• Title/Summary/Keyword: 비선형 예측

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Effect of Cortical Bone on Acoustic Properties of Trabecular Bone in Bovine Femur In Vitro (생체 외 조건의 소 대퇴골에서 해면질골의 음향특성에 대한 피질골의 효과)

  • Hwang, Kyo Seung;Lee, Kang Il
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.181-189
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of cortical bone on acoustic properties of trabecular bone, such as speed of sound (SOS) and normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation (nBUA), in bovine femur in vitro. Twelve trabecular bone samples and three cortical bone plates with thicknesses of 1.00, 1.47, and 2.00 mm were extracted from the proximal end of two bovine femurs. The correlations between acoustic properties and trabecular apparent bone density were also examined before and after attaching a cortical bone plate to the trabecular bone samples. SOS increased linearly with increasing thickness of the cortical plate attached to one side of ultrasonic incidence of the trabecular bone samples, whereas nBUA showed a nonlinear dependence on the thickness of the cortical plate. All the SOS (r = 0.95-0.97) and nBUA (r = 0.53-0.73) measurements with and without the cortical bone plate with various thicknesses were found to exhibit high correlations with the trabecular apparent bone density. These results imply that the acoustic properties measured in the femur with lateral cortical layers in vitro can be useful indices for the prediction of trabecular bone mineral density.

내장형 선형 ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma) system에서 자장이 플라즈마와 PR 식각특성에 미치는 영향

  • 김경남;이영준;경세진;염근영
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 2003.05a
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    • pp.3-3
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    • 2003
  • 고밀도 플라즈마를 생산할 수 있는 대면적용 플라즈마 소스의 개발은 미세전자구조 산업에서부터 FPD 산업에 이르기까지 많은 영역에 걸쳐 필수 불가결한 기술요소가 되어가고 있 다. 이러한 대면적용 고밀도 플라즈마에의 적용을 위하여 새로운 유도결합형 플라즈마 소오스의 개발이 진행되고 있으며, 차세대 반도체 식각 및 세정 공정을 위하여 여러 형태의 안 테나가 연구되어지고 있다. 그러나 TFT -LCD에 적용이 가능하게끔 기존의 ICP 소오스를 직 접적으로 대면적화 하는 데에는 여러 가지 문제점들로 인해 그 한계점이 들어났다. 그 예로 안테나의 길이가 길어짐에 따른 안테나 저항 값이 커지며, 안테나 소스 길이자체가 사용하는 인가전력(13.56MHz)의 반파장에 해당되는 길이가 되었을 경우 생기는 심각한 정상파 효과, 유전물질의 두께 증가 및 그에 따른 재료비의 상승 및 관리상의 어려움들이 바로 그것 이라 할 수 있겠다. 그러므로, 본 연구에서는 차세대 TFT -LCD 대면적 공정에 적용 가능한 고밀도 플라즈마 를 발생시키기 위해서 내장형 유도결합형 선혈 안테나를 사용하였다. 내장형 유도결합형 선 혈 안테나가 가지고 있는 고유의 정전기적 결합효과를 최소화시키기 위해 직사각형모앙의 플라즈마 댐버(830mm*1,020mm)에서 영구자석을 사용하여 multi-cusp 자장효과 및 다양 한 자장의 배열에 따른 플라즈마 특성변화를 살펴보았다. 영구자석을 사용하여 외부자장을 인가하였을 때가, 그럴지 않은 때보다 RF 안테나 코일의 전압을 낮춰주었으며, 영구자석의 배열에 따라 코일의 인덕턴스의 값이 크게 변함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 최적화된 자장의 배열은 플라즈마의 이온밀도를 증가시켰으며, 플라즈마의 균일도도 10% 이내로 유지됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 영구자석에 의한 자장의 유무 및 공정압력과 인가전력에 따른 P Photoresist Film의 식각특성에 관해 살펴보았다.증을 위한 실험.측정장비의 구입 및 업계와의 공동활용, 국내.외 최신기술 정보자료의 수집과 신속제공, 국내.외 전문가 초청 활 용, 미래 지향적 목적활용 기초연구사업 수행, 미래기술 동향예측 및 홍보 등을 통해 서 국내 도금기술의 기술자립 및 고도화를 위한 여건마련을 위하여 노력하고 있다.빛 이때의 부식속도(선형분극법), 인위적인 피막 파괴 전,후 의 전위 변화 및 부식속도 측정법에 의한 국부부식 발달 저지능 등을 평가하여 각 실험결과를 비교분석하여 보았다. 수록 민감하여 304 의 IGSCC 와 매우 유사한 거동을 보인다. 본 강연에서는 304 와 600 의 고온 물에서 일어나는 IGSCC 민감도에 미치는 환경, 예민화처리, 합금원소의 영향을 고찰하고 이에 대한 최근의 연구 동향과 방식 방법을 다룬다.다.의 목적과 지식)보다 미학적 경험에 주는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 사람들에게 비슷한 미학적 경험을 발생시키는 것 이 밝혀졌다. 다시 말하면 모든 사람들은 그들의 문화적인 국적과 사회적 인 직업의 차이, 목적의 차이, 또한 환경의 의미의 차이에 상관없이 아름다 운 경관(High-beauty landscape)을 주거지나 나들이 장소로서 선호했으며, 아름답다고 평가했다. 반면에, 사람들이 갖고 있는 문화의 차이, 직업의 차 이, 목적의 차이, 그리고 환경의 의미의 차이에 따라 경관의 미학적 평가가 달라진 것으로 나타났다.corner$적 의도에 의한 경관구성의 일면을 확인할수 있지만 엄밀히 생각하여 보면 이러한 예의 경우도 최락의 총체적인 외형은 마찬가지로 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 범위를 벗어나지 않는다. 그렇기 때문에도 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$

