• Title/Summary/Keyword: 분리제어

Search Result 1,049, Processing Time 0.029 seconds

Growth Inhibition of Toxic Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, Using Rice Hull Methanolextracts (왕겨 메탄을 추출물을 이용한 독성 남조 Microcystis aeruginosa의 성장 억제)

  • Park, Myung-Hwan;Chung, Ill-Min;Kim, Baik-Ho;Hwang, Soon-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
    • /
    • v.41 no.spc
    • /
    • pp.99-106
    • /
    • 2008
  • We examined the effects of crude and eight pure material (${\beta}$-sitosterol, ${\beta}$-sitosterol-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, 1-tetratriacontanol, hentriacontane, orizaterpenoid, stigmas-5-en-$3{\alpha}$ 26-diacetate, stearic acid, myristic acid), extracted from rice hull, on growth inhibition of toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa NIER 10010. Strains of M. aeruginosa and Daphnia magna, obtained from the NIER (Korea) and BBE (Germany), were cultured in the CB medium with hard water. For all four treatment concentrations 0, 10, 100 and $1,000{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) of the crude extract, the cell number of M. aeruginosa was reduced by $59{\sim}73%$ during the 7-day test period. Among eight kinds of pure extracts, ${\beta}$-sitosterol-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, hentriacontane and orizaterpenoid $(1,000{\mu}g\;L^{-1})$ exhibited relatively higher growth inhibition compared with other pure extracts. The mixture of three pure extracts (${\beta}$-sitosterol-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, hentriacontane and orizaterpenoid) showed the highest growth inhibition at $1,000{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. Therefore, the synergistic effect was significantly highlighted by a mixture of the three pure extracts (p<0.05). Under the condition of $1,000{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ in the crude extracts, D. magna exhibited survival rate by >85% for 96 hours. In conclusion, the growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa was probably attributed to the synergistic effect of various compounds extracted from the rice hull.

Cis-acting Replication Element Variation of the Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus is Associated with the Determination of Host Susceptibility (구제역바이러스의 숙주 특이성 결정에 연관되어있는 구제역바이러스 cis-acting replication element 변이 분석 연구)

  • Kang, Hyo Rin;Seong, Mi So;Ku, Bok Kyung;Cheong, JaeHun
    • Journal of Life Science
    • /
    • v.30 no.11
    • /
    • pp.947-955
    • /
    • 2020
  • The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, affects wild and domesticated ruminants and pigs. During replication of the FMDV RNA (ribonucleic acid) genome, FMDV-encoding RNA polymerase 3D acts in a highly location-specific manner. This suggests that specific RNA structures recognized by 3D polymerase within non-coding regions of the FMDV genome assist with binding during replication. One such region is the cis-acting replication element (CRE), which functions as a template for RNA replication. The FMDV CRE adopts a stem-loop conformation with an extended duplex stem, supporting a novel 15-17 nucleotide loop that derives stability from base-stacking interactions, with the exact RNA nucleotide sequence of the CRE producing different RNA secondary structures. Here, we show that CRE sequences of FMDVs isolated in Korea from 2010 to 2017 exhibit A and O genotypes. Interestingly, variations in the RNA secondary structure of the Korean FMDVs are consistent with the phylogenetic relationships between these viruses and reveal the specificity of FMDV infections for particular host species. Therefore, we conclude that each genetic clade of Korean FMDV is characterized by a unique functional CRE and that the evolutionary success of new genetic lineages may be associated with the invention of a novel CRE motif. Therefore, we propose that the specific RNA structure of a CRE is an additional criterion for FMDV classification dependent on the host species. These findings will help correctly analyze CRE sequences and indicate the specificity of host species for future FMDV epidemics.

ATM Cell Encipherment Method using Rijndael Algorithm in Physical Layer (Rijndael 알고리즘을 이용한 물리 계층 ATM 셀 보안 기법)

  • Im Sung-Yeal;Chung Ki-Dong
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartC
    • /
    • v.13C no.1 s.104
    • /
    • pp.83-94
    • /
    • 2006
  • This paper describes ATM cell encipherment method using Rijndael Algorithm adopted as an AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) by NIST in 2001. ISO 9160 describes the requirement of physical layer data processing in encryption/decryption. For the description of ATM cell encipherment method, we implemented ATM data encipherment equipment which satisfies the requirements of ISO 9160, and verified the encipherment/decipherment processing at ATM STM-1 rate(155.52Mbps). The DES algorithm can process data in the block size of 64 bits and its key length is 64 bits, but the Rijndael algorithm can process data in the block size of 128 bits and the key length of 128, 192, or 256 bits selectively. So it is more flexible in high bit rate data processing and stronger in encription strength than DES. For tile real time encryption of high bit rate data stream. Rijndael algorithm was implemented in FPGA in this experiment. The boundary of serial UNI cell was detected by the CRC method, and in the case of user data cell the payload of 48 octets (384 bits) is converted in parallel and transferred to 3 Rijndael encipherment module in the block size of 128 bits individually. After completion of encryption, the header stored in buffer is attached to the enciphered payload and retransmitted in the format of cell. At the receiving end, the boundary of ceil is detected by the CRC method and the payload type is decided. n the payload type is the user data cell, the payload of the cell is transferred to the 3-Rijndael decryption module in the block sire of 128 bits for decryption of data. And in the case of maintenance cell, the payload is extracted without decryption processing.

