• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.257-271
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• 2009

Stochastical independence is separated into two. One can be intuitively judged and the other is not. Independence is a concept based on assumption. However, It is defined as multiplication rule and it has produced extension of concept. Analysis on this issue is needed, assuming the cause is on the intersection sign which is used for both simultaneous events and compatible events. This study presented the extension process of independence concept in detail and constructed twofold interpretation of simultaneous events and compatible events which use the same sign $P(A\cap{B})$ with Pierce Semiotics.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.273-312
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• 1997

본 연구는 우리나라의 실제 일별 주식수익률 자료를 이용한 시뮬레이션을 통해 우리나라 주식시장에 가장 적합한 사건연구방법론을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 1980년에서부터 1995년까지 우리나라 주식시장에 상장된 675개 주식을 대상으로 무작위 복원추출 방법에 의해 50개의 개별주식으로 구성된 250개 표본을 선정하였다. 이들 250개 표본을 이용하여 시뮬레이션 기법에 의해 다양한 사건연구 모형의 통계적 오류와 검정력에 미치는 영향을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 시뮬레이션 실험 결과에 의하면, 먼저 사건일을 정확히 포착할 수 있는 경우에는 산업별주가지수를 시장지수로 선택한 시장모형 혹은 시장조정모형으로 초과수익률을 측정하고, 횡단면 독립성을 가정한 검정법이 가장 우수한 사건연구방법으로 나타났다. 한편, 사건일을 정확하게 포착할 수 없는 경우에는, 동일가중지수를 시장지수로 선택한 시장모형 혹은 시장조정모형으로 초과수익률을 측정하고, 횡단면 독립성을 가정한 검정법이 가장 적합한 모형으로 나타났다. 그리고, 사건일 집중현상으로 인한 제1종 오류를 감소시키는 데에는 개별주식의 초과수익률 간의 횡단면 독립성을 가정한 검정법보다는 횡단면 중속성을 조정한 검정법을 사용하는 것이 더욱 효과적이다.

• School Mathematics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.319-337
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• 2008

Intuitions in independence formed by common language help and also hinder the establishment of new conceptual system about independence as a mathematical term. Intuitions which entail such conflicts can be a driving force in explaining independence but at the same time, it is the impedimental factor causing a misconception. The goal of this paper is to help students use the intuitions properly by distinguishing helpful intuitions and impedimental intuitions. This paper suggests that we need to reveal in teaching the misconception resulting not from mathematic but from linguistic interpretation of independence. This paper points out the need for the clear distinction of independence of trials and independence of events and gives an counterexample of the case that sampling with and without replacement shouldn't be specified as a representative example of independence and dependence of events. The analysis of intuition in this parer is based on intuitions classified by Fischbein and this paper analyzed institutions applied to the concept of independence corresponding intuitions classified by Fischbein.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.756-758
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 최적의 성능을 갖는 병렬 프로그램을 개발하는데 필수 도구인 성능가시화기를 이식성, 확장성 그리고 효율성을 고려해 설계 및 구현한 PnP 스타일의 성능 가시화기에 대하여 기술한다. 본 가시화기는 기존 가시화기의 문제점인 수정 및 변용에의 어려움을 해결하기 위하여 독립된 계층구조인 인스트루멘테이션층, 인터페이스층, 가시화층으로 구성함으로써 확장성 및 이식성을 갖도록 하였다. 인스트루멘테이션층은 사건(event)을 포획하기 위해 개발된 라이브러리인 ECL(Event Capture Library)로 구성되며, 인터페이스층은 인스트루멘테이션층과 가시화층간에 확장성 있는 문제중심 인터페이스를 제공하기 위해 개발된 사건 기술 언어 및 Java 문제중심 엑세스 라이브러리로 구성되었다. 그리고 PnP 스타일의 성능 가시화기를 설계함으로써 뷰와 필터의 추가 및 수정이 용이하도록 가시화층을 구현하였다. 이렇게 구현된 성능가시화기는 독립된 도구로 사용될 수 있을 뿐 아니라 병렬 프로그래밍, 디버깅, 그리고 성능 분석이 통합된 프로그램 개발환경 구축의 핵심도구로서 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze 3rd, 4th and 5th graders' probability understanding and raise issues concerning instructional methods and search for the possibility of learning probability. For the purpose, a descriptive study through pencil-and-paper test regarding fairness, sample space, probability of event, probability comparison, independence and conditional probability was conducted. The following conclusions were drawn from the results obtained in this study. First, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade students scored the highest in the sample space questions. In descending order of skill, the students scored the highest in sample space following probability of events, fairness and probability comparison. Second, however, the level of independence understanding was low. There was no meaningful differences between grades and the conditional probability was the least understood. The independence is difficult to develop naturally according to cognitive development. The conditional probability recognizing the probability of an event changes in non-replacement situations was very difficult for these students. Third, there were significant differences between the 5th graders and the 3rd and 4th graders in the probability comparison questions. It shows that 5th graders understand the concept of proportion when they compare equal ratio probability of an event. The 3rd graers could do different ratio probability of an event more easily than equal ratio probability of an event after they were instructed on probability comparison.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.18
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• pp.257-280
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is reviewing the hot issue called 'draining away the presidential records' case occurred recently and finding the root cause why the state of affairs has been happened in Korea. Though the presidential records management law ensures the rights for the prior president to view his presidential records, the prior president has copied his presidential records produced while in office and moved to his private house at his retirement. He might have interpreted his right to his presidential records too broadly and done the 'draining away' them. There was a motive why the prior president did that at that time. The reason was because the National Archives didn't guarantee the services for right viewing the records to him who wanted to review his records from right after his retirement. The National Archives have judged the draining away the prior presidential records as illegal and accused a few public servants suspected to be responsible for the affairs. The formal accuser is the National Archives, but the actual accuser might be the current Presidential Secretariat. Whatever the results of juristic judgement are, the reason why the records management field should focus and treat this case importantly is that the collapse possibility of the protection wall needed essentially and critically to the Presidential records becomes very high. The root cause of this case might exist in the fact that the records and archives management organizations have not owned the political independence. But the National Archives has submitted the revised bill of the public records and archives management law which lower the position of the National Records Management Committee controlled under from the Prime Minister to the Ministry of Administration and Security. It might be hot concern that the records and archives management organizations have difficulty for keeping the political independence if the revision would be passed. Besides the political independence factor, the most important factor needed for the right records management is the establishing the professional specificity of records management. The specific action for the establishing professional specificity would be employing of specialists and introducing the open official appointment. But it was found from the reorganization after the governmental change that the professional specificity of the National Archives have been reduced. Although the policies introduced by the new government are worrying, it might be an inheritance from the prior government. If new government would build establish the institution for the political independence of the records and archives management organizations and expand the employment of the records management professions to the local government, these affairs can be not only the responsibilities but also the achievements of the new government.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