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An analysis of horizontal deformation of a pile in soil using a beam-on-spring model for the prediction of the eigenfrequency of the offshore wind turbine (해상풍력터빈의 고유진동수 예측을 위한 지반에 인입된 파일의 탄성지지보 모델 기반 수평 거동 해석)

  • Ryue, Jungsoo;Baik, Kyungmin;Kim, Tae-Ryong
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.261-271
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    • 2016
  • In the prediction of response of a pile in soil, numerical approaches such as a finite element method are generally applied due to complicate nonlinear behaviors of soils. However, the numerical methods based on the finite elements require heavy efforts in pile and soil modelling and also take long computing time. So their usage is limited especially in the early design stage in which principal dimensions and properties are not specified and tend to vary. On the contrary, theoretical approaches adopting linear approximations for soils are relatively simple and easy to model and take short computing time. Therefore, if they are validated to be reliable, they would be applicable in predicting responses of a pile in soil, particularly in early design stage. In case of wind turbines regarded in this study, it is required to assess their natural frequencies in early stages, and in this simulation the supporting pile inserted in soil could be replaced with a simplified elastic boundary condition at the bottom end of the wind turbine tower. To do this, analysis for a pile in soil is performed in this study to extract the spring constants at the top end of the pile. The pile in soil can be modelled as a beam on elastic spring by assuming that the soils deform within an elastic range. In this study, it is attempted to predict pile deformations and influence factors for lateral loads by means of the beam-on-spring model. As two example supporting structures for wind turbines, mono pile and suction pile models with different diameters are examined by evaluating their influence factors and validated by comparing them with those reported in literature. In addition, the deflection profiles along the depth and spring constants at the top end of the piles are compared to assess their supporting features.

An Empirical Study on Statistical Optimization Model for the Portfolio Construction of Sponsored Search Advertising(SSA) (키워드검색광고 포트폴리오 구성을 위한 통계적 최적화 모델에 대한 실증분석)

