• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2023.07a
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• pp.521-524
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 AI 인공지능을 활용한 통일신라 석탑 '경주 불국사 삼층석탑' 복원을 위해 석탑 3D모델링 과정에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 산성비로 부식되어 갈라진 더 이상 원본의 형태를 알아 볼 수 없는 현재 통일신라 석탑 형태를 3D모델링 작업을 통하여 AI로 하여금 원활한 교육이 실시 되도록 하는 것을 목표로한다. 본래 제작 되어있는 3D 모델링은 많은 버텍스와 페이스로 학습 데이터가 많아 실제 활용하기에 어려움을 가지고 있다. 때문에 적은 양의 버텍스와 페이스로 새로운 3D 모델링 제작에 대한 필요성에 대해 확인하였다. 본 연구는 그에 필요한 석탑 모델링 과정에 대해 서술한다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 석탑에 대한 구조를 살피고 모델링에 활용된 프로그램의 장단점과 분석을 도출하였다. 본 연구를 통해 석탑 복원에 필요한 3D모델링 프로그램 활용의 전망과 더불어 인공지능 AI의 한계점을 3D 모델링의 정확도와 세밀함을 통하여 타파하고자 하였다.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.67-76
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• 2013

In this study, the inhibitive effect of electrochemical treatment subjected to fresh and hardened concrete and literature reviews in terms of the treatment were performed. In hardened concrete, chloride ions are mixed during casting to destroy the passivity of steel, and then the current was provided for 2 weeks with 250, 500 and $750mA/m^2$. After completion of electrochemical treatment, the extraction of chloride ions was quantified and repassivation of steel was observed. Simultaneously, the equated levels of current density for 2 weeks were applied to fresh concrete. Steel-concrete interface in concrete was observed by BSE image analysis and the concrete properties in terms of the diffusivity of chloride ions and the resistance of steel corrosion was measured. As the result, electrochemical treatment is very effectiveness to rehabilitate the passive film on the steel surface and 63-73% of chloride ions in concrete were extracted by the treatment. As the treatment was applied to fresh concrete, the resistance of steel corrosion was improved due to the densification of $Ca(OH)_2$ layers in the vicinity of steel. However, an increase in the current density resulted in an increase in surface chloride content of concrete.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.4
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• pp.23-32
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• 2003

As the kettle excavated from a site in Hwangnam-dong, Gyeongju was presumed to have been used as a melting crucible in a glass production workplace, we decided to prove its usage by scientific analysis. First, we performed conservation treatment to find the original status of the kettle, and then SEM-EDS and XRD analysis of the five corrosions created on the surface of the kettle. The fragment of the spout, which played a crucial role for the kettle to be considered as a melting crucible, was discovered during the conservation treatment. So the mouth rim of the kettle was restored to perfection. When we observed the microstructure of the metal sample, it was proved to be cast iron gradually cooled without heat treatment. In the corrosion products, the main components were Fe and O and other components such as P, Si, Ca, and S were found. The main compounds were quartz, vivianite, goetheite, akaganite, lepidocrocite, hematite, etc. Although these components were used as raw materials for making glass, these were found not in the melting status but mere raw materials. This can be an evidence to show these site where the kettle was excavated had been a glass production workplace. However, it is not sure that the kettle was used as a melting crucible. Moreover, if we consider the organic mold and sand clay accumulated in the well site when the kettle was excavated at first, we can see this as a formative factor of the corrosions of the kettle. Therefore, we concluded that the kettle is a typical cast iron and was not used as a melting crucible of glass.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.21
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• pp.41-48
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• 2007

The resistance for atmospheric corrosion of the conventional 5 epoxy resins (Araldite rapid, Araldite AW 106, Araldite SV 427, Devcon, and CDK), those were used to restoration of the iron relics, were investigated in this study. Temperature, UV light, and water were chosen for the factors of the atmospheric corrosion. The drastic voluminous changes of the epoxy resins were found at the temperature range between $40^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$ After UV exposure, the colors of the epoxy resins were severely changed. In case of the indoor exposure the chroma value(${\Delta}E$) of the resins were less than 2, which showed a little changes of the colors. The result of the water contact angle test was Araldite rapid>AW 106>Devcon>SV 427>CDK. Although the contact angles of the resins were reduced by UV exposure, SV 427 was stable comparatively.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.1-16
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• 2022

Treatment was performed to conserve the Underwood Typewriter (Hangi 6863) from the collection of the National Hangeul Museum. Since the typewriter was presumably manufactured in the modern or contemporary era and bore patterns of damage such as component loss, corrosion, and paint loss, as well as being made of multiple materials, a condition survey and a scientific analysis were conducted ahead of the conservation treatment in order to carry out appropriate treatments for each material. The analysis confirmed that the typewriter was made of various materials including metal, paint, and rubber, and the conservation treatment was performed in the sequence of removal of contamination, reinforcement, and restoration under conditions where each material was stable. Conservation treatment was completed in a stable state by strengthening the layer of damaged paint and restoring the lost leg. These processes have enabled a better understanding of the materials and characteristics of typewriters manufactured in the early modern era, which is expected to provide basic data for typewriter conservation research to be conducted in the future.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2014

