• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

This study sought to analyze changes in the vegetation structure and species diversity indices in the Abies koreana forest in the Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain and establish basic data for Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER). The results show that the number of woody plants per 1ha has increased by 804 (45.1%) from 1,781 to 2,585 individual plants, whereas the number of live A. koreana did not change much with 796 individual plants. The number of dead tree plants, however, jumped by 807 (82.2%) from 982 to 1,789 plants. With other tree species, the number of live individual plants increased by 807 (82.2%) from 982 to 1,789 plants, whereas the number of dead plants increased by 31 from 10 to 41 individual plants. Results of the average importance index analysis show that the number of A. koreana decreased, while the number of Weigela subsessilis, Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense, and Magnolia sieboldii increased. The species diversity index increased by 6.7% as per the maximum level in the upper layer and by 7.2% in the lower layer, respectively. Results of the stem morphology analysis show that the number of AS type was highest with 700 individual plants among A. koreana, while their distribution by type shifted from AS>AL>DS>DB to AS>DS>AL>DB. As for other species, the AS type was most abundant with 1,580 individual plants, while their distribution by type shifted from AL>AS>AF>AB to AS>AL>AB>AD. The number of newly sprouted tree plants has increased from 420 in 2014 to 453 in 2016. Of the individual plants that were alive in 2014, 23 were found dead and 33 individual plants younger than 3 years old have been newly added to the group. The number of deaths after 2014 was highest among the 2 years olds, whereas the number of 2 years olds that sprouted in 2014 was highest among the newly sprouted tree plant group. In the A. koreana forest in Yeongsil, the density of other species was rising rapidly with the exception of the dead and live A. koreana. The occurrence of new tree plants is decreasing rapidly, thereby confirming the rapid change in the area's vegetation structure. Therefore, there is a need for continuous long-term ecological research to monitor vegetation change. It can also be used as a basic data for efficient restoration research.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2005

With the advent of computer technology, the fundamental nature of products has shaped from physical forms towards product interactivity, The focus is now on usability of the product with ease and efficiency rather than conversing with just the looks of the product. However, most definitions of usability and contemporary usability-related researches, have focused on the performance-oriented functional aspects of usability (i.e., how well users perform tasks using a product). Today, user expectations are higher; products that bring not only functional benefits but also emotional satisfaction. So far, there have been many studies on human emotions and the emotional side of products in the field of emotional engineering. Contemporary emotion-related researches have focused mainly on the relationship between product aesthetics and the emotional responses elicited by the products, but little is known about emotions elicited from using the products. The main objective of our research is analyzing user's emotional changes while using a product, to reveal the influence of usability on human emotions. In this research, we suggested conceptual framework for the study on the relationship between usability of products, and human emotions with emphasis on mobile phones. We also extracted emotional words for measuring user's emotions expressed not from looking at the product's appearance, but from using the product. First, we assembled a set of emotions that is sufficiently extensive to represent a general overview of the full repertoire of Korean emotions from the literature study. Secondly, we found emotional words in the after note by the users on the websites. Finally, verbal protocols in which the user says out loud what he/she ks feeling while he/she ks carrying out a task were collected. And then, the appropriateness of extracted emotional words was verified by the members of the consumer panel of a company through web survey. It is expected that emotional words extracted in this research will be used to measure user's emotional changes while using a product. Based on the conceptual framework suggested in this research, basic guidelines on interface design methods that reflect user's emotions will be illustrated.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.854-862
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• 2013

