• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

The concrete purpose of this study is to suggest actually a debt ratio to optimize the capital structure providing a kind of approach to estimate the proper debt ratio with an analytical model and empirical data in Korean shipping industry. The mathematical and analytical model is started from the first equation about ROE, return of net operating income on equity, with an independent variable, debt ratio. It is constructed with several parameters, ROS(return of operating income on sales), TAT(total assets turnover), and NFCL(net finance cost to liabilities). There could not be a certain relationship between debt ratio and ROS or TAT, while some correlation or causality between debt ratio and NFCL. In other words, most of firms with high debt ratio is likely to burden higher finance cost than others with low one. In this case, there is a linearity relationship between debt ratio and NFCL, so then the second equation considering this relation could be included within the analytical approach of this paper. To be short, if the criteria of adequate debt ratio has to be defined as some level of debt ratio to optimize ROE, the ROE could be illustrated as a quadratic equation to debt ratio from two equations. Next, this research estimated those parameters' numbers through the single regression method with data over 12 years of Korean shipping industry, and identified empirically the fact that optimal debt ratio would be approximately 400%. To conclude, if that industry's sales and operating incomes are stable, the debt ratio could be accepted until twice of 200% had forced in order to guarantee its financial safety in past time.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.93-118
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• 2005

This paper examines credit spreads in Korea corporate market using one of structural models, the mean reverting leverage ratio model (Collin-Dufresne and Goldstein (2001)). Compared to the actual credit spreads, we show that the credit spreads induced by the model are overpredicted. We also investigate the systematic errors that cause the over-pre-diction of credit spreads using the t-test. We show that the systematic errors are affected by the current leverage ratio and asset volatility.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.135-142
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• 2017

This study employs an analytical mathematical model to estimate the optimal debt ratio of Korean agricultural corporations, more sensitive to the government debt ratio policy compared to other industries, and the estimation of the optimal debt ratio based on objective data. The analytical model utilizes the equation for ROE, with the debt ratio as an independent variable, and related parameters include ROS, TAT, and NFCL. Regarding the NFCL, the optimal debt ratio standard is defined as the debt ratio that maximizes the ROE by analytical procedures such as adding an equation concerning the debt ratio and a linearity relationship to the analytical model, and from these equations, a quadratic equation with the debt ratio as an independent variable describes the ROE. This methodemploys fourteen years of corporate data. Results show that 138% of debt ratio is the optimal debt ratio to increase the ROE of the corporations, which implies that the existing debt ratio of Korean agricultural corporations is higher than optimal. Consequently, it is required for authorities to change future debt ratio policies in view that the purpose of debt ratio management is to maintain safety and increase profitability.Management should emphasize characteristics of the specific industry rather than standardized judgements based on numerical indexes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1932-1937
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• 2014

This paper examines whether debt ratio effects earnings management. There are various methods that estimate earnings management. This paper examines whether these methods impact on the relationship between earnings management and debt ratio. In addition, this study examines whether these relationship effects of debt type. Previous studies in this area haven't examined the relationship between debt ratio and earnings management in Korea. These studies didn't consider earnings management's method to analysis for this relationship. This paper tests the relationship between earnings management and debt ratio with methods of earnings management unlike from previous studies. Results are summaried as following. First, the relationship between debt ratio and earnings management was different for these methods. Abnormal Accruals that used estimation of eanrnings management in previous studies didn't examine these results that debt ratio effects of earnings management. However, it was significant positive the relationship between real activity management and debt ratio.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.155-177
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• 1991

기업의 재무구조와 인플레이션과의 관계는 세율에 대한 다양한 형태의 가정을 통하여 연구, 분석되어 왔으나, 이 문제를 확실히 해결하지는 못하였다. 근자에 A. Marcus(1983)가 미국의 은행의 재무구조를 대상으로 한 시계열분석 결과에 의하면 명목이자율의 상승이 미국은행의 부채 대비 자본금 비율을 하락시키는 절대적 요인이 되었다고 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 인플레이션과 은행의 부채 대비 자본금 비율의 상관관계, 더욱 나아가서 은행자산의 위험도가 이 상관관계에 미치는 영향을 분석코자 한다. 본고는 은행규제기관(FDIC 등)의 부채비율과 은행자산(포트폴리오)의 위험도에 대한 규제하에서 은행이 부채(예금)와 자본금의 가치를 극대화하고자 하는 모델을 설정하여 기대 인플레이션 수준이 은행의 적정 자본비율과 자산의 위험도와 어떤 관계가 있는가를 밀러의 균형모델(Miller Equilibrium Model)을 원용하여 분석하였다. 밀러의 균형모델하에서는 기업의 재무구조는 기업가치와 무관한 것으로 나타나고 있다. 즉, 부채를 통한 자금조달에 의해 발생되는 한계세금혜택은 균형하에서는 사라진다는 이론이다. 따라서 인플레이션은 적정 재무구조에는 영향을 미치지 못하게 된다. 왜냐하면 인플레이션은 기업의 세후 부채조달비용과 회사채 투자자 수익에 동일한 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 그러나 은행의 경우 일반 기업과는 달리 은행규제기관의 부채비율 및 자산위험도에 대한 규제압력이 소위 암묵적 규제비용으로 작용하여 은행의 적정자본금비율은 부채(예금)를 통한 자금조달의 한계세금혜택과 이에 따른 한계규제바용이 동일하게 되는 경우에 결정된다. 밀러의 단순균형 모델하에서 한계세금혜택이 없는 것과는 달리 은행의 부채조달에 따른 한계규제비용이 존재하는 이유로 균형조건으로 한계세금이익이 존재하게 된다. 이 경우 인플레이션은 예금자의 실질 세후 예금이자를 상승시키는 것 이상으로 은행의 실질 세후 예금이자 지급비용을 하락시키게 되어 은행의 부채비율을 더욱 높이게 되는 원인이 된다. 또한 은행의 부채비율이 인플레이션과 정(正)의 관계에 있다면 은행규제의 강도에 따라 이 상관계수는 은행자산의 위험도와도 역시 정(正)의 관계에 있게 된다. 미국은행을 대상으로 한 회귀분석에서도 그들의 부채(예금)비율이 기대 인플레이션과 정(正)의 상관관계가 있음이 나타났고 그 상관계수는 은행자산의 위험도와 동일 방향으로 움직임이 판명되었다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 2015