  • Yang, Hognkyu;Hong, Juneseok;Kim, Wooju
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.167-194
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    • 2019
  • This research starts from the four basic concepts of incentive incompatibility, limited information, myopia and decision variable which are confronted when making decisions in keyword bidding. In order to make these concept concrete, four framework approaches are designed as follows; Strategic approach for the incentive incompatibility, Statistical approach for the limited information, Alternative optimization for myopia, and New model approach for decision variable. The purpose of this research is to propose the statistical optimization model in constructing the portfolio of Sponsored Search Advertising (SSA) in the Sponsor's perspective through empirical tests which can be used in portfolio decision making. Previous research up to date formulates the CTR estimation model using CPC, Rank, Impression, CVR, etc., individually or collectively as the independent variables. However, many of the variables are not controllable in keyword bidding. Only CPC and Rank can be used as decision variables in the bidding system. Classical SSA model is designed on the basic assumption that the CPC is the decision variable and CTR is the response variable. However, this classical model has so many huddles in the estimation of CTR. The main problem is the uncertainty between CPC and Rank. In keyword bid, CPC is continuously fluctuating even at the same Rank. This uncertainty usually raises questions about the credibility of CTR, along with the practical management problems. Sponsors make decisions in keyword bids under the limited information, and the strategic portfolio approach based on statistical models is necessary. In order to solve the problem in Classical SSA model, the New SSA model frame is designed on the basic assumption that Rank is the decision variable. Rank is proposed as the best decision variable in predicting the CTR in many papers. Further, most of the search engine platforms provide the options and algorithms to make it possible to bid with Rank. Sponsors can participate in the keyword bidding with Rank. Therefore, this paper tries to test the validity of this new SSA model and the applicability to construct the optimal portfolio in keyword bidding. Research process is as follows; In order to perform the optimization analysis in constructing the keyword portfolio under the New SSA model, this study proposes the criteria for categorizing the keywords, selects the representing keywords for each category, shows the non-linearity relationship, screens the scenarios for CTR and CPC estimation, selects the best fit model through Goodness-of-Fit (GOF) test, formulates the optimization models, confirms the Spillover effects, and suggests the modified optimization model reflecting Spillover and some strategic recommendations. Tests of Optimization models using these CTR/CPC estimation models are empirically performed with the objective functions of (1) maximizing CTR (CTR optimization model) and of (2) maximizing expected profit reflecting CVR (namely, CVR optimization model). Both of the CTR and CVR optimization test result show that the suggested SSA model confirms the significant improvements and this model is valid in constructing the keyword portfolio using the CTR/CPC estimation models suggested in this study. However, one critical problem is found in the CVR optimization model. Important keywords are excluded from the keyword portfolio due to the myopia of the immediate low profit at present. In order to solve this problem, Markov Chain analysis is carried out and the concept of Core Transit Keyword (CTK) and Expected Opportunity Profit (EOP) are introduced. The Revised CVR Optimization model is proposed and is tested and shows validity in constructing the portfolio. Strategic guidelines and insights are as follows; Brand keywords are usually dominant in almost every aspects of CTR, CVR, the expected profit, etc. Now, it is found that the Generic keywords are the CTK and have the spillover potentials which might increase consumers awareness and lead them to Brand keyword. That's why the Generic keyword should be focused in the keyword bidding. The contribution of the thesis is to propose the novel SSA model based on Rank as decision variable, to propose to manage the keyword portfolio by categories according to the characteristics of keywords, to propose the statistical modelling and managing based on the Rank in constructing the keyword portfolio, and to perform empirical tests and propose a new strategic guidelines to focus on the CTK and to propose the modified CVR optimization objective function reflecting the spillover effect in stead of the previous expected profit models.

Enhancement of Impact Resistance of Layered Steel Fiber Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beam (층 구조를 갖는 강섬유 보강 고강도 콘크리트 보의 충격저항성능 향상)

  • Yoo, Doo-Yeol;Min, Kyung-Hwan;Lee, Jin-Young;Yoon, Young-Soo
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.369-379
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    • 2012
  • The collapse of concrete structures by extreme loads such as impact, explosion, and blast from terrorist attacks causes severe property damage and human casualties. Concrete has excellent impact resistance to such extreme loads in comparison with other construction materials. Nevertheless, existing concrete structures designed without consideration of the impact or blast load with high strain rate are endangered by those unexpected extreme loads. In this study, to improve the impact resistance, the static and impact behaviors of concrete beams caste with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) with 0~1.5% (by volume) of 30 mm long hooked steel fibers were assessed. Test results indicated that the static and impact resistances, flexural strength, ductility, etc., were significantly increased when higher steel fiber volume fraction was applied. In the case of the layered concrete (LC) beams including greater steel fiber volume fraction in the tensile zone, the higher static and impact resistances were achieved than those of the normal steel fiber reinforced concrete beam with an equivalent steel fiber volume fraction. The impact test results were also compared with the analysis results obtained from the single degree of freedom (SDOF) system anaysis considering non-linear material behaviors of steel fiber reinforced concrete. The analysis results from SDOF system showed good agreement with the experimental maximum deflections.

Development of Information System based on GIS for Analyzing Basin-Wide Pollutant Washoff (유역오염원 수질거동해석을 위한 GIS기반 정보시스템 개발)

  • Park, Dae-Hee;Ha, Sung-Ryong
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.34-44
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    • 2006
  • Simulation models allow researchers to model large hydrological catchment for comprehensive management of the water resources and explication of the diffuse pollution processes, such as land-use changes by development plan of the region. Recently, there have been reported many researches that examine water body quality using Geographic Information System (GIS) and dynamic watershed models such as AGNPS, HSPF, SWAT that necessitate handling large amounts of data. The aim of this study is to develop a watershed based water quality estimation system for the impact assessment on stream water quality. KBASIN-HSPF, proposed in this study, provides easy data compiling for HSPF by facilitating the setup and simulation process. It also assists the spatial interpretation of point and non-point pollutant information and thiessen rainfall creation and pre and post processing for large environmental data An integration methodology of GIS and water quality model for the preprocessing geo-morphologic data was designed by coupling the data model KBASIN-HSPF interface comprises four modules: registration and modification of basic environmental information, watershed delineation generator, watershed geo-morphologic index calculator and model input file processor. KBASIN-HSPF was applied to simulate the water quality impact by variation of subbasin pollution discharge structure.

