• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine 10 preservatives (benzyl alcohol (BAl), phenoxyethanol (PE), benzoic acid (BA), sorbic acid (SA), methyl paraben (MP), ethyl paraben (EP), propyl paraben (PP), isopropyl paraben (IPP), butyl paraben (BP), isobutyl paraben (IBP)) levels in 125 cosmetics (n = 125) for children by the simultaneous analysis of HPLC. The detection ranges were as follows; 0.01 ~ 0.91% (n = 35) for PE, 0.01 ~ 0.48% (n = 28) for BA, 0.01 ~ 0.78% (n = 9) for BAl, 0.01 ~ 0.11% (n = 3) for SA, 0.04 ~ 0.21% (n = 8) for MP, 0.02 ~ 0.09% (n = 8) for PP, and 0.04% (n = 1) for EP. The order of detection rates was cleanser (63%) > cream (48%) > sunscreen (46%) > lotion (38%) > oil (13%). At least one of target preservatives was contained in 50% (63/125) of samples and the content of the detected preservatives was within maximum allowed amount established by KFDA. Phenoxyethanol and benzoic acid were used more frequently than paraoxybenzoate esters (parabens) in cosmetics for children and the detected parabens was mainly the mixture of methyl paraben and propyl paraben.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2008

The gamma irradiation process was performed to prolong a shelf-life of peaches and the effects of a gamma irradiation on the nutritional, physiochemical and sensory characteristics of peaches were evaluated during a post-irradiation storage at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. Nutritional, physiochemical and sensory characteristics of peaches were stable at 1 kGy of an irradiation, a recommended dose for fruits and vegetables by CODEX, and the viable cell counts of contaminated microorganisms were reduced by 2 decimal reduction, at this dose. After a 1-week storage at ambient condition, the microbiological quality of the 1 kGy irradiated peach was stable, while all the non-irradiated peaches were deteriorated Furthermore, cold storage enhanced the shelf-life of the gamma irradiated peach and the nutritional and physiochemical characteristics of the peaches were comparatively stable up to 6 weeks. Right after gamma irradiation, the sensory evaluation results were not different in any of the samples, and the sensory quality of the irradiated peaches was adequate for a 4-week storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Our results suggested that gamma irradiation at 1 kGy can be used to enhance the shelf-life of peach without a significant loss in the quality attributes, especially upon cold storage after radiation treatment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.539-548
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of scattering radiation, which was not considered in the cultural Heritage radiography, by evaluating the relationship between the tube voltage (unit: kVp), film-floor-distance(FFD), and lead screen layout. The density (unit: D) of the test specimens and the scattered radiation increased with the tube voltage. The density of the test specimens showed an average deviation of 1.4 D; it was 0.17 D at 60 kVp, 1.54 D at 160 kVp, and 2.97 D at 220 kVp. The mean density of the scattered radiation was 0.10 D at 60 kVp, 0.40 D at 160 kVp, and 0.46 D at 220 kVp. The density tended to increase when the tube voltage ranged between 60 kVp and 160 kVp, as the FFD distance increased. However, a change in the permeation density was not observed for high voltages(160 kVp-220 kVp). Scattered radiation was observed when FFD was 50 mm, 100 mm, and 200 mm and no lead screen was used and the bottom surface was replaced with the lead screen. No scattered radiation was observed when FFD was 0 mm. The identification rate ranged from 2.08% to 2.67%, according to the FFD, for a 160 kVp tube voltage, and from 2.67% to 3.33% for a 220 kVp tube voltage.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.931-939
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• 1996

An experimental comparative study was done to determine the protective effects of three preservation solutions on isolated rabbit heart-lung bloc during acute ischemia and reperfusion of the lung during lung transplantation. Thirty Isolated rabbit heart-lung blocs were divided into 3 groups , group I(n:9) was preserved with Hartmann's solution, group II(n: 10) with modified University of Wisconsin solution, and group III(n: 1 1) with Kosin solution. The isolated heart-lung blocs were washed with Hartmann's so ution. Aftar infusion of each preservation solution into pulmonary artery, the heart-lung bloc was stored at 4'c cold preservation solution for each group for 4 hours and .then the heart-lung blocs were reventilated and reperfused. The changes of weight of heart-lung blocs, airway pressure, percent change of PCO2, level of lactate and adenosine deaminase(ADA) and microscopic structure of the lung parenchyme were evaluated. Results were as follows 1. A change of weight of the heart lung bloc after reperfusion was lowest in group 111(p< .05) 2. The airway pressure increased after reperfusion in group I but decreased in group II, and II. Especially in group II, post-reperfusion airway pressure returned to level lower than that of en-bloc resection. 3. Pulmonary artery pressure during reperfusion after 4 hour preservation was lowest in group III, and pulmonary artery pressure in group II was higher than in group I(P> 0.1). 4. The level of lactate and ADA in the lung tissue were higher in group III than in group I and II(P< .05) 5. The percent change of PCO2 in perfusate was slightly higher in group III than group I and II. 6. Microscopic changes in lung tissue after reperfusion were diffuse pulmonary edema, expansion of inter- stitial tissue, focal aggregation of erythrocytes, and basement membrane abnormalities, but no differences were found among the three groups. In conclusion, the protective effects of modified University of Wisconsin solution and Kosin solution were slightly superior to Hartmann's solution.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 1996

