• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2003

To set out restoration plan of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests(EBLF), a case study was done at Wando arboretum, Sinjido and Jangdo(Island). Firstly, basic environmental survey was done and the degrade levels of EBLF was assessed. And the forest functions and restoration goal of vegetation have been established before considering and setting restoration types of vegetation and restoration techniques. Taking social demand and restoration goal etc. into consideration, the forest functions were classified into a ecosystem preservation, scenery conservation and timber production. Quercus acuta Forest, Castanopsis siebodii Forest, Persea thunbergii Forest, Cinnamomum japonicum Forest, Dendropanax morbifera Forest etc. were suggested as a restoration goal of vegetation. Restoration types of vegetation were classified into a preservation type, restoration type, reconstruction type and afforestation type. And restoration techniques were subdivided into a preservation, induction, improvement, and creation according to the degraded levels of EBLF.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.558-572
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to classify the types of degraded areas of Mt. Jirisan section in Baekdudaegan and survey the actual condition of each damage type to use it as basic data for the direction of the restoration of damaged areas according to damage type based on the vegetation information of reference ecosystem. The analysis of the Mt. Jirisan section's actual degraded conditions showed that the total number of patches of degraded areas was 57, and the number of patches and size of degraded areas was higher at the low average altitude and gentle slope. Grasslands (deserted lands) and cultivated areas accounted for a high portion of the damage types, indicating that agricultural land use was a major damage factor. The survey on the conditions of 14 degraded areas showed that the types of damage were classified into the grassland, cultivated area, restoration area, logged-off land, and bare ground. The analysis of the degree of disturbance (the ratio of annual and biennial herb, urbanized index, and disturbance index) by each type showed that the simple single-layer vegetation structure mostly composed of the herbaceous and the degree of disturbance were high in the grassland and cultivated land. The double-layer vegetation structure appeared in the restoration area where the pine seedlings were planted, and the inflow of naturalized plants was especially high compared to other degraded areas due to disturbances caused by the restoration project and the nearby hiking trails. Although the inflow of naturalized plants was low because of high altitude in bare ground, the proportion of annual and biennial herb was high, indicating that all surveyed degraded areas were in early succession stages. The stand ordination by type of damage showed the restoration area on the I-axis, cultivated area, grassland, logged-off land, and bare ground in that order, indicating the arrangement by the damage type. Moreover, the stand ordination of the degraded areas and reference ecosystem based on floristic variation showed a clear difference in species composition. This study diagnosed the status of each damage type based on the reference ecosystem information according to the ecological restoration procedure and confirmed the difference in species composition between the diagnosis result and the reference ecosystem. These findings can be useful basic data for establishing the restoration goal and direction in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.174-187
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• 2017

For the purpose of evaluating the restoration effect of vegetation, in this study, the areas where vegetation was restored had been monitored for 6 years, from 2008 to 2013. The areas were restored through some techniques by utilizing forest resources and nearby forest resources: biotope restoration method, forest topsoil paving method and small diameter trees planting method. Biotope restoration method is indicated the most similar properties to the existing natural forest just after they were restored because the forest likely to be deteriorated was transplanted. Forest topsoil paving method is expected that long-time will be taken for plants to grow to form the tree layer. However, the method is expected to acquire high restore the places of empty lands such as cutting areas. Community planting method is coverage can be increased for short time, relying on the sizes of planted trees, and the tree layer can be formed. Consequently, this method is expected to create high effect if the sizes of trees are considered after the right judgement of candidate site for restoration. This study is meaningful in that each type of restoration is monitored to observe the change of triggered by the succession process to forest. The study results can play as the reference data which can be utilized and applied to the area requiring vegetation restoration or to the area facing the damage of forest resources.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.152-176
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• 2022

This paper, a basic study on the restoration of arrow quivers during the Three Kingdoms Period, aimed to contribute details to the existing plan to restore the arrow quivers. The arrow quivers of the Three Kingdoms Period consist of a pouch for holding arrows and a backpiece. However, the two parts do not remain, and only metal parts have been excavated. The excavated arrow quivers were classified into three types for restoration. Centered on the pouch, the quivers were classified into type 1 made up of a W-shaped part and ㄷ-shaped part, and type 2 with only the band-shaped piece identified. Type 3 is similar to type 2, but it is assumed to be a separate type where an iron band extending from the hanging piece(吊手金具) is connected to a band-shaped piece. Before proposing a restoration plan for the three types of arrow quivers, the location of the hanging piece (吊手金具) and the observation of organic matter were reflected. In addition, such details as the location of the hanging piece (吊手金具), which cannot be identified by the excavation status alone, were derived from the ways of wearing the arrow quivers observed in the Joseon Dynasty, Shosoin (正倉院), and Haniwa (埴輪) in Japan. Referring to the existing record on the transformation of arrow quivers based on the hanging piece (吊手金具), the arrow quivers change from type 1 to types 2 and 3 in this paper. However, some of types 2 and 3 maintain the ways of wearing of type 1, and there were cases where the old-fashioned parts were kept. In particular, in Haman (咸安), it was confirmed that the typical type 1 was buried up until late periods.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.2153-2157
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• 2009