The variable control in the inductive inference for the confirmation and verification when the experimental data are collected is studied by applying the principle of probability inference. The control in engineering experiments is to protect any effect by of intervening variable except primary independent variable on the dependent variable. By the special condition the possibility for developing a phenomenon will be maximized; otherwise, by the extraneous condition the possibility for developing a phenomenon will be minimized. By doing so, the control may provide insurance for the causal relationship between the certain prior event (independent variable) and the post-event (the dependent variable). Some experiments by using both elliptical trainer and tread mill under the variable control are performed in order to find the relations between the energy expenditure, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and the heart rate (HR) against the exercise speed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.11c
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• pp.2227-2230
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 WWW을 이용한 전자상거래 환경(B2B, B2C, 등)에서 기업간(시스템 사이) 원활한 업무 협조와 just-in-time 서비스를 구현할 수 있도록, 능동 데이터베이스 기법을 이용한 전자상거래 시스템의 능동 kernel을 제안한다. 능동 커널은 고수준(high level)의 규칙 프로그래밍 언어(ECA rule)를 제공하므로 응용 프로그램과는 독립적으로 기업간 업무협조(coordination)와 사건 기반의 just-in-time 서비스를 구현할 수 있다. 따라서 시스템 관리자 및 프로그래머는 전자상거래 시스템간 조정 기능 구현과 유지보수를 쉽게 할 수 있다. 또한, 본 논문에서 제안하는 능동 커널은 기업의 방화벽(fire-wall)을 통해서도 적용될 수 있도록 HTTP 프로토콜을 이용하므로, platform 독립적인 구현을 통하여 기업간 시스템의 보안 유지와 독립성을 보장할 수 있다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.689-696
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• 2010

Interval-censored data are commonly found in studies of diseases that progress without symptoms, which require clinical evaluation for detection. Several techniques have been suggested with independent assumption. However, the assumption will not be valid if observations come from clusters. Furthermore, when the cluster size relates to response variables, commonly used methods can bring biased results. For example, in a study on lymphatic filariasis, a parasitic disease where worms make several nests in the infected person's lymphatic vessels and reside until adulthood, the response variable of interest is the nest-extinction times. Since the extinction times of nests are checked by repeated ultrasound examinations, exact extinction times are not observed. Instead, data are composed of two examination points: the last examination time with living worms and the first examination time with dead worms. Furthermore, as Williamson et al. (2008) pointed out, larger nests show a tendency for low clearance rates. This association has been denoted as an informative cluster size. To analyze the relationship between the numbers of nests and interval-censored nest-extinction times, this study proposes a joint model for the relationship between cluster size and clustered interval-censored failure data.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Simulation Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.75-80
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 대용량의 데이터를 고속으로 입출력할 수 있는 데이터 저장 시스템 이 가져야할 요구사항을 분석하고, 그것을 만족하는 시스템을 설계하였다. 본 논문에서는 우선 고속 대용량, 랜덤 억세스의 조건을 만족시키기 위해 여러 대의 하드 디스크를 병렬로 연결하여 입력되는 데이터들을 나누어 저장하도록 하였다. 그러나 하드 디스크의 성능은 디 스크 아암의 탐색동작에 의해 크게 영향을 받으므로 실시간 요구 조건을 만족시키기 위해선 단순히 디스크의 수를 늘이는 것 외에 디스크 아암의 탐색 동작을 효율적으로 제어할 수 있 는 방법이 필요하다. 그래서 본 논문에서 설계된 시스템에서는 시스템을 MCU(Master Control Unit), DDU(Data Distribution Unit), SCU(Slave Control Unit), DSU(Data Storage Unit)의 4부분으로 나누고, 각 디스크의 디스크 아암 탐색 동작을 독립된 SCU에서 제어하 도록 하였다. 설계된 내용이 주어진 요구사항들을 만족하는 것을 확인하기 위해, 본 논문에 서는 이산사건 시스템을 기술하는 수학적인 언어인 DEVS 형식론을 이용하여 제안된 시스 템을 기술하고 시뮬레이션하였다. 그리고 시뮬레이션되는 과정에서 생산되는 사건들의 궤적 을 분석하였다. 분석결과 제안된 시스템은 앞에서 제시한 여러 요구사항들을 잘 수용함을 보았다.