• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2014

SPLITT fractionation (SF) allows continuous (and thus a preparative scale) separation of micronsized particles into two size fractions ('fraction-a' and 'fraction-b'). SF is usually carried out in a thin rectangular channel with two inlets and two outlets, which is equipped with flow stream splitters at the inlet and the outlet of the channel, respectively. A new large scale splitter-less gravitational SF (GSF) system had been assembled, which was designed to eliminate the flow stream splitters and thus is operated by the full feed depletion (FFD) mode (FFD-GSF). In the FFD mode, there is only one inlet through which the sample is fed. There is no carrier liquid fed into the channel, and thus prevents the sample dilution. The effects of the sample-feeding flow rate, the channel thickness on the fractionation efficiency (FE, number % of particles that have the size predicted by theory) of FFD-GSF was investigated using industrial polyurethane (PU) latex beads. The carrier liquid was water containing 0.1% FL-70 (particle dispersing agent) and 0.02% sodium azide (used as bactericide). The sample loading rate was varied from about 4 to 7 L/hr with the sample concentration fixed at 0.01%. The GSF channel thickness was varied from 900 to $1300{\mu}m$. Particles exiting the GSF channel were collected and monitored by optical microscopy (OM). Sample recovery was monitored by collecting the fractionated particles on a $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane filter. It was found that FE of fraction-a was increased as the channel thickness increases, and FE of fraction-b was increased as the flow rate was increased. In all cases, the sample recovery has higher than 95%. It seems the new splitter-less FFD GSF system could become a useful tool for large scale separations of various types of micron-sized particles.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.546-554
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• 2006

To understand antitumor activity of Zanthoxylum schinfolium, which has been used as an aromatic and medicinal plant in Korea, the cytotoxic effect of various organic solvent extracts of its leaves on human tumor cells were investigated. Among these extracts such as methanol extract (SL-13), methylene chloride extract (SL-14), ethyl acetate extract (SL-15), n-butanol extract (SL-16), and residual fraction (SL-17), SL-14 appeared to contain the most cytotoxic activity against leukemia and breast cancer cells tested. The methylene chloride extra.1 (SL-14) possessed an apoptogenic activity causing apoptotic DNA fragmentation of human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells via mitochondrial cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP, which could be negatively regulated by antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. The GC-MS analysis of SL-14 revealed that the twenty-two ingredients of SL-14 were 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (15.1%), 2-a-methyl-17, b-hop-21-ene (15.1%), 15-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H benzazepin (11.95%), phytol (10.38%), lupeol (9.92%), 12-methylbenzofuran (8.23%), hexadecanoic acid (5.96%), cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methyl-ester (5.49%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methylester (3.59%), 15-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) (3.36%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.93%), vitamine E (1.88%), beta-amyrin (0.96%), and auraptene (0.89%). These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of the methylene chloride extract of the leaves of Z. schinifolium toward Jurkat T cells is mainly attributable to apoptosis mediated by mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade regulated by Bcl-xL, and provide an insight into the mechanism underlying antitumor activity of the edible plant Z. schinifolium.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2010

Pepper mild mosaic virus(PMMoV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are important pathogens in various vegetable crops worldwide. We have found that hot water extract of Phellinus linteus mycelium strongly inhibit PMMoV and CMV infection. Based on these results, the inhibitor named as 'PLM-WE1' formulated from extract of Phellinus linteus mycelium was tested for its inhibitory effects on PMMoV and CMV infection to each local lesion host plant (Nicotiana glutinosa: PMMoV, Chenopodium amaranticolor: CMV). Pretreatment effect of PLM-WE1 against infections of each virus (PMMoV and CMV) to local host plant was measured to be 99.2% to PMMoV and 80.3% to CMV, and its permeability effect was measured to be 45.0% to PMMoV and 41.9% to CMV. Duration of inhibitory activity of PLM-WE1 against PMMoV infection on N. glutinosa was maintained for 3 days at 75% inhibition level and CMV infection on C. amaranticolor maintained for 3 days at 62% inhibition level. Inhibitory effects on systemic host plants of PLM-WE1 were measured to be 75~85% to PMMoV and 75% to CMV. Under electron microscope, PMMoV particles were not denatured or aggregated by mixing PLM-WE1. It is suggested that the mode of action of PLM-WE1 differ from that of inactivation due to the aggregation of viruses. The methanol extract of P. linteus mycelium was sequentially partitioned with haxane, ethyl acetate, BuOH and $H_2O$. The $H_2O$ fraction was showed high activity than the other fractions. The active compound was isolated with a partial acid hydrolysis, fractional precipitation with ethanol. The inhibitory effect of the precipitate isolated from 70% ethanol fraction was 99.1% to PMMoV and 88.0% to CMV. The structure of isolated compound was determined by $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR. This compound was identified as a polysaccharide consisting alpha or beta-glucan.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2000