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Similitude Law on Material Non-linearity for Seismic Performance Evaluation of RC Columns (RC기둥의 내진성능평가를 위한 재료비선형 상사법칙)

  • Lee, Do-Keun;Cho, Jae-Yeol
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.409-417
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    • 2010
  • This paper discusses a series of experiments including material improvement in order to ensure quality of grouting for the post-tensioned structure. In prestressed concrete, grouting refers to the construction procedure of filling empty space of duct enclosing with strands using cementitious material, To date, adequate quality control of the grouting has not been established in Korea because the relationship between the grouting and durability of post-tensioned structure is not well-recognized. The Korean standard does not consider the important material characteristic, wick effect, which is caused by strands in the ducts and current standard testing method unlikely quantify reasonable material segregation. As a result, the grout material, which meets the current material standards, may exhibit excessive bleeding water or shrinkage during construction. In this study, international codes and standards related to grouting were surveyed. The ratio of constituents and novel admixtures were suggested to meet equivalently with these standards. Performance of this enhanced grout was compared to common domestic grout using the international standard testing method. A series of mock-up specimens considering geometry of PC beam was constructed and grout flow pattern was observed as the grout was injected. It was observed that the grouting performance was highly influenced by material properties and filling characteristic can be varied depending on geometry of ducts.

Characteristic Analysis of Proposed Chaos Map in CDSK System (CDSK 변조 방식에서 제안한 카오스 맵의 특성 분석)

  • Lee, Jun-Hyun;Ryu, Heung-Gyoon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.51 no.5
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    • pp.44-50
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    • 2014
  • Chaos communication system is one of the security algorithms that is applied to improve the security. Chaos signal is non-linear, and it is generated randomly according to the initial conditions. Also, chaos communication system has characteristics such as non-periodic, wide-band, non-predictability of signals and easy implementation. So, security of chaos communication system is superior, and it has low interception probability and good anti-jamming characteristic. However, BER performance is worse than digital communication system, because it has many self interference signal in case of CDSK system. To improve these disadvantages, we analyze the PDF trend which can improve the BER performance in existing study, and we proposed a chaos map. And, proposed chaos map was defined as the 'Boss map'. Generally, BER performance is changed according to initial values, parameters and spreading factors. Therefore, in this paper, we will introduce PDF trends which can improve the BER performance, and will describe about Boss map. Also, characteristics of Boss map is analyzed by evaluating the BER performance of Boss map according to initial values, parameters and spreading factors. As a result, while maintaining the similar BER performance, initial value of Boss map can be selected from 0 to 1.2, and BER performance is best when parameter alpha is 2.5. Also, BER performance is best when spreading factor is 50.

Shape Oscillation and Detachment of Droplet on Vibrating Flat Surface (진동하는 평판 위의 액적의 형상 진동 및 제거 조건에 대한 연구)

  • Shin, Young-Sub;Lim, Hee-Chang
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.337-346
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    • 2014
  • This study aimed to understand the mode characteristics of a droplet subject to periodic forced vibration and the detachment of a droplet placed on a plate surface. An surface was coated with Teflon to clearly observe the behavior of a droplet. The contact angle between the droplet and surface and the hysteresis were found to be approximately $115^{\circ}C$ and within $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. The coating process was performed in a clean room that had an environment with a low level of contaminants and impurities such as air dust, detergents, and particles. To predict the resonance frequency of a droplet, theoretical and experimental approaches were applied. Two high-speed cameras were configured to acquire side and top views and thus capture different characteristics of a droplet: the mode shape, the detachment, the separated secondary droplet, and the waggling motion. A comparison of the theoretical and experimental results shows no more than 18 discrepancies when predicting the resonance frequency. These differences seem to be caused by contact line friction, nonlinear wall adhesion, and the uncertainty of the experiment. For lower energy inputs, the contact line of the droplet was pinned and the oscillation pattern was axisymmetric. However, the contact line of the droplet was de-pinned as the oscillation became more vigorous with increased energy input. The size of each lobe at the resonance frequency is somewhat larger than that at the neighboring frequency. A droplet in mode 2, one of the primary mode frequencies, exhibits vertical periodic movement as well as detachment and secondary ejection from the main droplet.

