Yolk color of $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$ was higher than C (p＜0.01), but there was no significant difference between treatments. 4) Egg Production was slightly higher with adding Red Pepper, but the differences were no significant. 5) No significant differences were found in average egg weight among treatments.