도시하천은 Eco-network의 근간이며, 하천을 통해 인간이 느낄 수 있는 정서적인 안정감, 친밀감, 쾌적함 등 어메니티의 모체로서, 최근 도심내 Open space로서의 위상을 높여가고 있다. 양재천을 위시하여 수원천, 전주천 등 지역을 대표하는 하천들이 자연형 하천으로 정비되어 하천 이용에의 관심이 고조되고, 청계천의 성공을 기점으로 하천의 친수공간으로서의 기능이 강조됨에 따라 도시하천에 대한 개발 요구도는 급속히 높아지게 되었다. 이러한 개발요구의 급속한 증가가 있음에도 불구하고 보전과 이용이 상충하는 도시하천의 어메니티 향상을 위한 기준은 마련되지 않고, 일부 하천에서 이용과 관리의 효율성을 고려하지 않은 무분별한 개발을 부추기게 되어, 오히려 어메니티 향상의 측면에서는 부정적인 결과를 초래하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하천 특성에 적합한 어메니티 도입 기준을 설정하기 위하여 하천의 규모, 자연도, 이용지수를 기준으로 하천유형을 분류하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 지속적인 연구를 진행하여 선진사례와 국내하천조사를 통해 지표요소를 분석하고, 분석된 지표요소에 따라 유형을 추출해내는 과정을 통해 하천유형과 활동유형, 도입시설간의 관계를 설정하여 도시하천 어메니티 향상을 위한 기준으로서 하천복원모델(안)을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.439-449
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 서식 문서의 선과 숫자의 획이 접촉된 경우 숫자의 획을 접촉되기 전 상태의 원 이미지로 복원하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법에는 서기 문서에서 추출한 숫자열을 대상으로 열 단위로 복원한다. 과정은 우선 숫자열과 접촉된 선의 위치를 찾아내고, 선을 추적하면서 접촉으로 판정되는 영역을 유형별로 분류하여, 각 유형에 적합한 획 복원 방법을 제안한다. 또한 선에 숫자의 획이 완전히 포함된 경우의 복원 방법도 제안하여 현장에서의 서식 처리 과정에서 발생하는 문제점을 해결하고자 하였다. 제안하는 방법을 평가하기 위해서 은행 입출금전표, 신용카드 매출전표 및 NIST 필기 숫자열 데이터베이스 이미지를 사용하였다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.82-93
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• 2014

In recent years, "ecological river restoration" taking into account the flood control, water utilization and environmental aspects of rivers is actively being investigated. However, it is hard to understand the inhabitation conditions of living organisms that live on the river with distinct characteristics have been fully reflected, and with the use of limited methods, it ends in uniformed composition of artificial rivers and a mere customary stream channel maintenance, resulting in frequently disturbed stream channel habitats As a fundamental study for investigating the habitats of living organisms that live on rivers, this study intends to examine each habitat type by dividing domestic rivers into sand rivers and gravel rivers depending on the nature of rivers and dividing sections of each river into central river sections and natural river sections. As a result, more diverse habitat types of organisms were found in the gravel rivers rather than in the sand rivers, and the habitat types of organisms in the central river sections where the river restoration project have been already conducted reached approximately 56.3 % of those that appeared in the natural river sections.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.117-121
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• 2011