The number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is known to be an unfixed trait among mammals. This study focused on the relationship between numerical variations of cervical (CER), thoracic (THO), and lumbar (LUM) vertebrae and the total number of vertebrae (TNV) and carcass traits in Jejunative black pigs (JBPs), Landrace pigs, and their intercrossed $F_2$ population. There were no numerical variations in CER vertebrae. On the other hand, the numbers of THO and LUM vertebrae and the TNV varied in all three populations. Of the traits investigated in the three populations, only the means${\pm}$SE of the LUM vertebrae did not show statistical significance (p>0.05). The carcass weights (CW), meat color (MC), marbling score (MS), backfat thickness (BFT), carcass length (CLE), THO vertebrae, and TNV all showed statistical significance (p<0.05). The JBP had 14-16 THO vertebrae, 5-6 LUM vertebrae, and 27-29 TNV. The Landrace pigs had 15-16 THO vertebrae, 5-7 LUM vertebrae, and 28-29 TNV. The $F_2$ population had 14-17 THO vertebrae, 5-7 LUM vertebrae, and 27-30 TNV. In the F2 population, increased numbers of THO vertebrae and TNV were associated with a significant increase in the CW, CLE, and BFT (p<0.05). In particular, the increase in the TNV was caused by an increase in the number of THO rather than LUM vertebrae. Although the animals with a greater number of THO and TNV had thicker backfat, they had a longer CLE and a heavier CW. Both these traits are economically more important than the level of backfat when determining the productivity level. These results suggest that genetic selection to increase the number of vertebrae, especially in Landrace pigs, JBPs, and their related populations, may be an excellent strategy for improving productivity.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Genomic DNA isolated from two geographical populations of pond-smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) was amplified for RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis. The populations were obtained from Chungju (CJ), in the inland area, and Dangjin (DJ), in the vicinity of the West Sea in Korea. Seven arbitrarily selected primers, OPB-06, OPB-10, OPB-13, OPB-17, OPC-09, OPC-17 and OPC-20, were used to generate the shared loci, polymorphic, and specific loci. Three hundred and eighty-three loci observed per primer were identified in the CJ population, and 287 were identified in the DJ population. Among them, 91 polymorphic loci or 23.8% were polymorphic in the CJ population, and 47 (16.4%) in the DJ population. The number of shared loci observed was 198 in the CJ population and 176 in the DJ population. Forty-four and 75 specific loci were detected in the CJ and DJ populations, respectively. Especially, 99 numbers of shared loci by the two populations, with an average of 14.1 per primer, were observed in the two pond-smelt populations. The average bandsharing value between the two geographical pond-smelt populations was $0.700{\pm}0.008$, ranging from 0.600 to 0.846. Compared separately, the bandsharing value of individuals within the CJ population was higher than that of the DJ population. The dendrogram obtained using the data from the seven primers indicated three genetic clusters: cluster 1, CJ 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, and 11; cluster 2, DJ 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, and 09; and cluster 3, DJ 10 and 11. The genetic distance between the two geographical populations ranged from 0.040 to 0.545. Thus, RAPD-PCR analysis revealed a significant genetic distance between the two pond-smelt populations.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.189-197
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• 2003

Properties of seed production in Corydalis, spring ephemeral, group were studied during two years at Namhansansung area. Corydalis´ flower was out in the early April and its seed dispersed in the early May. The period of total seed production was 30 days. The decrease rate of sex organs was the highest between deflowering time and early fruiting time. The numbers of flower and seed per plant were in the range of 1∼13 and 0∼76, respectively. And the number of seed per fruit was from zero to twenty. In a plant, seed production was the most (11.8 seeds) in the lowest fruit and conspicuously decreased along the upward fruit. In the same plant, seed production was various by each year. The plants of small tuber size produced more seeds and those of large tuber size produced fewer seeds in the next year than this year. In the early growth season, the flowering plants/total plants rate increased in proportion to plant size (tuber volume), the rate of the smallest size class (<100 ㎣) was in the range of 5.0%(1999)∼5.4%(2000), those over the 600 ㎣ size classes were 100%. The number of flower per plant at the same size class were higher in 2000 than in 1999. Especially, at the size class of 900 ㎣≤, the numbers of flower per plant were 13.2 in 2000 and 6.5 in 1999. In the late growth season, the flowering plants/total plants rates were 13.3%in the smallest size class (<100 ㎣)and 100% over the 500 ㎣ size classes. Therefore, the flowering plants/total plants rates along the size classes were higher in the late growth season than in the early one. The bumer of fruit or seed per plant increased in proportion to the volume and dry weight of tuber, there was not significant and varied along each plant in the same size class. The number of fruit or seed per plant conspicuously increased in proportion to the leaf area. Therefore, it was thought that seed production was related to photosynthetic ability during growth season.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2004

