• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2007

The experimental work was conducted to determine the growth characteristics and yield of whole crop rice (cv. Suwon 468 and cv. Chuchungbeo) and soil properties using various type of livestock manure application on rice paddy land for 3 years ($2003{\sim}3005$). Compared Suwon 468 and Chuchungbeo, Suwon 468 has longer plant height and more DM yield than that of Chuchungbeo. Among livestock manure type, plant height was longer in order of liquid swine manure (LSM) > composted swine manure (CSM) > chemical fertilizer (CF) > composted cattle manure (CCM). Number of branch on Chuchungbeo had more than that of Suwon 468. Among livestock manure type, number of branch had more in order of LSM > CSM > CF > CCM. DM yield of whole crop rice (WCR) was affected by various types of livestock manure application and increased in order CSM > CCM = LSM. DM yield on the effects of application level of LSM was highest in LSM 75% + CF 25%. Plant diseases such as rice blast, damage by insect, smut, sheath blight occurred in LSM and CSM and there was not significantly different among application level of LSM. The nitrogen content of WCR by CSM was the highest of all treatments and the ripened ratio by CSM was in contrary order. Moreover the feed value of WCR was not significantly different among treatments. Soil pH, organic matter and total nitrogen was not different by LSM application whereas phosphorus content increased by LSM application. Cu and Zn content increased by LSM and CSM application and were not different by CCM as compared to control plots.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 2013

This study was conducted to estimate organic Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop wheat and triticale as winter forage crops were grown on different applying sources (no fertilizer, organic fertilizer or cattle slurry), and mixed sowing in combination with hairy vetch and forage pea at the level of 50% cattle slurry application during the period of 2009~2011. The experimental plots were consisted of 5 treatments. Each treatment was triplicates and allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop wheat, annual mean dry matter (DM) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and crude protein (CP) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for forage pea and hairy vetch-mixed sowing treatments than for no fertilizer and organic ferilizer treatments. Mean CP, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) contents of legumes-mixed sowing treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. As diets replaced with 70% whole crop wheat were provided for 450kg of Hanwoo heifers, legumes-mixed sowing treatments could raise more heifers than organic fertilizer and no fertilizer treatments. For triticale, annual mean DM, CP and TDN yields were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and CP content of legumes-mixed sowing and cattle slurry application treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other treatments. When 450kg of Hanwoo heifers were fed on diets replaced with 70% triticale, it was estimated that legumes-mixed sowing treatments at the level of 50% cattle slurry application could rear average 3.3~3.4 heads/ha/year, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than no fertilizer treatment (2.5 heads/ha/year). It was indicated that DM yields of whole crop wheat and triticale were much more effective in cattle slurry application than organic fertilizer, and Legumes-mixed sowing at the level of 50% cattle slurry application rather than whole crop wheat or triticale alone increased yields per unit area and nutritional value such as CP content. In conclusion, it is conceived that whole crop wheat or triticale produced in the manner above can be used instead of grains imported as dietary protein sources in the organic Hanwoo feeding regimen.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of 13 different application levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorous($P_2O_5$) and potassium($K_2O$) fertilizer at pasture establishment on the winter survival, early spring growth and dry matter(DM) yield, and contents of crude protein(CP) and carbohydrate resewes(CH0-R) of grasses in Suwon from September, 1987 to June, 1988. Winter survival of grasses was high (ca. 90 %) in the plots of N 80 kg, N 120 kg and $K_2O$ application, regardless of $P_2O_5$, while those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were low as 76 % and 64 %, respectively. Close relationships were observed between winter survival and N & $K_2O$ fertilizer. Early spring growth was vigorous in N-fertilized plots. Heading rate at the first harvest was 50-70 % in all N-plots, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, while those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were very low as 20-26 % and 15-18 %,respectively. The DM yield of first harvest was higher in the plots of N 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ levels, and those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were very low (P < 0.05). The regrowth yleld was not significantly affected by fertilizer levels. The CP content was increased with increasing N level, but CHO-K contents (35-39 %)was not affected by fertilizer levels.Winter survival, early spring growth, DM yield and CP content were significantly influenced by N fertilizer at pasture establishment, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ application. In this experiment, the compensation effect for spring yield was observed with more N application than usual in next early spring when deficient amount of fertilizer (especially N) was applicated at pasture establishment. Also the optimum application levels of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ fertilizer could be recommended as 80, 200 and 70 kg $ha^{-1}$ in new establishing pasture, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2015