A nuclide transfer by utilizing mass transfer coefficient and barrier response function defined for each barrier is proposed, by which the final nuclide transfer rate into the sea water can be evaluated. When simple and immediate quantification of the nuclide release is necessary in the conservative aspect, using this kind of approach may be advantageous since each layered barrier can be treated separately from other media in series in the repository system, making it possible to apply separate solutions in succession to other various media. Although one disadvantage is that while flux continuity can be maintained at the interface by using the exit nuclide flux from the first medium as the source flux for the next one, there may be no guarantee for concentration continuity, this problem could be eliminated assuming that there is no boundary resistance to mass transfer across the interface. Mass transfer coefficient can be determined by the assumption that the nuclide concentration gradient at the interface between adjacent barriers remains constant and barrier response function is obtained from an analytical expression for nuclide flow rate out of each barrier in response to a unit impulse into the barrier multiplied by mass transfer coefficient. Total time-dependent nuclide transfer rate from the barrier can then be obtained by convoluting the response function for the barrier with a previously calculated set of time-varying input of nuclide flow rate for the previous barrier.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.184-192
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• 2009

Background: Although complications from transfusion are known to happen, transfusion is performed during most open heart surgeries. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of performing cardiac surgery without allogenic blood transfusion. Material and Method: Between January to August 2007, 44 consecutive patients who underwent open heart surgery with using various blood conservation methods were retrospectively enrolled. They were divided into group I (the onpump group, n=17) and group II (the offpump group, n=27). The blood conservation methods were intraoperative autologous donation, cell saver, retrograde autologous priming, conventional ultrafiltration and modified ultrafiltration. Antianemic agents were administered to all the patients postoperatively. We analyzed the possibility of bloodless operations, the causes of homologous transfusion, the serial change of the hematocrit and the postoperative chest tube drainage, and we compared the results between the two groups. If comparison between the two groups was not reasonable, then we compared two groups with the individual control groups I and II (49 patients) in 2006. Result: 40 (90.9%) of 44 patients were successfully operated on without transfusion and the success rate was 88.2% (15/17) for group I and 92.6% (25/27) for group II. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (p=NS). The causes of transfusion were 2 cases of postoperative bleedings, 1 case of intraoperative bleeding and 1 mistake of the indication for transfusion. There was no statistical difference of the total chest tube drainage (Group I: $417{\pm}359mL$, Group II: $451{\pm}237mL$) (p=NS), but the total chest tube drainages of the two groups were less than each of the control groups 1 and II (p<0.05). The lowest hematocrit level of Group I was $16.4{\pm}2%$, and this occurred just after infusion of cardioplegics and the hematocrits of both groups were recovered to the preoperative level at 2 months postoperatively. Conclusion: In this study, bloodless open heart surgery could be performed in 90.9% of the patients with intraoperative autologous donation, cell saver, retrograde autologous priming, conventional ultrafiltration and modified ultrafiltration. A combination of various blood conservation methods is the most important and bloodless cardiac surgery could be performed with meticulous bleeding control and strictly following the transfusion indications.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.300-314
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• 2023