기존 국내의 자연형 하천복원사업은 인위적으로 정비된 하천을 대상으로 훼손된 자연성을 되살리기 위하여 물리적 환경의 개선을 중심으로 진행되었으며, 저수호안의 안정성과 더불어 식생 피복율을 높이는 등 형태적 복원을 중심으로 사업이 시행되어 왔다. 이러한 자연형 하천복원사업은 하천의 생태적 특성에 대한 고려가 미비하여 하천이 생물서식처로서의 기능을 수행하는 데에는 효과적이지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 하천의 물리적 특성에 의하여 형성되는 생물서식처와 이에 반응하는 생물들의 상호관련성을 분석하여 생물들에게 적합한 서식환경을 제공할 수 있는 기술을 개발하며, 하천유역의 환경 훼손으로 인하여 개체수가 급감하고 있는 종을 복원 목표종으로 선정하여 개발된 기술을 현장에 시범적으로 적용하여 기술을 검증함으로써 생물을 중심으로 한 자연과 함께하는 하천복원기술을 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우리나라의 중소하천을 대표할 수 있는 대표하천을 선정하여, 서식처 유형을 분류하고 각 서식처의 물리 화학 생태특성을 분석하였으며, 이를 통해 납자루아과 어종의 산란처 및 서식처로서의 역할을 하는 개방형 하도습지 조성 기술을 개발 및 시범적용 하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

서울근교에 존재하는 소나무림은 낙엽활엽수림으로 바뀌고 있다. 그러므로 서울근교의 산림에 대한 조사는 자연 식생형 산림 특히 소나무 복원에 그 시사점을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울근교에 존재하는 8개 산의 15개 지소를 선정하여 그곳에 존재하는 식생형을 파악하고, 토양의 물리적 특성을 조사하여 산림 복원 시 고려할 토양 특성을 확인하고자 하였다. 8개 산에서 선정된 15개 조사지소는 소나무군락, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 낙엽활엽수군락으로 나누어 물리적 토양 특성을 조사하였다. 소나무의 평균 중요치는 소나무군락에서 137이었으며 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락에서는 8이었다. 평균 바위분포 면적-토양 깊이-경사는 소나무군락에서 26-22-31, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락에서 7-53-32, 낙엽활엽수군락에서 14%-34cm-$28^{\circ}$로 나타났다. 소나무군락, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 낙엽활엽수군락의 임상 및 토양에 존재하는 총 유기물량은 각각 2490, 1757, and $2107g/m^2$로 조사되었다. L층에서의 유기물량은 모든 군락 유형에서 비슷하였으나, F층과 H층에서는 매우 다르게 나타났다 : F층은 소나무군락에서 가장 발달하였고 H층은 낙엽활엽수군락에서 가장 발달하였다. 통계처리 결과는 바위분포 면적, 고도, 경사, 사면은 군락의 유형과 유의한 관련성을 보여주지 않았으나, 토양의 깊이, 자갈의 함량, 세사와 미사의 함량은 군락의 유형에 따라 다름을 보여주었다. 본 연구는 소나무군락의 토양이 자갈과 세사의 높은 함량과 관련이 있으며, 이에 따라 H층의 발달이 미약하게 나타남을 보여 주었다. 그러므로 2-10mm의 자갈이 40% 이상되는 장소에는 분해가 덜된 유기물과 소나무를 사용할 때 복원의 성공가능성이 높으며, 자갈의 함량이 30% 이하이며 모래의 함량이 50% 이상인 장소에는 분해된 유기물의 함량을 높이고 낙엽활엽수를 이용하는 것이 복원성공 가능성이 높음을 시사한다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.507-524
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• 2022

In this study, we revealed the location environment and community structural characteristics after extensively investigating Korea's warm-temperate island areas and categorizing vegetation through TWINSPAN analysis. Based on it, this study aims to suggest the direction of the vegetation restoration plan for warm-temperate forests by deriving a restoration strategy for each vegetation type. The vegetation types were clearly divided into eight types, and communities I through IV were good evergreen broad-leaved forests dominated by Machilus thunbergii and Castanopsis sieboldii. On the other hand, communities V through VIII were Pinus thunbergii forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, and artificial forest, and retrogressive succession vegetation in the warm-temperate areas. The environmental factors derived from the DCA analysis were altitude (average temperature of the coldest month) and distance from the coastline (salt tolerance). The distribution pattern of warm-temperate forests has been categorized into M. thunbergii, C. sieboldii and Cyclobalanopsis spp. forest types according to the two environmental factors. It is reasonable to apply the three vegetation types as restoration target vegetation considering the location environment of the restoration target site. In communities V through VIII, P. thunbergiiand deciduous broad-leaved formed a canopy layer, and evergreen broad-leaved species with strong seed expansion frequently appeared in the ground layer, raising the possibility of vegetation succession as evergreen broad-leaved forests. The devastated land where forests have disappeared in the island areas is narrow, but vegetation such as P. thunbergii and deciduous broad-leaved forests, which have become a retrogressive succession, forms a large area. The restoration strategy of renewing this area into evergreen, broad-leaved forests should be more effective in realizing carbon neutrality and promoting biodiversity.