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to study the possible differences in clinical and polysomnographic findings, depending on the presence or absence of subjective complaints of abnormal sleep behavior, in patients with RWA on polysomnography. Method: We reviewed patient records and polysomnographic data of patients referred to the Sleep Laboratory at Seoul National University Hospital from June 1996 through October 2002. We defined the manifest RBD group (n=32) as patients having both complaints of abnormal sleep behavior and RWA on polysomnography. The latent RBD group (n=20) consisted of patients who exhibited RWA on polysomnography but did not complain of abnormal sleep behavior. The clinical characteristics and polysomnographic findings between the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results: Fifty-two subjects had RWA, as detected by polysomnography (42 males and 10 females, mean age of $55.1{\pm}19.1\;years$). Subjects in the manifest RBD group were significantly older than those in the latent RBD group ($61.59{\pm}13.5$ vs. $44.70{\pm}2.76\;years$, independent t-test, p<0.01). More subjects in the manifest RBD group exhibited abnormal REM behavior on polysomnography than did subjects in the latent RBD group (81.3 vs. 50.0%, Fisher's exact test, p<0.05). No significant differences between the groups were found in the prevalence of brain disorders and primary sleep disorders, gender proportion, and sleep architecture. Conclusion: No difference in sleep architecture was found between the manifest and the latent RBD groups. Only age and the presence of abnormal sleep behavior on polysomnography differentiated the two groups. We suggest that RWA on polysomnography without complaints of abnormal sleep behavior may be early manifestation of manifest RBD. Attention to RWA on polysomnography is necessary to help prevent full-blown RBD from developing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.488-495
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• 2005

This study was conducted to understand the influences of forest structure on throughfall, stemflow and interception loss. The study plots included the natural old-growth deciduous, Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla forests in Gwangneung and the rehabilitated young mixed forest in Yangju, Gyeonggido. The Pinus koraiensis and Abies hotophylla had been planted in 1976. The rehabilitated young mixed forest had been established to control erosion in 1974. Total and net rainfall were monitored from March, 2003 to October, 2004. Tipping bucket rain gauge recorded total rainfall. Throughfall and stemflow were measured by custom-made tipping bucket and CR10X data logger at each $10m{\times}10m$ plots at intervals of 30 minutes. Interception loss in the Pinus koraiensis plot were most as 37.2% of total rainfall and least as 22.6% in the rehabilitated young mixed forest. Stemflow in the rehabilitated young mixed forest was 10.7% of total rainfall and stemflow in the Pinus koraiensis plot was 2.4%. The average throughfall ratio ranged from 66% to 77% depending on the canopy coverage. The relationship of stemflow and total rainfall represented in a linear regression equation though the variation of data was large. The ratio of stemflow-conversion was 2% of total rainfall in the Pinus koraiensis plot and 12% in the rehabilitated young mixed forest, respectively. The stem storage of the natural old-growth deciduous was the largest of 0.21 mm whereas that of the Pinus koraiensis plot was the least of 0.003 mm. A deciduous forest produced stemflow more than a coniferous forest due to a smooth bark and steeply angled branches. Interception loss of all study plots increased linearly as total rainfall increased. The distribution of interception loss data related in total rainfall became wider in a deciduous forest than a coniferous. It resulted from seasonality of leaf area index in a deciduous forest. As considered above results, it was confirmed that there were great differences of throughfall, stemflow and interception loss depending on forest stand structures. The simulation model for predicting interception loss must have parameters such as forest stand characteristics and LAI in order to describe the influence of forest structure on interception loss.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 1999

