• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1646-1652
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• 2004

This study is to help management of foodservices with the means of preparing a favorable food service environment which will likely improve employees' job satisfaction and present the plans for Quality leadership which are capable of effectively improving the aims of food service. Transformational leadership (4.08) that includes charisma (4.12), intellectual stimulation (4.12) and individual consideration (4.01) was more strongly observed by employees than transactional leadership (3.35) that includes contingent reward (3.99) and management by exception (2.70). According to employees' age, it was shown that individuals over 40 observed transformational leadership significantly more frequently than those below 30. When considering academic background, both transformational leadership and transactional leadership were more strongly observed in the group of lower education. When the type of employment was considered, contract workers showed higher individual consideration and contingent reward than regular workers. Also, when the consideration of working places was taken into account, employees who were employed by schools presented a stronger observance of transactional leadership than employees in industrial cooperation or hospitals. Employees, especially in schools, were more receptive to dietitians' contingent reward than hospital employees. Regarding age, dietitians below the age of 40 had stronger transformational leadership skills, but there was no significant difference in the case of transactional leadership. According to these items of leadership, dietitians over 40 felt stronger in management without exception. Relationship with co-workers was the highest among job satisfaction (3.84), coworkers (4.00), stability (3.60), autonomy (3.76). In the collective food service organization, there was a positive correlation between management expectations and the expectations of the dietitians' management styles and employees' job satisfaction.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.1308-1314
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• 2006

Purpose : This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of auditory evoked potential (AEP) in clarifying neuronal development in premature small for gestational age (SGA), and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. Methods : A total of 183 premature infants who were born from August 2002 to July 2005, were examined with AEP. They were divided into three groups; AGA, symmetric-SGA and asymmetric-SGA group. Results : Statistically significant differences in the head circumference were observed in three groups. Among the risk factors, prevalence of hypoglycemia and hypoalbuminemia between AGA and asymmetric SGA infants were significantly different. V absolute peak latency (APL) in the right side of AGA infants was delayed were than that of asymmetric SGA infants. III-V interpeak latency (IPL) of asymmetric SGA infants was delayed more than that of symmetric SGA infants. Moreover, I-V IPL on both sides of symmetric SGA infants was shortened more than that of AGA infants. However, all the results of AEP were within the reference range, according to gestational age. Birth weight of, only asymmetric SGA, was related to the III APL on both sides and the III-V IPL on right side. Conclusion : This study shows that the values of APL and IPL of premature SGA infants are different than that of premature AGA infants. These data could be an indicator in evaluating the neurologic functions of small for gestational age infants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.635-641
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• 2003

Purpose : To investigate the success rate and factors that influence breast-feeding among women having antenatal breast-feeding plans. Methods : Questionnaires included items on success in breast-feeding, reasons for failure and perinatal factors. It was done by telephone calls to 152 randomly selected women having antenatal breast-feeding plans at 4 months after delivery. The questionnaires were analysed by bivariate ${\chi}^2$-analysis. Results : The breast-feeding rate for the first four months among women having antenatal breast-feeding plans was 37.5%. The major reason for breast-feeding failure was insufficient amount of breast milk(66.3%). The breast-feeding rate was 2.3(95% CI 1.15-4.62) times higher in women having antenatal breast-feeding plans for longer than 4 months(P<0.05), but maternal age, breast-feeding for previous baby, person advocating breast-feeding, and family size were not significant factors of success in breast-feeding. The breast-feeding rate of graduates of college was 0.43(95% CI 0.21-0.86) times lower than that of graduates of high school. The breast-feeding rate of employed mothers was 0.37(95% CI 0.17-0.83) times lower than that of housewives(P<0.05). Maternal disease, smoking, alcohol drinking, and understanding and knowledge about breast-feeding were not significant determinant factors of success in breast-feeding. Breast-feeding rate of infant born at local obstetric clinics was 3.97(95% CI 11-14.23) times higher than that of infant at general hospital(P<0.05). Conclusion : To increase the breast-feeding, medical personnel should educate mothers on problems during breast-feeding. Hospital polices that facilitate breast-feeding such as rooming-in must be promoted. For employed mothers, strategies for breast-feeding within companies must be encouraged.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.898-903
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• 2009

Purpose : This study investigated the predictive factors for identifying infection-prone febrile infants younger than three months. Methods : We conducted a retrospective study of 167 infants younger than three months with an axillary temperature >$38^{\circ}C$ who were hospitalized between 2006 and 2008. If they met any of the following criteria, positive blood culture, CSF WBC ${\geq}11/mm^3$ or positive CSF culture, urinalysis WBC ${\geq}6$/HPF and positive urine culture, WBC ${\geq}6$/HPF on microscopic stool examination or positive stool culture, they were considered at high risk for severe infection. Infants with focal infection, respiratory infection or antibiotic administration prior to admission to the hospital were excluded. We evaluated the symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory data, and the clinical course between the high risk and low risk groups for severe infection. Results : The high-risk group included 77(46.1%) infants, and the most common diagnosis was urinary tract infection (51.9%). Factors, such as male sex, ESR and CRP were statistically different between the two groups. But, a multilinear regression analysis for severe infection showed that male and ESR factors are significant. Conclusion : We did not find the distinguishing symptoms and laboratory findings for identifying severe infection-prone febrile infants younger than three months. However, the high-risk group was male and ESR-dominated, and these can possibly be used as predictive factors for severe infection.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.70-76
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• 2010