Wood of Robinia pseudoacacia and bark of Populus alba$\times$P. glandulosa, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica were collected and extracted with acetone-water(7:3, v/v) in glass jar to examine whether its bioactive compounds exist. The concentrated extracts were fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and water, and then freeze-dried for column chromatography and bioactive tests. The isolated compounds were sakuranetin-5-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside from Populus alba $\times$Pl glandulosa, 4--ethyoxy-(+)-leucorobinetinidin frm R. pseudoacacia and fraxetion from F. rhynchophylla and were characterized by $^1H$ and$^{13}C $ NMR and positive FAB-MS. Decay-resistant activity was expressed by weight loss ratio and hyphae growth inhibition in the wood dust agar medium inoculated wood rot fungi. R. pseudoacacia showed best anti-decaying property in both test and its methanol untreated samples, indicating higher activity than methanol treated samples in hyphae grwoth test. In antioxidative test, $\alpha$-tocopherol, one of natural antioxidants, and BHT, one of synthetic antioxidants, were used as references to cmpare with the antioxidant activities of the extacted fractions. Ethylacetate fraction of F. rhynchophylla bark indicated the hightest activity in this test and all fractions of R. pseudiacacia extractives also indicated higher activities compared with the other fractions. In the isolated compounds, aesculetin isolated from F. rhynchophylla bark showed best activity and followed by robonetinidin from R. pseudoacaica.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 1994

Differences in carotenoid composition in the integuments of wild and cultured chinese muddy loach Misgurnus mizolepis and muddy loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were compared. Total carotenoid contents in the integuments of the wild and cultured chinese muddy loach were $4.76mg\%\;and\;3.43mg\%$, respectively. The important carotenoids in the integuments of the wild chinese muddy loach were lutein($30.5\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($24.6\%$), ${\beta}$-carotene($20.6\%$) and cynthiaxanthin($11.7\%$). In addition, zeaxanthin($4.7\%$), tunaxanthin ($4.5\%$), and a-cryptoxanthin($1.0\%$) were present in small amounts. In the integuments of the cultured chinese muddy loach, lutein($35.4\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($17.9\%$), cynthiaxanthin($16.0\%$) and ${\beta}$-carotene($12.7\%$) were present as important carotenoids. In addition, zeaxanthin($8.1\%$), tunaxanthin($5.0\%$), a-cryptoxanthin($0.9\%$) were found in small amounts. Total carotenoid contents in the integuments of the wild and cultured muddy loach were $4.00mg\%\;and\;2.99mg\%$, respectively. The important carotenoids in the integuments of the wild muddy loach were lutein($32.9\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($18.8\%$), cynthiaxanthin($17.0\%$) and ${\beta}$-carotene($15.1\%$). In addition, zeaxanthin($6.5\%$), tunaxanthin($6.0\%$) and a-cryptoxanthin($1.5\%$) were found in small amounts. In the integuments of the cultured muddy loach, lutein($51.8\%$), cynthiaxanthin($19.9\%$) and ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($10.8\%$) were observed as important carotenoids. In addition, ${\beta}$-carotene($5.0\%$), zeaxanthin($4.8\%$), tunaxanthin($4.5\%$) and a-cryptoxanthin($0.2\%$) were found in small amounts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2009

We investigated a method to improve anticancer activities of Acer mono by ultra high pressure extraction process. The extract yields by ultra high pressure were 9.49% and 9.87% for 5 min and 15 min processing time, respectively, which were relatively higher than 3$\sim$4% of conventional extraction processes due to their resid bark structure. The extract for 15 minutes extraction (HPE15) showed higher potent scavenging effect as 94.56% than the control, BHA as 93.24%. On SOD-like test, HPE15 also showed the highest activity as 38.6% at 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The cytotoxicity of HPE15 on normal human lung and kidney cell were below 23.54% in adding 1.0 mg/mL. Generally, human cancer cell growth stomach adenocarcinoma (AGS), lung adenocarcinoma (A549), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and liver adenocarcinoma (Hep3B) were inhibited up to 75% with higher selectivity of above 4.0. High antioxidant activity of HPE15 resulted in high anticancer activity, and its activity was also due to higher yields of Acer mono by ultra high pressure extraction process. It was also proved by HPLC comparison analysis.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 1995

These studies were carried out to develop a system for non -destructive and continuous measurement of fresh weight and to analyse the growth response of leaf lettuce under the different nutrient solution and light condition with this system. The developed measurement system was consisted of four load cells and a microcomputer. The output from the system was highly positive correlation with the plant fresh weight above the surface of the hydroponic solution. The top fresh weight of plant could be measured within the error $\pm$ 1.0g in the range of 0 - 2000g. The top fresh weight of leaf lettuce increased 44 times at 18th day after transferring to the nutrient solution, and the maximum growth rate was observed at 13th day after transferring. The growth rate was 10.7- 29.6% per day during 18 days. Optimum concentration of the nutrient solution for the growth of lettuce was 1.4 - 2.2 mS/cm of EC level. When the light condition was changed from dark to light, the fresh weight was temporarily decreased, but the fresh weight increased under the opposite condition. Top fresh weight of leaf lettuce in the darkness normally increased within 12 hours after darkness treatment, and then slowly increased until 78 hours under continuous dark condition. After that times, the fresh weight began to decrease.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.227-235
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• 2016

