• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.393-399
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• 2018

The development of unmanned AI continues, and the development of AI unmanned is aimed at more efficiently, accurately, and speedily the work that has been resolved by manpower such as industry, welfare, and manpower. AI unmanned technology is evolving in various places, and it is time to switch to unmanned systems from many industries and factories. We take this into consideration, and use the Deep Learning technology, which is one of the core technologies of artificial intelligence (AI), not the manpower but the fruits that pour the rails at once in a large orchard. We want to study the unmanned fruit sorting machine that can be operated under manager's supervision without dividing the fruit by type and grade and dividing by country of origin and grade. This unmanned automated classification system aims to reduce the labor cost by minimizing the manpower and to improve the

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.164-168
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• 1988

In order to get basic information for establishing weed control methods in apple orchards, weed distribution was surveyed at 2 locations in Chungnam Province at 15 days intervals. In apple orchard 48 weed species (18 families) were distributed and Chenopodium album and Polygonum hydropiper were dominated and Digitana sanguinalis, Portulaca oleracea, and Erigeron canadensis were also abundant among them. Highest number of weeds emerged in April and dry weight of weeds were heavy in June and October, especially in summer broadleaf weeds and winter broadleaf weeds, and winter grasses were abundant in spring. Seasonal Shannon's diversity index(H'), maximum diversity(H max'), eveness (J') for the Shannon diversity index, and Simpson index were high in apple orchards. Interspecific competition was more severe than intraspecific competition.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 2002

A faunistic survey was conducted to find Osmia bees to be used as an effective pollinator in apple orchards. Collections were carried out from more than 50 selected sites in mountainous areas throughout Korea for 3 years (1996-98) with providing bundle of bamboo traps (6-8 mm of inner diameter) as Osmia nesting site. Five species of Osmia ：O. cornifrons (Radoszkowsky), O. pedicornis Cockerell, O. taurus Smith, O. satoi Yasumatsu et Hirashima and O. jacotti Cockerell, were collected at the rates of 39.9-51.7, 28.3-53.7, 5.5-19.1, 0.8-0.9 and 0.0-0.1%, respectively. And O. cornifrons and O. pedicornis were the dominants with over 80% of total Osmia collected through the collections. Out of those bees collected, rates of female were 29-43% for O. cornifrons. 10-12% for O. pedicornis and 22-43% for O. taurus. When the collection sites of the dominant 3 species were grouped in relation to altitudes above the sea level, about 50% or more bees were collected form the higher sites (500m or higher) while 20% or less were from the lower sites (200m or lower). When the bamboo traps were placed at the same sites continuously for 3 years, number of O. cornrfrons and O. taurus collected was slightly increased while that of O. pedicornis was drastically decreased year after year. Nesting by Osmia bees seems to have started at around early April, peaked at early May and ended by Mid June, while nest competing species of Sphecidae and Eumenidae started nesting at around early June, peaked at early July and ended by the Mid August.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2012

The occurrence of plum fruit moth, Grapholita dimorpha, has been recently reported in apple orchards in Korea. It has been suspected that G. dimorpha and its related species, G. molesta, may occur simultaneously in other host plants. This study reports the occurrence of G. dimorpha in pear orchards of different localities in Korea. The identification of G. dimorpha was determined by morphological characters and the DNA marker. The cross-trapping of both species may be possible because the major sex pheromone (SP) compositions for the two species are similar. From the monitoring data, G. dimorpha and G. molesta were caught in SP lure traps of G. dimorpha and both species were also caught in SP lure traps of G. molesta. This cross-trapping of G. molesta to a SP lure of G. dimorpha varied significantly among pear orchards in different geographical localities. Furthermore, the occurrence peaks of the two species were not coincidental in all monitored orchards. These suggest that monitoring data obtained from each SP trap of both species in pear orchards may be mixed with two species, which would result in the over-estimation of population density and peak frequency on both species in pear orchards.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.239-249
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• 2020

To find out the cause of the fire blight outbreak in apples and pears of Korea in 2019, we investigated disease appearing situation of thirty fire blight infected orchards, and interviewed farmers to determine the cultivation characteristics. Fire blight occurred mostly in orchards that had infected more than 2 years before. The cause of this were as follows: farmers did not know the symptoms of the disease properly. It is presumed that it has spread from the first occurrence to the surrounding orchards by flower-visiting insects or farmers and to a short distance or a long distance by the same cultivator or co-farmer. These series of processes repeated in the newly spreading area, and then disease reports increased as farmers became aware of fire blight. To minimize the spread of fire blight in Korea, it suggested that thorough education of farmers for early diagnosis and quantitative detection technology that can diagnose even in no symptom showing plants. And chemical or biological spraying systems suitable for domestic cultivation methods, which are producing large fruits, and molecular epidemiological studies of pathogens.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.719-729
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• 2017

Recently, the field of agriculture has been gaining a new leap with the integration of ICT technology in agriculture. In particular, smart farms, which incorporate the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in agriculture, are in the spotlight. Smart farm technology collects and analyzes information such as temperature and humidity of the environment where crops are cultivated in real time using sensors to automatically control the devices necessary for harvesting crops in the control device, Environment. Although smart farm technology is paying attention as if it can solve everything, most of the research focuses only on increasing crop yields. This paper focuses on the development of a system architecture that can harvest high quality crops at the optimum stage rather than increase crop yields. In this paper, we have developed an architecture using apple trees as a sample and used the color information and weight information to predict the harvest time of apple trees. The simple board that collects color information and weight information and transmits it to the server side uses Arduino and adopts model-driven development (MDD) as development methodology. We have developed an architecture to provide services to PC users in the form of Web and to provide Smart Phone users with services in the form of hybrid apps. We also developed an architecture that uses beacon technology to provide orchestration information to users in real time.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.29-31
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• 2013