To investigate the ground water quality status for paprika hydroponics for export, its pH, EC (electrical conductivity) and inorganic ion concentrations were analyzed in Gangwan-do (27 samples), Gyeonsangnam-do (77 samples) and Jeollanam-do (54 samples) from November 2008 to September 2009. The average values of several components in ground water were as follows; 7.20 (6.57~7.54) in pH, 0.31 (0.05~0.49) $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in EC, 97.81 (35.37~161.11) in $HCO_3$, 5.68 (0.45~15.48) in T-N, 0.67 (0.15~0.70) in P, 2.53 (0.59~6.70) in K, 35.68 (4.15~80.70) in Ca, 7.35 (1.46~14.87) in Mg, 17.89 (3.31~34.82) in Na, 0.01 (0~0.05) in Fe, 0.09 (0~0.51) in Mn, 0.06 (0~0.07) in Zn, and 0.03 (0~0.10) $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in Cu, respectively. The values of pH, EC, $HCO_3$, Ca, Mg and Na in ground water were different depending on areas and farms. Frequency rates were 92.6% of pH 5.0~8.0, 89.3% of EC < 0.5 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 69.5% of $HCO_3$ < 100, 97.5% of Na < 30, 88.5% of Ca < 40, 97.5% of Mg < 20, 90.1% of Fe < 0.05, 99.6% of Mn < 0.6, and 98.3% of Zn < 0.5 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively, which can be used for nutrient fertilizers in hydroponics. The percentage of suitable water quality was 46.3% as 70 sites among the all analyzed ions. The pH value showed high significance of correlations with EC, Mg, $HCO_3$, Na, and Fe. Also the EC value showed high positive significance with T-N, K, Ca, Mg, $HCO_3$, Na and Mn.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 2004

The symptom expressions such as yellowish and mosaic spots in overwintering barley have been considered to be a damage by cold or water. However, it had revealed that the symptom expressions were caused by viruses throughout three year nationwide surveys. Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) was detected in 2001-2003 and Barley yellow dwarf virus-MA V (BYDV -MA V) from field samples collected on March in 2003. The results of investigation showed that the incidence of BaYMV was more than 70％ and that of BaMMV and SBWMV was 15.7-37.4％ and 0.7-10.1 ％ in three year surveys, respectively. The incidence of BYDV-MAV was approximately 1 ％ in 2003 only. The distribution of BaYMV was relatively uniform throughout barley fields in Korea, but the incidence of the virus in Gyunggi Province was as low as 19％ compared to 65-85％ in the rest of regions. On the other hand, 70％ of BaMMV was found to be in the west south regions of Korea, Jeonbuk and Jeonnam Provinces. Taken together, both BaYMV and BaMMV were thought to be dominant casual agents in overwintering barley by either single or mixed infections. Previous survey data for BaYMV from 1994 to 1996 indicated that the incidence of the virus was approximately 40％ in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gyungnam Provinces. Thus, comparing with the results from the recent nationwide survey, the incidence of BaYMV had been rapidly increasing in overwintering barley fields in the southern part of Korea.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.68-73
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• 2003

This study performed from 2002 October to 2003 April. The samples were taken at 66 sites, divided into the 6 sections functionally in the southern part of Seoul such as Yangchon-gu, Kangseo-gu, Kuro-gu, Yeongdengpo-gu, Kwanak-gu, Dongjak-gu, Seocho-gu, Kangnam-gu, Songpa-gu, and Kangdong-gu. The result of research showed that each property soil was pH 4.7∼9.5, Cd; 0.391 mg/kg (0.011∼l.081 mg/kg). Cu; 12.35 mg/kg (0.061∼73.62 mg/kg), Pb; 13.04 mg/kg (N.D.∼61.85 mg/kg), Hg; 0.0866 mg/kg (N.D.∼1.353 mg/kg), F; 206.8 mg/kg(47.1∼561.1mg/kg). The minimum and maximum of the concentration with functional soils were Cd; 0.632 mg/kg for multi-purposed soil,0.079 mg/kg for schools, Cu; 21.35 mg/kg for roadside, 2.159 mg/kg for schools, Pb; 24.70 mg/kg for roadside, 1.030 mg/kg for schools, Hg; 0.1780 mg/kg for multi purposed, 0.0087 mg/kg for schools. Especially F was the high concentration at the hills. Also the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg and F at school Zone was detected such as low. area of schools area was detected the low concentrations as the items of Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and F. The average concentrations of metals and fluorine in the survey area were below the Preliminary Standard of the Soil Preservation Acts in Korea. To evaluate the soil quality of these area showed as a good qualified results. The results of SQPI (Soil Quality Pollution Index the qualified results as much as 86.4%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.184-192
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• 2009