Plant disease caused by root-knot nematode is a major problem in crop production. Using of chemical pesticides, one of the most efficient methods to control nematodes, have raised issues in toxicity to humans and animals and environmental pollution. In this study, to select actinomycete strains that have potential to serve as a microbial agent for control of nematodes, we investigated nematicidal activity of culture broth from 670 Streptomyces isolates. A culture filtrate of KRA15-528 isolate that was identified as S. flavogriseus on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis, showed strong nematicidal activity against second stage of juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita and inhibited egg hatching; exposure to 10% of culture filtrate resulted in 71% juvenile mortality at 48 hours afters treatment and suppressed egg hatching by 54% at 9 days after treatment. When the KRA15-528 culture filtrate was partitioned with ethyl acetate and butanol, ethyl acetate layer exclusively showed strong activity; 91%, 53%, 30% of mortality at 1,000, 500, $250{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Additionally, the culture filtrate suppressed gall formation on cucumber plant by M. incognita with no phytotoxicity. These results suggest that S. flavogriseus KRA15-528 has potential to serve as a microbial nematicide for the control of root-knot nematode disease.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-135
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• 2016

The present study was performed to develop a functional raw food material from hydrolyzed whey protein powder (23%-GNANA) medication containing sialic acid as a marker compound that is naturally occurring at 7% concentration in GMP (glycomacropeptide). GMP is used worldwide in foodstuffs for babies and infants and is obtained from the milk protein as safe food. While the purpose of our detailed evaluation was aimed to assess preliminary NOAEL values for and above 2,000 mg/kg/day, a clinical dose allowance for 23%-GNANA (as per characteristic of a functional health product, a highly refined test substance of 23% (v/v) sialic acid combined in GMP), at the same time we also wanted to assess the safety of GMP hydrolyzate lacking sialic acid but with identical properties as GMP. Animal safety evaluation was conducted using 23%-GNANA as the test substance, produced from hydrolyzed whey protein powder (product name: HELICOBACTROL-23; provided by Medinutrol Inc. [Korea]; composed of 23% sialic acid and GMP protein) after isolating the sialic acid using enzymes approved as food additives, with GMP as a raw material, and subsequently increasing the content of xx up to 23% through 80% (v/v) ethanol soaking and concentrating, in accordance with GLP Guideline. The animal safety evaluation mentioned above was made on the basis of toxicity in SPF Sprague-Dawley female and male rats dosed with 10 mL of the test substance diluted to 0, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg directly into their stomachs for 90 d. This was determined in terms of the general symptoms and animal viability, weight and amount of feed intake, eye examination, uracrasia tests, hematological and blood biochemical disorder tests, blood coagulation test, abnormal intestine weight, abnormalities during postmortem and histopathological examinations. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Based on the toxicity determination, a certain minor effect associated with the test substance was observed in male rats with no major effects of the tested substance, in comparison with the control group dosed with sterilized water. Nevertheless, the NOAEL value, evaluated as per toxicity criteria, was verified as 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05). Similarly, for female rats, a certain minor effect associated with the test substance was observed in 5,000 mg/kg/day dosed group, with no major effect, yet the NOAEL value (as assessed as per toxicity criteria) was determined to be 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05), which was the same as for male rats. Accordingly, the NOAEL values of the test substances for all female and male rats were finally verified as 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that the 23%-GNANA test substance exceeds 2,000 mg/kg/day, the clinical allowance characteristic for functional health food, and was finally evaluated to cause no safety concerns when used as a raw material in functional health food production, which was the ultimate goal of the present study.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.944-951
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• 2011

An improved cholesterol analysis method was developed for powdered infant formula by gas chromatographic separation after liquid-liquid extraction and partition. In the official Korea Food Standard method for cholesterol analysis, the water phase and solvent phase were not well separated in the case of emulsified foods such as powdered infant formulas and baby foods. For the rapid and simple sample preparation method, an optimized direct saponification condition was established for heating temperature, heating time, and KOH concentration. From the results, the optimum conditions were as follows: heating temperature $90^{\circ}C$, heating time 60 min, and 16 M KOH 10 mL for a 2 g infant formula sample; improved separation condition for gas chromatography was as follows: the initial oven condition was $250^{\circ}C$ for 25 min, the oven temperature was increased to $290^{\circ}C$ by $10^{\circ}C$/min ratio, and finally the oven temperature remained at $290^{\circ}C$for 9 min. The developed method could be implemented for the study of cholesterol, providing the advantages of reduced inspection time and cost in emulsified foods such as infant formula.