A study on the Derivation of GIUH-Clark Model (GIUH-Clark 모형의 유도에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Byung Woon;Jang, Dae Won;Kim, Hung Soo;Seoh, Byung Ha
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2004.05b
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    • pp.731-736
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    • 2004
  • 강우-유출과정의 수문학적 현상을 보다 정확히 분석하고 예측하는 기법으로 강우에 의한 유출의 반응을 나타내는 지체시간, 도달시간 등 수문학적 반응시간을 유역의 지형형태학적 인자들과 연계하는 방법이 많이 이용되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Clark방법과 지형형태학적 순간단위도(GIUH)를 이용하여 계측유역의 강우-유출반응을 모의하였고, 이를 관측된 값과 비교하여 미계측유역의 적용성 여부를 검토해보았다. 대상 유역의 하상지형인자 및 지형형태학적 특성은 Arc-View를 이용하여 구하였으며, 이를 기존의 문헌자료와 비교해보았다. Clark방법의 매개변수의 결정에 있어서 시간-면적곡선은 HEC-1의 무차원 식을 이용하였고, 도달시간은 Kirpich 공식을 이용하여 구하였으며, 저류상수는 Clark방법에 의해 추정된 순간단위도의 첨두유량이 Horton의 차수비의 함수로 구한 철두유량과 같아지는 값으로 결정하였다. 본 연구는 전적비교를 출구점으로하는 유역면적 $8.5km^2$인 설마천을 대상유역으로 하였으며, 모의된 강우-유출반응과 비교하기 위해 사용된 강우사상은 2002년의 8월 4일과 2002년 10월 6일의 10분 단위 우량이다. Clark방법과 GIUH를 이용하여 모의한 유출곡선과 관측된 유출곡선을 비교해본 결과 첨두유량은 8월의 강우사상 때는 $21\%$크게, 10월의 강우사상 때는 $35\%$작게 나타났다. 첨두시간은 모의된 경우가 각각 10분, 20분 빨리 도달하였다. 또한 이러한 결과는 유역의 도달시긴에 가장 민감하게 반응함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 유역의 도달시간 산정에 주의를 요한다면 프랙탈 차원이 유사한 미계측유역의 수문곡선 산정에 있어서 Clark방법과 GIUH를 이용하는 방법도 유용하다고 사료된다. 주는 각 수문인자 중 강우시간분포와 유효우량 산정방법 그리고 유출모형에 대해 자자 검토하였으며, 최종적으로 면적에 따른 임계지속기간과 유출량의 변화를 검토해 보았다.이를 각각의 경우의 해석해 결과와 비교${\cdot}$분석하였다. 후방추적 퍼프모형은 전방추적 퍼프모형에 비하여 사용된 퍼프수와 관계없이 작은 오차를 발생하였으며, 전체적으로 퍼프 모형이 입자모형보다는 훨씬 적은 수의 계산을 통해서도 작은 오차를 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 Gaussian 분포를 갖는 퍼프모형은 전단흐름에서의 긴 유선형 농도분포를 모의할 수 없었고, 이에 관한 오차는 전단계수가 증가함에 따라 비선형적으로 증가하였다. 향후, 보다 다양한 흐름영역에서 장${\cdot}$단점 분석 및 오차해석을 수행한 후에 각각의 Lagrangian 모형의 장점만을 갖는 모형결합 방법을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.mm/$m^{2}$로 감소한 소견을 보였다. 승모판 성형술은 전 승모판엽 탈출증이 있는 두 환아에서 동시에 시행하였다. 수술 후 1년 내 시행한 심초음파에서 모든 환아에서 단지 경등도 이하의 승모판 폐쇄 부전 소견을 보였다. 수술 후 조기 사망은 없었으며, 합병증으로는 유미흉이 한 명에서 있었다. 술 후 10개월째 허혈성 확장성 심근증이 호전되지 않아 Dor 술식을 시행한 후 사망한 예를 제외한 나머지 6명은 특이 증상 없이 정상 생활 중이다 결론: 좌관상동맥 페동맥이상 기시증은 드물기는 하나, 영유아기에 심근경색 및 허혈성 심근증 또는 선천성 승모판 폐쇄 부전등을 초래하는 심각한 선천성 심질환이다. 그러나 진단 즉시 직접 좌관상동맥-대동맥 이식술로 수술적 교정을 해줌으로써 좋은 성적을 기대할 수 있음을 보여주었다.특히 교사들이 중요하

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