Purpose: In the present study, a difference in tear volume between the cornea and the rigid gas permeable (RGP) lens relative to corneal shape and corneal astigmatism was investigated by the alignment fitting status of spherical and aspherical RGP lenses. Methods: Spherical and aspherical RGP lenses were fitted with alignment in 77 subjects (135 eyes) who were in their 20~30s. Tear volume stained with fluorescein was qualitatively analyzed by dividing cornea into center, mid-peripheral and peripheral parts. Results: For the spherical RGP lens fitting, tear volume differences were found in each part in all corneal types. For the aspherical RGP lens fitting, tear volume differences were in each corneal part in symmetric bow tie- and asymmetric bow tie-type corneas. However, the tear was equally distributed from the center to the peripheral part in round- and oval-type corneas. In the group with corneal astigmatism lower than 1.25 D, tear volume between center and peripheral parts, and mid-peripheral and peripheral parts, was different when a spherical RGP lens was fitted. However, tear volume in each part was not different in the group with corneal astigmatism over 1.50 D. Moreover, the tear volumes of the central and mid-peripheral parts were proportionally increased with increasing corneal astigmatism in both spherical and aspherical RGP lenses. Furthermore, aspherical RGP lenses showed greater increments than spherical RGP lenses. Conclusions: The results revealed that the difference in tear volume between aspherical RGP lens and cornea was less than spherical RGP lens, and the difference in tear volume varied according to corneal shape and astigmatism. In addition, the method of measuring relative tear volume between RGP lens and cornea that was established in the present study can be used to evaluate tear volume between contact lens and cornea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.808-813
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• 2011

This study was conducted to reduce the dependability of farmers on chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation. Soil chemical and biological properties were monitored before experiment and at the time of harvesting. The results showed that EC, available $SiO_2$, and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ were decreased at the time of harvesting while pH, OM, and exchangeable $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were remain unchanged, compared with soil before experiment. Population of aerobic bacteria, Bacillus sp., and fungi were also increased at the time of harvesting in the paddy field, compared with before fertilization, in the treatment of 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost. Concentrations of N, P, and K in rice leaves increased with the fertilizers application, maximum increase was recorded in 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost. Non-significant difference was observed in the morphological parameters of rice among the treatments. The chlorophyll contents of rice leaf increased in a similar fashion up to 60 days, thereafter, sharp decrease was observed in all the treatments. Maximum yield (per 10a) was recorded in the field treated with 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost followed by standard applied fertilizer, 70% soil-testing fertilizer+ 30% compost, soil-testing fertilizer and unfertilized plot. Amylose content showed non-significant difference within the treatments. Protein content increased with the use of fertilizers and best protein content was recorded in the treatment of 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost. It was concluded that the amount of the chemical fertilizer used was directly proportional to the protein content of rice grain. However, the palatability of rice grown in unfertilized field was better than the treatments but minimum yield was obtained. Hence, the treatment of 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost, was the best among the fertilizer combinations for rice cultivation as supported by the yield, protein and palatability index.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.241-253
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• 2021

Manganese nodules have been found in the shallow water depth of the Arctic Ocean as well as in the abyssal plains of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, but detailed study for them were rarely investigated. Manganese nodules, collected from the East Siberian Sea through the Arctic Expedition using Araon ice braking vessel, have a high potential for Mn mineral resources because they have high Mn content with high Mn/Fe ratio. This study investigated the external form, size and weight, internal texture for the non-spherical manganese nodule, which has about 7 % of total nodule from the East Siberian Sea. This study also researched the relative Mn-oxide mineral composition using the peak area ratio of X-ray diffraction pattern and their chemical composition. All data obtained from non-spherical nodules were compared with the spherical ones. Ellipsoidal, platy and irregular types are common among 5 groups of non-spherical manganese nodule based on the external form, and major axis and weight have positive relationship. All non-spherical manganese nodules have core mainly composed of mud sediments. The average Mn oxide mineral contents in nodules are birnessite, buserite and todorokite in descending order. Although mineral composition does not show any correlation with the external form, kind of core or internal structure, todorokite and buserite contents tend to increase and birnessite content decrease from the surface to the core in the nodule. Non-spherical manganese nodules have higher Mn content and Mn/Fe ratio than those from the shallow water depth of the Arctic Sea and even in the deep-sea of the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Although non-spherical nodule is larger and heavier, and has lower Mn content and Mn/Fe ratio than spherical nodule, there are not any differences in mineral composition and internal structure between them. Almost all manganese nodules collected from the East Siberian Sea are attributed to diagenetic process, because they are higher than 5 in Mn/Fe ratio.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the effect of chemical fertilizer and two fermented types of pig slurry on the dry matter(DM) yield of three crops and chemical properties. The experiment design was a split plot with three replications. Main plots consist of three crops : $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid('SS405'), sudangrass('Jumbo'), corn('DK501'). Sub plots consist of three treatments : chemical fertilizer (CF N-200, P-150, K-150 kg/ha), aerobic fermented pig slurry (APS 200kg N/ha), and aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics (APS+P 200 kg N/ha). Plant heights with three crops per sudangrass (380.3cm) was the longest (p<0.01). Dry matter yield of aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics was the highest the other treatments (p<0.01). Crude protein (CP) content were highest in $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid than in the other crops. Cupper content(%) were highest in aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics than in the other treatments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.486-491
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• 2002