Background: Although complications from transfusion are known to happen, transfusion is performed during most open heart surgeries. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of performing cardiac surgery without allogenic blood transfusion. Material and Method: Between January to August 2007, 44 consecutive patients who underwent open heart surgery with using various blood conservation methods were retrospectively enrolled. They were divided into group I (the onpump group, n=17) and group II (the offpump group, n=27). The blood conservation methods were intraoperative autologous donation, cell saver, retrograde autologous priming, conventional ultrafiltration and modified ultrafiltration. Antianemic agents were administered to all the patients postoperatively. We analyzed the possibility of bloodless operations, the causes of homologous transfusion, the serial change of the hematocrit and the postoperative chest tube drainage, and we compared the results between the two groups. If comparison between the two groups was not reasonable, then we compared two groups with the individual control groups I and II (49 patients) in 2006. Result: 40 (90.9%) of 44 patients were successfully operated on without transfusion and the success rate was 88.2% (15/17) for group I and 92.6% (25/27) for group II. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (p=NS). The causes of transfusion were 2 cases of postoperative bleedings, 1 case of intraoperative bleeding and 1 mistake of the indication for transfusion. There was no statistical difference of the total chest tube drainage (Group I: $417{\pm}359mL$, Group II: $451{\pm}237mL$) (p=NS), but the total chest tube drainages of the two groups were less than each of the control groups 1 and II (p<0.05). The lowest hematocrit level of Group I was $16.4{\pm}2%$, and this occurred just after infusion of cardioplegics and the hematocrits of both groups were recovered to the preoperative level at 2 months postoperatively. Conclusion: In this study, bloodless open heart surgery could be performed in 90.9% of the patients with intraoperative autologous donation, cell saver, retrograde autologous priming, conventional ultrafiltration and modified ultrafiltration. A combination of various blood conservation methods is the most important and bloodless cardiac surgery could be performed with meticulous bleeding control and strictly following the transfusion indications.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.585-592
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• 2003

The current study was conducted to determine the relationships of vitamin A on meat quality of Hanwoo as a basic study to manipulate vitamin A contents in feeds to produce high quality beef. Concentrations of vitamin A in serum and liver of Hanwoo steers(n=328) were analyzed and correlation coefficients with carcass properties were evaluated. Mean vitamin A concentration in the serum of Hanwoo steers in the early fattening period was 212.0$\pm$32.7 IU/dl, and that in the late fattening period was 117.56$\pm$43.15 IU/dl. Mean vitamin A concentration in the liver of Hanwoo steers in the late fattening period was 143.62$\pm$110 IU/g expressing large variations might be depended on animals, feeds and farms. There were negative correlations between serum vitamin A concentration and marbling degree(r=-0.24, P<0.01), fat contents in M. Logissimus dorsi (r=-0.21, P<0.01), and beef quality grade(r=-0.20, P<0.01). Vitamin A-palmitate in liver also expressed negative correlations with fat contents in M. Logissimus dorsi (r=-0.18, P<0.01) and beef quality grade(r=-0.16, P<0.05). From the results obtained in the current study, we concluded that it might be possible to produce high quality beef in Hanwoo by manipulating vitamin A contents in the feeds. Further detailed studies, however, are necessary to determine vitamin A contents in feeds, feeding levels, and feeding periods.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.109-120
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• 2007

CLA was chemically synthesized by alkaline isomerization method using corn oil. CLA-TG was synthesized by chemical reaction using sodium methoxide. For the control, 10% of back fat among the total component was only added without the annex of CLA-TG. For the first treatment, 5% of CLA-TG among the lard component added into the press ham was replaced. For the 2nd, 3rd and 4rd treatments, 10%, 15% and 20% of CLA-TG was respectively replaced. Manufacture press ham using CLA-TG were vacuum packaged and then stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4℃. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, sensory evaluation, TBARS, fatty acid composition and CLA content. Shear force value of control was significantly higher than that of CLA-TG treatment groups(P<0.05). All treatments were increased by the passage of storage time. No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties among control and CLA-TG treatment groups. CLA-TG treatment groups showed significantly(P<0.05) lower TBARS value than the control. TBARS value was increased significantly during storage in all treatment. In the change of fatty acid composition, the contents of C14:0～C20:4 were decreased significantly by CLA-TG additive. Whereas the increase level of CLA-TG additive resulted in the significantly higher unsaturated fatty acid and CLA content. Summing up the a forementioned results, press ham manufacturing with CLA-TG additive was not affected in sensory evaluation. Also, it may be assumed that the high quality press ham can be manufactured with the extent of storage period and CLA accumulation.