To evaluate the usefulness of transforming growth factor-$\beta$1 (TGF-$\beta$1) as a new tumor marker, we determined the plasma TGF-$\beta$1 levels using sandwich ELISA assay in cancer patients. Patients with three most common adult cancers in Korea (stomach, liver and breast cancer) and children's cancers (leukemia and two kinds of solid tumor) were enrolled for the study. Furthermore, 39 individuals were subjected to age and sex-stratified plasma TGF-$\beta$1 analysis. No statistical difference was demonstrated with respect to age or sex. The mean plasma TGF-$\beta$1 level (16.0 ng/ ml) of stomach cancer patients was significantly higher than that (8.3 ng/ml) of controls. However, there was no difference among the mean plasma TGF-$\beta$1 levels of liver, breast cancer patients and controls. Seven of 16 patients (43.7%) with stomach cancer, one of 8 (12.5%) with liver cancer, and one of 7 (14.3%) with breast cancer showed higher TGF-$\beta$1 levels compared to controls. Plasma TGF-$\beta$1 concentrations of five leukemic children remained in the normal range regardless of the remission state. In contrast, initial high TGF-$\beta$1 levels from two children with solid tumors returned to normal range on surgical resection of tumors. From the above results, we could conclude that plasma TGF-$\beta$1 levels of apparently healthy individuals seem to be rather constant irrespective of difference in age or sex, and the plasma TGF-$\beta$1 has the limited value as a screening test for the diagnosis of aforementioned adult cancers because of its low sensitivity. Finally, additional studies need to be pursed for the large number of stomach cancer and pediatric solid tumor patients in order to reach a secure conclusion on the usefulness of plasma TGF-$\beta$1 as a tumor marker in these patients.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1997

This study was carried out in order to determine soft tissue response to incisor movement and mandibular repositioning and to determine feasibility of predicting vertical and horizontal changes in soft tissue with hard tissue movement. For this study, cephalometric records of 41 orthodontically treated adult females who had Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion were selected and stepwise multiple regression analysis was employed. Following conclusions were obtained by analysing the changes of soft tissue and hard tissue before and after treatment. 1. Hard tissue measurements that showed significant changes before and after treatment were horizontal and angular changes of maxillary incisor, horizontal,vertical and angular changes of mandibular incisor, overjet, overbite, interincisal angle, mandibular repositioning, A,B, skeletal convexity and soft tissue measurements that showed significant changes were horizontal, thickness and angular changes of upper lip, horizontal and angular changes of lower lip, interlabial angle, nasolabial angle labiomental angle, Sri, Ss, Si and soft tissue convexity(P<0.05). 2. All Soft tissue measurements changed significantly before and after treatment had between one and four hard tissue independent variables at statistically significant level, indicating that all soft tissue changes were direct relationship with hard tissue changes 3. Ova jet, horizontal change of maxillary incisor, horizontal change of maxillary root apex and horizontal change of pogonion entered into prediction equations most frequentely indicating that they were more significant variables in prediction of vertical and horizontal changes in the soft tissue with treatment, but vertical changes of mandibular incisor not entered any prediction equations, indicating that it was not considered a good predictor for soft tissue changes with maxillary incisor retraction. 4. Horizontal and vertical changes in subnasale were found to have most independent variables, significant at the 0.05 level in prediction-equations(${\Delta}$Sn(H):Ur, Is(H), Pg(H), UIA,${\Delta}$Sn(V): Is(H), Pg(H), overjet, A), indicating that subnasale changes are influenced by complex hard tissue interaction. 5. Multiple correlation coefficient($R^2$) of the soft tissue prediction equations ranges from 0.2-0.6.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.733-739
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• 2000

Background : Pleural eosinophilia is rare and commonly considered to be an indicator of good prognosis. The diagnostic significance of eosinophilic pleural effusions remains controversial despite a century of observation and discussion. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of eosinophilia in 446 consecutive samples of pleural fluid, to review the cause of eosinophilic pleural effusion and to determine whether the presence of eosinophils increases the likehood of benign conditions. Method : A retrospective analysis was performed upon patients that underwent first thoracentesis due to pleural effusion between January 1999 and December 1999. Results : Eosinophilic pleural effusions were identified in 24 of the 446 patients (5.4%). Malignancy, parapneumonic effusion and tuberculosis were determined the major causes of pleural effusion (80.6%). Malignancy was diagnosed as frequently in eosinophilic effusions as in non-eosinophilic effusions (54.2% vs 50.5%, p=0.725). No difference was found in the prevalence of eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic effusion according to the etiology. The mean blood eosinophil ratio in patients with eosinophilic pleural effusion was 5.4% and no significant correlation existed between the blood and pleural eosinophilic count. Conclusion : Pleural eosinophilia is not helpful for differentiating benign and malignant etiology and is not related with bood eosinophilia or repeated tapping.