Objectives : 'Reconsideration about Nomenclature of Herbs Listed in the Korean Pharmacopoeia' was published by Doh and Lee with absolute misconception of nomenclature. A critical review of Doh and Lee's paper is given, to correct the confused the concept of nomenclature and to provide proper scientific name for taxa which are discussed. Methods : This paper discusses the proper usage, as mandated by the International Code of Nomenclature. Adherence to the rules described in this paper should reduce the present confusion in the nomenclature of scientific names listed in the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Results : Although Doh and Lee proposed four categories to correct the scientific names of the Korean Pharmacopoeia using available botanical databases, they failed to show how nomenclatural concepts are applicable due to misconception of legitimacy and the confusion about synonym. From a nomenclatural perspective, 'accepted name' or 'recommended name' is a subjective term which used to be employed for convenience in a certain databases or working group without nomenclatural meaning. Doh and Lee also pointed out the standardization of author citation. However, they missed the importance of author citation error such as basionym or validating authors. Conclusions : Doh and Lee were not able to solve nomenclatural problems of the Korea Pharmacopoeia due to lack of clarity on the nomenclature code. We strongly recommend that KFDA has to commence extensive nomenclatural review for the next revision of Korea Pharmacopoeia.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2017

A survey was conducted to research on planting system and pesticide spray methods including spray volume, sprayer types, and spray nozzles used in apple orchards. The survey was deployed to 395 farmers in 17 cities and towns including 7 regions which are major producers of apple via interview. Major apple varieties were Fuji (79.2%) and Hongro (50.9%) and high density planting system was mainly used in apple orchards (distance between rows: 4.0-4.5 m (73.1%); planting distance: 1.5-3.5 m (88.6%); canopy height: 3.0-4.5 m (88.2%)). The percentages of sprayer types were 77.6% and 22.1% for speed sprayer (airblast sprayer) and power sprayer, respectively. Spray volumes per 10a were 250-300 L in April, the month of spraying the lowest volume, and 300-400 L in June-August, the months of spraying the highest volume. Significant difference in spray volumes were not observed between conventional planting and high density planting, but regional spray volume showed significant difference. The main nozzles used by apple farmers using power sprayers were super jet nozzle (45%), super wide nozzle (26%), and 2-3 vertical head nozzle (25%). The results will helpful to establish practical agrochemicals management policy including suggestion of pesticide spray volume and evaluation of pesticide residue data and efficacy data.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.226-234
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• 2010

Foliage residue toxicity experiment was performed against honeybee (Apis mellifera) with bifenthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide with strong acute contact toxicity and imidacloprid, a neo-nicotinoid insecticide with strong acute oral toxicity to know the honeybee toxicity at the residue level on the leaves of alfalfa and apple. Also, the formulation differences to honeybee toxicity were investigated with WP (2%) and EC (1%) of bifenthrin and WP (10%) and SL (4%) of imidacloprid. Generally, foliage residual toxicity of honeybee and residual amounts of tested insecticides was higher in alfalfa leaves with large leaf area per unit weight than in apple leaves. While on the other hand, the only bifenthrin WP treatment showed higher honeybee toxicity on apple leaves than alfalfa. Although imidacloprid showed higher residue amounts ranged $4.9{\sim}25.4\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ than bifenthrin ranged $0.6{\sim}12.7\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ on the leaves, the residual toxicity to honeybee was lower than bifenthrin because of its strong penetration character. In conclusion, the residual toxicity of insecticide to honeybee could be affected by the contact and vaporized toxicity of chemical, the residual amounts on the surface of leaves, and the leaf area per unit weight and formulation differences.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.183-190
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• 1986

Identification of fruit sucking moths, their larval host plant, and degree of damages to fruits were investigated in $1982{\sim}'83$ at two orchards in Cheonnam province. In this study, 4 families 30 species were collected as fruit sucking moths and among them 10 species are newly recorded in Korea as fruit sucking moth: Catocala electa(B.), Spirama helicina(H.), Erebus ephesperis(H.), Parallelia stuposa(F.), Simplicia niphona(B.), Marumba gaschkewitschii(B. et G.), Agrius convolvuli(L.), Thyatira batis (L.), and Spilosoma niveum(M.). Larval host plants of fruit sucking moths in the vicinity of the fruit orchard include Cocculus trilobus D., Albizzia julibrissin D., Pterocarya rhoifolia S., Jaglans mandshurica M., Solanum melongena L., Brassia campestris S., Rubus idaeus C., Thalictrum aquilegifol L., and Rhus succedanea L. As the damage on different varieties of the main fruit trees, plum was orderly Santa Rosa>Beauty, Apple was Chook>Hong Og, Peach was Choseng Baeg Do>Hwang Do>Baeg Do, and Grape was Campbell Early>Neo Mascat>Golden Queen. Seasonal occurrence of main fruit sucking moth Spirama retorta(C.) showed peak 3 times in early-July, late-July, early-September. Oraesia emerginata(F.) showed peak 3 times in late-July, early-August, early- September and Lagoptera juno(D.) showed peak only in late-July and Adrias tyrannus amurensis(S.) showed peak only in mid-July. Fruit sucking moths were immigrated from p.m. 6 to a.m. 2, with peak in p.m. 10 to p.m. 12.