The quality of the products was investigated by analyzing fluorine content, pH, preservatives and tar colors in 31 dentifrice products (6 items for children) and 15 mouthwash products (2 items for children) marketed. It was intended to provide correct information to consumers by checking whether the standards and product indications match. As a result of measuring the fluoride concentration, 26 dentifrice and 15 mouthwash products contained from 48 to 1,472 ppm and from 85 to 225 ppm, respectively. Fluorine detection rates of dentifrice and mouthwash products were 83.9 and 83.3 %, respectively showing similar levels. Of the 41 fluoride-detected dentifrice and mouthwash products, 40 were 90.7~109.8 % of the displayed amount and suitable for the fluorine content standard of 90.0 to 110.0 %, but one dentifrice was found to be inappropriate at 36.3 % of the content indicated on the product. The pH of the dentifrice was 5.1~9.4, and the mouthwash was 4.2~6.2, which met all standards. As a result of simultaneous analysis of the concentration of six preservatives, benzoic acid was detected the most in 15 cases with a 30.6 % detection rate, sorbic acid was detected in 9 cases (detection rate of 18.4 %), and all four types of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate were not detected. As a result of analyzing the concentration of 10 types of tar colors, six types including red40, yellow4, yellow5, yellow203, green3, and blue1 were detected in a total of 9 cases (2 dentifrices and 7 mouthwashes) with blue1 being the most frequently detected. Detected fluorine concentration, added preservatives and tar colors were consistent with the product markings and it was well written on product packaging. The detected preservatives and tar colors were at a safe level due to low risk compared to Acceptable Daily Intake.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.415-426
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• 2006

In this study, the changes in the degree of conversion (DC) and the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of self-etching adhesives to dentin was investigated according to the time after curing. The MTBS of Single Bond (SB, 3M ESPE, USA), Clearfil SE Bond (SE, Kuraray, Japan), Xeno-III (XIII, Dentsply, Germany), and Adper Prompt (AP, 3M ESPE, USA) were measured at 48h, at 1 week and after thermocycling for 5,000 cycles between 5$^{\circ}$C and 55$^{\circ}$C. The DC of the adhesives were measured immediately, at 48h and at 7 days after curing using a Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectrometer. The fractured surfaces were also evaluated with scanning electron microscope. The MTBS and DC were significantly increased with time and there was an interaction between the variables of time and material (MTBS, 2-way ANOVA, p = 0.018; DC, Repeated Measures ANOVA, p < 0.001). The low DC was suggested as a cause of the low MTBS of self-etching adhesives, XIII and AP, but the increase in the MTBS of SE and AP after 48h could not be related with the changes in the DC. The microscopic maturation of the adhesive layer might be considered as the cause of increasing bond strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.321-334
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate bonding efficacy by means of measuring the effect of remained solvent on Degree of conversion(DC) and ${\mu}TBS$ and FE-SEM examination. Materials and Methods: Two 2-step total etching adhesives and two single-step self etching adhesives were used in this study. First, volume weight loss of 4 dentin adhesives were measured using weighting machine in process of time in normal conditions and calculate degree of evaporation (DE). Reaction/reference intensity ratio were measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy and calculate DC according to DE. Then 2 experimental groups were prepared according to air-drying methods (under, over) and control group was prepared to manufacturer's instruction. Total 12 groups were evaluated by means of micro tensile bond strength and FE-SEM examination. Results: Degree of evaporation (DE) was increased as time elapsed but different features were observed according to the kind of solvents. Acetone based adhesive showed higher DE than ethanol and butanol based adhesive. Degree of conversion (DC) was increased according to DE except for $S^3$ bond. In ${\mu}TBS$ evaluation, bond strength was increased by additional air-drying. Large gaps and droplets were observed in acetone based adhesives by FE-SEM pictures. Conclusions: Additional air-drying is recommended for single-step self etching adhesive but careful consideration is required for 2-step total etching adhesive because of oxygen inhibition layer. Evaporation method is carefully chose and applied according to the solvent type.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the success rate of intentionally replanted mandibular second molar with C-shaped canal configurations and to access the impact of preoperative periapical lesion on the success of intentional replantation procedure. Materials and Methods: This retrospective chart review study evaluated 52 intentionally replanted mandibular second molar teeth treated at Seoul National University Dental Hospital Department of Conservative Dentistry from January 2005 to December 2007. Seventeen teeth were lost for the follow-up, and another 6 teeth did not meet inclusion criteria of C-shaped root canal configurations. Healing outcome such as success, uncertain healing, and failure after follow-up was evaluated by clinical criteria and radiographs. Results: The overall success rate was 72.4% for the 29 intentionally replanted C-shaped mandibular second molars. The success rate of replanted teeth with preoperative periapical lesions was similar to that of replanted teeth which have no periapical lesions. Conclusions: Therefore, root canal treatment failure on C-shaped mandibular second molar can be predictably treated by intentional replantation regardless of the presence of periapical lesion.