Study on the Latent Heat Characteristics of the Organic Compound, $C_{28}H_{58}$ and the Inorganic Compound, $CH_3COONa{\cdot}3H_2O$ (유기잠열재, $C_{28}H_{58}$과 무기잠열재, $CH_3COONa{\cdot}3H_2O$의 잠열특성연구)

  • Song, Hyun-Kap;Ryou, Young-Sun
    • Solar Energy
    • /
    • v.11 no.3
    • /
    • pp.53-61
    • /
    • 1991
  • In this research, Octacosane($C_{28}H_{58}$) and Sodium Acetate Trihydrate($CH_3COONa{\cdot}3H_2O$) were selected as latent heat storage materials to store off-peak electricity or waste heat of an industrial plant. Experimental analyses were performed in terms of the variation of phase change temperature and latent heat, phase change stability for the long term utilization. The results were as follows. 1. The phase change temperatures of industrial grade Octacosane and Sodium Acetate Trihydrate were $60.7^{\circ}C$ and $57.4^{\circ}C$, the latent heat were 60.6kcal/kg and 51.1kcal/kg respectively. 2. The latent heat quantity of Octacosane was decreased with the increasing number of phase change cycles. It decreased from 60.6kcal/kg to 47.2kcal/kg upto 200 cycles and then no variation was observed after 200 cycles. 3. To prevent the supercooling of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate, the nucleating agent, Sodium Pyrophosphate Decahydrate of 3 wt% was added, and then the supercooling temperature (Tm-Tsc) was decreased from $25.7^{\circ}C$ to $1^{\circ}C$. The phase separation was disappeared by the addition of CMC-Na of 3 wt% as a thickener. It was found that the optimal quantity of nucleating agent and thickener was 4wt% considering the stability of SAT as a latent heat storage material. 4. The phase change temperature of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate($CH_3COONa{\cdot}3H_2O$) was adjusted from 57.4 to $46.2^{\circ}C$ by the addition of UREA. And then the latent heat quantity was decreased from 51.1 to 38.3kcal/kg. 5. When the heat storage capacities between the sensible and latent heat storage materials were analyzed and compared in heating process from 30 to $90^{\circ}C$, the heat storage capacity of Octacosane was 2.45 times larger than water and 12.5 times than granite at $60.7^{\circ}C$, and the heat storage capacity of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate was 2.53 times larger than water and 12.91 times than granite at $57.4^{\circ}C$.

  • PDF

Enhanced Production of Oleanolic Acid by the Elicitation in Oldenlandia diffusa Suspension Cell Cultures (백화사설초의 현탁세포배양에서 Elicitation에 의한 Oleanolic acid 생산성 증대)

  • Lee Yong-Il;Kim Dong-Il
    • KSBB Journal
    • /
    • v.19 no.6 s.89
    • /
    • pp.471-477
    • /
    • 2004
  • Oldenlandia diffusa is a Chinese medicinal herb with antitumor activity capable of suppressing the growth of some cancer cell lines. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are triterpenoid compounds that exist in Oldenlandia diffusa. Recently, these have been noted for anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and hepato-protective effects. Application of both plant growth regulators, 2,4-D and kinetin, was found to be essential for the initiation of callus and suspension cells. Leaf blades of Oldenlandia diffusa was transformed into callus on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L kinetin, while optimum initiation condition for suspension cells of Oldenlandia diffusa was determined to be 0.75 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L kinetin. Chromatographic separation of oleanolic acid from its derivatives was achieved using Rexchrom S5-100-ODS column. Analytical conditions for oleanolic acid were determined as follows: flow rate at 1.0 mL/min, UV length at 200 nm and mobile phase of $80\%$ acetonitrile and $20\%$ water. Production of secondary metabolites was found to be increased by the treatment with elicitors or signal transducers. The maximum production of oleanolic acid was 99.6 mg/L in cultures with 0.5 mM salicylic acid. It is 1.74 times higher than that of control.