This paper investigate the determinants of investment for a cross-section of firms in emerging market. I examine three factors expected to affect investment: debt ratio, growth rate, and industry. I find that debt ratio and ICT firms are positively associated with investment in emerging market. I also find that ICT firms with high debt ratio have higher net capital expenditures. While the growth rate is unrelated to net capital expenditures. Unlike the evidence from the developed markets, debt ratio has significant and positive impact on investment (net capital expenditures) in the emerging market.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 2019

This study performed Panel Regression Analysis (PRA) with the debt ratio as a dependent variable and the ROE (return on equity), sales volume, current ratio, total capital, and Shanghai Containerized Freight Index (SCFI) as an independent variable. According to the GLS analysis, the current ratio to liabilities ratio was negative, and for sales, the ratio of liabilities was positive. Capital totals also had a negative impact on the debt ratio. However, ROE, unlike the hypothesis, had negative effects on the liability ratio, and the SCFI index was not significant. As implications of this research, the company confirmed that its sales increased as the debt ratio of global shipping companies rose, achieving economies of scale. However, it was confirmed that the actual size of the economy through the injection of other capital would help increase sales but not affect net profit. Shipping companies should expand their business power and secure large container vessels to secure credibility of shippers. In the future research, an analysis considering exchange rate, global economic growth rate, and manufacturing production index is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.89-104
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• 2006

이 논문은 자본조달순위이론(pecking order theory)을 한국 유가증권시장에 상장된 제조기업을 대상으로 실증적 검정을 하였다. 설명변수로 기업의 자금부족(deficit)과 부채비율과의 관계를 분석한 결과 자본조달순위이론이 지지되는 결과를 얻지 못하였으며, 통제변수에 유형자산, 기업규모, 수익성 등 전통적인 자본구조영향요인 변수들을 포함시켜 분석한 결과, 정보비대칭이론에 의한 설명이 적합한 것으로 해석되었다. 유형자산이 증가할수록 부채비율은 감소하였고, 기업규모가 증가하면 레버리지가 감소하는 관계를 나타냈으며, 수익성이 증가함에 따라 부채비율이 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 직전년도의 부채규모가 높은 경우에는 당해 연도의 부채사용이 감소하고, 직전년도의 레버리지가 낮은 경우에는 당해 연도의 부채가 증가하는 평균회귀현상을 나타냈다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

This study explores an analytical mathematical model designed to estimate the optimal debt ratio of the Korean automobile industry, which has a more significant effect on the national economy than that of other industries, and attempts to estimate the optimal debt ratio based on objective data. The analytical model is based on ROA and ROE which uses the debt ratio as an independent variable and employs ROS, TAT, and NFCL as the related parameters. Regarding the NFCL, the optimal debt ratio is usually defined as the debt ratio that maximizes the ROA and ROE and is calculated using analytical procedures, such as by adding an equation that considers the debt ratio and the linearity relationship to the analytical model. This is because the optimal debt ratio can be calculated reliably by making use of an estimated value within a certain range, which is derived from more than two calculations rather than a single estimation starting from one calculation formula. In this study, for the estimation of the optimal debt ratio, the ROA and ROE are expressed as a quadratic equation with the debt ratio as the independent variable. Using this analysis procedure, the optimal debt ratio obtained using the data from the Korean automobile industry over a sixteen year period, which would optimize the profitability of the Korean automobile industry, was found to be 188% of the debt ratio in the ROA and 213% of the debt ratio in the ROE. This result was obtained by overcoming the problem of the reliability of the estimation value in spite of the limitations of the logical theory of this study, and can be interpreted as meaning that maintaining a debt ratio of 188% to 213% can enhance the profitability and reduce the risks in the Korean automobile industry. Furthermore, this indicates that the existing debt ratio of the Korean automobile industry is lower than the optimal value within the estimated range. Consequently, it is necessary for corporations to change their future debt ratio policies, given that the purpose of debt ratio management is to maintain safety and increase profitability, and to take into account the characteristics of the specific industry.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.35-61
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• 2009

This paper investigates whether the investment of a chaebol firm depends on financial characteristics such as leverage and growth opportunity. We find that the investment of a chaebol firm increases as its growth opportunity increases. We also find that this positive effect of growth opportunity on the investment is more pronounced in a low-leverage firm than in a high-leverage firm. Unlike chaebol firms, however, the interaction effect between leverage and growth opportunity is not statistically significant for nonchaebol firms.