The sample book was printed in 1935. Since the books in the early twentieth century were printed using acidic paper, the color of the paper would change to brown over time due to iron corrosion. In addition to corroding iron cores, the acidity of the paper (pH 3.2) also made the paper brown and fragile, as was true in the case of the sample book. To clean the paper of the sample book and to make it strong, we replaced the iron core and performed wet cleaning on the paper to remove contaminants. Then we pressed the sample book dry, and subsequently linening every page with Minoshi($4g/m^2$). Generally, book conservator rebinding the book using wires or threads: however we have devised a new method to rebind the book using colored iron cores. To color the iron core brown, they were dipped in an aqueous coloring solution ($H_2O$, $C_2H_5OH$, $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$, $FeCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$); subsequently, a 20% paraloid B-72 was applied to protect the colored iron cores from corrosion.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2003

식도 천공의 치료는 최근 치료법의 발전에도 불구하고 여전히 난해한 문제이다. 이 환자들은 천공의 원인이나 위치, 심한 정도가 다양한 이질적인 군이며, 반수 이상이 이미 식도에 기존의 질환을 가지고 있어 문제를 더욱 복잡하게 한다. 따라서 절대적이고 획일적인 치료방법은 아직 확립되어 있지 않으며 많은 다양한 방법들이 제시되고 있다. 2002년 11월부터 2003년 7월까지 총 8명의 환자가 식도 천공으로 동아대학교병원 흥부외과에서 치료를 받았으며, 원인별로는 의인성(iatrogenic) 손상이 6례, 자발성(spontaneous) 손상이 2례였고 부위별로는 경부가 3례, 흥부가 5례였다. 의인성 손상에는 내시경 검사중 정상 경부 식도에 발생한 1례, 부식성 식도협착 환자의 풍선 확장술과 스텐트 삽입시 흉부 식도에 발생한 경우가 각각 1례씩, 외상성 경추손상의 수술시 정상 경부 식도에 발생한 경우가 2례, 선천성 식도폐쇄증(esophageal atresia)의 술후 문합부 누출이 생긴 경우가 1례 있었으며, 자발성 손상에는 하부식도에 발생한 기압성(barogenic) 손상 1례와 상흉부 식도암 천공 1례가 있었다. 경부 식도 천공 3례는 모두 경부 배액(drainage)과 식이용 장루술(feeding jejunostomy)을 시행하였고, 부식성 식도협착이 있던 환자 2례는 식도절제술과 흉부내 식도-위 문합을 시행하였으며, Boerhaave씨 증후군 환자는 1차 봉합술, 술후 문합부 유출이 있었던 환자와 식도암 천공이 있었던 환자는 식도절제 및 경부 식도루(esophagostomy), 배액용 위루(gastrostomy), 식이용 장루술을 시행하였다. 모든 환자는 패혈증 등의 심각한 합병증으로의 진행 없이 회복되었다. 현재 위장관의 연속성이 유지 혹은 복원된 환자는 경구식이 중이며 그 외의 환자들은 장루를 통해 영양을 공급하며 식도재건술을 기다리고 있다. 식도 천공은 최근 항생제의 사용, 과영양요법(hyperalimentation), 술후 환자관리의 개선 등으로 치료에 많은 발전이 있었으나, 치료 방침에 있어서는 여전히 논란이 있으며 높은 사망률을 보이는 난제로 남아있다. 비록 일반적인 지침이 도움이 되겠지만, 치료 방침은 환자 개개인의 상황에 따라 적절하게 선택해야 하며, 임상경과에 따라 언제라도 방침을 변경할 수 있는 유연함이 필요하리라 생각한다.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.7
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• pp.25-31
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• 2006

We performed the conservation treatment for Bigyeokchinjeonnoe (A kind of time bomb in the Joseon Dynasty) excavated from Hwawangsanseong Fortress in Changnyeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do Province. Part of the Bigyeokchinjeonnoe has been lost; we did not restore the lost part so that one can observe the inside through it. The results of X-ray investigation and C. T (Computed Tomography) scan proved the generation of many blowholes around the molding line during the casting process; a hole in the casting mold to maintain inner mold during casting was identified on the surface and traces of fortifying this part with iron plate were also identified. The main ingredients of the blue corrosion on the surface were identified as O, Fe, P, Si and Al by SEM/EDS analysis. The result of XRD analysis identified the blue corrosion as vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O]. The metal structure clarified its material was gray cast iron.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.329-336
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• 2022

Unreadable Khitan scripts of ancient documents written by indian ink on parchment(sheepskin) are visualized by active infrared thermography without contacting and damaging the document which are deteriorated and aged presumably over many years. Sinusoidal infrared thermal wave using Halogen lamp is applied to the surface of the document in order to selectively magnify and record the thermal response of indian ink. The infrared image of the document captured in real time by infrared camera under the active external excitation shows the better sharpness and readability of Khitan characters than the optical image, from which many Khitan letters like ' ' and ' ' sounding as 'd' and 'ri' in English alphabet are detected and deciphered. It is concluded from the experiment that the active infrared thermography can be used as a promising method for digital reconstruction and preservation of ancient documents in the future.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.353-360
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• 2012

The corrosion product of archaeological iron objects is supposed to be removed because it causes re-corrosion. So far it is removed by scapel and sand blaster but they depend on the skill and experience of a conservator and the glass-dust of the sand blaster is harmful to humans. Therefore this study applies a laser cleaning system which is used in various industrial cleaning processes, to remove corrosion product from archaeological iron objects. In addition, this work studies the alternation of corrosion product after laser irradiation, which evaluates the reliability of the laser cleaning system. Optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, Raman have been used to observe and analyse the surface of the objects. The results show the capacity of laser cleaning some corrosion product, but blackening appears with increasing pulses and laser energy, and some corrosion products, goethite and hematite, are partially altered to magnetite. These problems, blackening and alternation of corrosion product, should be solved by further studies which find the optimal laser irradiation condition and use a wetting agent.