Spikelet number and its components of rice plant are closely associated with nitrogen accumulation and biomass production during panicle formation stage. To elucidate this relationship and also compare the differences of the sink formation efficiency among cultivars, spikelet number, its components, nitrogen content, nonstructural carbohydrate content, and plant dry matter were investigated under 5 nitrogen levels with two split application methods and shading treatments by using three rice varieties. The nitrogen amount in shoot at panicle initiation stage and at 15 days after panicle initiation showed significant positive correlation with primary rachis branches per square meter, and that at 15 days after panicle initiation and at heading stage with secondary rachis branches per square meter, Primary and secondary rachis branches per square meter showed positive significant correlation with the shoot dry weight at panicle initiation stage and at 15 days after panicle initiation stage, respectively, The amount of degenerated secondary rachis branches and spikelets per square meter showed significant negative correlation with the dry weight and nonstructural carbohydrate increase of stem during 15days after panicle initiation, and the contents of nonstructural carbohydrate at 15 days after panicle initiation. Spikelets per unit area showed significant positive correlation with nitrogen amount in shoot and shoot dry weight at heading stage. The sink formation efficiency expressed as the spikelet number produced by the unit amount of nitrogen in shoot at heading stage was higher in Nampoongbyeo than Choocheongbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo. Sink formation efficiency was negatively correlated with the dry weight increase of shoot and stem during reproductive stage. but not significantly with that of leaf in all varieties. Sink formation efficiency was not significantly correlated with nonstructural carbohydrate, but was significantly negatively correlated with structural carbohydrate increase during reproductive stage.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 1983

A study was conducted to evaluate the weed population as affected by repeated application of fertilizers for 15 years (nonfertilized, PK, NK, NPK, NPK+Compost, NPK+Straw and NPK+lime). Alopecurus aequalis authority did not grow at all without P application and lime reduced the population of A. aequalis. Total number of weeds were the largest at 5-10cm soil layer and increased by application of compost and straw. Monochoria vaginalis dominated in NPK+compost and NP plot. Scirpus hotarui dominated in NPK+straw. Both Eleocharis kuroguwai and Potamogeton distinctus dominated in nonfertilized plot. Numbers of M. vaginalis and S. hotarui were larger low pH 6 while that of E. kuroguwai and P. distinctus at pH 6 to pH 7. Incidence of M. vaginalis and S. hotorui was great at pH's lower than 6, while E. kuroguwai and P. distinctus favored pH's ranging from 6 to 7.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.255-270
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of nonspecific and specific cue on decision making during situation awareness. Participants were 36 male college students who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) nonspecific situation awareness, (2) specific situation awareness, and (3) a control group. Every participant was in the level 3-4.5 according to American National Tennis Level Program. Participants were asked to watch tennis single defence, single offence, double defence rally and when the screen stops, they were required to push the button(left, middle, or right) appropriate for the ball's direction to return as soon as possible. The experiment was designed to be analyzed for group(3)${\times}$condition(3)${\times}$area(7) using three-way ANOVA. The dependent variables were reaction time, accuracy rate, and amplitude and latency of P300. The result showed that the latency of the nonspecific situation awareness group and the specific situation awareness group was shorter and their amplitudes were higher than the control group. Fz, Cz, Pz were prominent among areas, and the single defence condition was more prominent than the single offence and the double defence condition. As a result of the study, it can be suggested that the information about situation awareness provided beforehand directly affects the brain's information processing. In addition, it shows that ERP can be a useful index for studying situation awareness.