Production of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex-E2 Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody in Fed-batch Culture Systems with High Cell Density Recombinant Escherichia coli (고농도 재조합 대장균의 Fed-batch 배양 시스템을 이용한 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex-E2 특이성 인간 모노클론 항체의 생산)

  • 이미숙;전주미;차상훈;정연호
    • KSBB Journal
    • /
    • v.15 no.5
    • /
    • pp.489-496
    • /
    • 2000
  • Several culture systems including batch, two-stage CSTR, semi-fed batch, and two-stage cyclic fed-batch were investigated for the efficient production of the Fab fraction of PDC-E2 specific human monoclonal antibody using high cell density recombinant E. coli. A two-phase batch system and a two-stage continuous system were examined to overcome plasmid instability problems, by separating the growth and the production stages. The cell density and productivity of the two-stage continuous culture was better than that of the two-phase batch fermentation. In the two-stage continuous culture system with DO-stat, the cell growth and the productivity were superior to those of the system without the DO control. Also, almost total plasmid stability was maintained in the two-stage continuous culture system. Modified M9 medium was selected as an optimum feeding medium for the fed-batch process, and the optimum C/N ratio determined to be 2:3. The optimum feeding rate was $0.6g/\ell/hr$ for a constant feeding strategy in semi-fed batch system. When the feeding medium was fed by pulsing, it was observed that more frequent pulsing resulted in improved cell growth. The linear feeding method was the most efficient of the various feeding methods tested. Finally, high cell density culture using a two-stage cyclic fed batch system with pH-stat was tried because the linear feeding method showed limitations in terms of obtaining high cell densities, and a cell density of $54 g/\ell$ was achieved. It was concluded that the two-stage cyclic fed batch system was the most efficient system for high cell density culture of the systems tested. However, productivity improvements were lower than expected due to the extremely high accumulations of acetate, although the low levels of residual glucose were maintained.

  • PDF

Can We Hear the Shape of a Noise Source\ulcorner (소음원의 모양을 들어서 상상할 수 있을까\ulcorner)

  • Kim, Yang-Hann
    • Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
    • /
    • v.14 no.7
    • /
    • pp.586-603
    • /
    • 2004
  • One of the subtle problems that make noise control difficult for engineers is “the invisibility of noise or sound.” The visual image of noise often helps to determine an appropriate means for noise control. There have been many attempts to fulfill this rather challenging objective. Theoretical or numerical means to visualize the sound field have been attempted and as a result, a great deal of progress has been accomplished, for example in the field of visualization of turbulent noise. However, most of the numerical methods are not quite ready to be applied practically to noise control issues. In the meantime, fast progress has made it possible instrumentally by using multiple microphones and fast signal processing systems, although these systems are not perfect but are useful. The state of the art system is recently available but still has many problematic issues : for example, how we can implement the visualized noise field. The constructed noise or sound picture always consists of bias and random errors, and consequently it is often difficult to determine the origin of the noise and the spatial shape of noise, as highlighted in the title. The first part of this paper introduces a brief history, which is associated with “sound visualization,” from Leonardo da Vinci's famous drawing on vortex street (Fig. 1) to modern acoustic holography and what has been accomplished by a line or surface array. The second part introduces the difficulties and the recent studies. These include de-Dopplerization and do-reverberation methods. The former is essential for visualizing a moving noise source, such as cars or trains. The latter relates to what produces noise in a room or closed space. Another mar issue associated this sound/noise visualization is whether or not Ivecan distinguish mutual dependence of noise in space : for example, we are asked to answer the question, “Can we see two birds singing or one bird with two beaks?"

Protective Effect of the Ethyl Acetate-fraction of Methanol Extract of Ophiophogon japonicus on Amyloid beta Peptide-induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells (소엽맥문동-에틸아세테이트 분획물의 아밀로이드 베타단백질-유발 세포독성에 대한 억제 효능)

  • Moon, Ja-Young;Kim, Eun-Sook;Choi, Soo-Jin;Kim, Jin-Ik;Choi, Nack-Shik;Lee, Kyoung;Park, Woo-Jin;Choi, Young-Whan
    • Journal of Life Science
    • /
    • v.29 no.2
    • /
    • pp.173-180
    • /
    • 2019
  • Amyloid ${\beta}$-protein ($A{\beta}$) is the principal component of senile plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elicits a toxic effect on neurons in vitro and in vivo. Many environmental factors, including antioxidants and proteoglycans, modify $A{\beta}$ toxicity. It is worthwhile to isolate novel natural compounds that could prove therapeutic for patients with AD without causing detrimental side effects. In this study, we investigated the in vitro neuroprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract of Ophiophogon japonicas (OJEA fraction). We used an MTT reduction assay to detect protective effects of the OJEA fraction on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity to PC12 cells. We also used a cell-based ${\beta}$-secretase assay system to investigate the inhibitory effect of the OJEA fraction on ${\beta}$-secretase activity. In addition, we performed an in vitro lipid peroxidation assay to evaluate the protective effect of the OJEA fraction against oxidative stress induced by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ in PC12 cells. The OJEA fraction had strong protective effects against $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity to PC12 cells and was strongly inhibitory to ${\beta}$-secretase activity, which resulted in the attenuation of $A{\beta}$ generation. In addition, the OJEA fraction significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which is induced by the exposure of PC12 cells to $A{\beta}_{25-35}$. Our results suggested that the OJEA fraction contained active compounds exhibiting a neuroprotective effect on $A{\beta}$ toxicity.

Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
    • /
    • v.27 no.1
    • /
    • pp.191-207
    • /
    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.