Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology (한국환경복원기술학회지)

The Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology (한국환경복원기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Vegetation Change of Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Site of Abies koreana Forests in Hallasan Mountain (Yeongsil Area)

한라산(영실) 장기생태연구(LTER) 조사지 구상나무 숲 식생 변화

  • Song, Kuk-Man (Warm Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Kim, Jae-Hoon (Warm Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science)
  • 송국만 (국립산림과학원 난대아열대산림연구소) ;
  • 김재훈 (국립산림과학원 난대아열대산림연구소)
  • Received : 2017.11.08
  • Accepted : 2018.02.02
  • Published : 2018.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study sought to analyze changes in the vegetation structure and species diversity indices in the Abies koreana forest in the Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain and establish basic data for Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER). The results show that the number of woody plants per 1ha has increased by 804 (45.1%) from 1,781 to 2,585 individual plants, whereas the number of live A. koreana did not change much with 796 individual plants. The number of dead tree plants, however, jumped by 807 (82.2%) from 982 to 1,789 plants. With other tree species, the number of live individual plants increased by 807 (82.2%) from 982 to 1,789 plants, whereas the number of dead plants increased by 31 from 10 to 41 individual plants. Results of the average importance index analysis show that the number of A. koreana decreased, while the number of Weigela subsessilis, Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense, and Magnolia sieboldii increased. The species diversity index increased by 6.7% as per the maximum level in the upper layer and by 7.2% in the lower layer, respectively. Results of the stem morphology analysis show that the number of AS type was highest with 700 individual plants among A. koreana, while their distribution by type shifted from AS>AL>DS>DB to AS>DS>AL>DB. As for other species, the AS type was most abundant with 1,580 individual plants, while their distribution by type shifted from AL>AS>AF>AB to AS>AL>AB>AD. The number of newly sprouted tree plants has increased from 420 in 2014 to 453 in 2016. Of the individual plants that were alive in 2014, 23 were found dead and 33 individual plants younger than 3 years old have been newly added to the group. The number of deaths after 2014 was highest among the 2 years olds, whereas the number of 2 years olds that sprouted in 2014 was highest among the newly sprouted tree plant group. In the A. koreana forest in Yeongsil, the density of other species was rising rapidly with the exception of the dead and live A. koreana. The occurrence of new tree plants is decreasing rapidly, thereby confirming the rapid change in the area's vegetation structure. Therefore, there is a need for continuous long-term ecological research to monitor vegetation change. It can also be used as a basic data for efficient restoration research.

본 연구는 한라산 영실 지역의 구상나무 숲에서 식생구조와 종다양성 지수의 변화를 분석하여 장기생태연구의 기초자료를 구축하기 위해 실시하였다. 조사결과 1ha당 목본식물은 1,781개체에서 804개체(45.1%)가 증가한 2,585개체였으며, 살아 있는 구상나무는 796개체로 큰 변화는 없었지만 죽은 개체는 190개체에서 312개체로 122개체(64.2%)가 증가하였다. 기타 수종은 살아있는 개체가 982개체에서 1,789개체로 807개체(82.2%)가 증가했으며, 죽은 개체는 10개체에서 31개체가 증가한 41개체였다, 평균 중요도지수 분석결과 상층 구상나무는 감소하였고, 하층 병꽃나무, 산철쭉, 함박꽃나무는 증가하였다. 종다양도는 최대종다양도 대비 상층 6.7%, 하층 7.2%가 증가하였다. 줄기 형태 분석결과 구상나무는 AS형이 700개체로 가장 많았으며, AS형>AL형>DS형>DB형에서 AS형>DS형>AL형>DB형으로 변하였다. 기타 수종은 AS형이 1,580개체로 가장 많았으며, AL형>AS형>AF형>AB형에서 AS형>AL형>AB형> AD형으로 변경되었다. 치수 발생 변화는 2014년에 420개체에서 2016년 453개체로 증가하였다. 2014년에 살아있던 개체 중에서 23개체는 죽었으며, 3년생 미만의 새로운 개체가 33개체 새롭게 발생하였다. 2014년 이후 죽은 치수와 새롭게 발생한 치수는 2년생 치수가 가장 많았다. 영실 구상나무 숲은 구상나무의 고사목과 구상나무를 제외한 기타 수종의 밀도가 급격히 증가하고 있고 치수발생이 급격히 감소하고 있어 식생구조의 변화가 빠르게 발생하고 있다. 따라서 식생변화를 모니터링 할 수 있는 지속적인 장기 생태연구가 필요하고 효율적인 자생지 복원 연구의 기초자료로 활용가능하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Antos JA.Parish R and Nigh GD. 2008. Growth Patterns Prior to Mortality of Mature Abies lasiocarpa in Old-growth Subalpine Forests of Southern British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management. 255(5-6): 1,568-1,574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.11.022
  2. Bates BC.Kundzewicz ZW.Wu S and Palutikof JP. 2008. Climate Change and Water, Technical. Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Secretariat, Geneva. pp. 210.
  3. Chan MH.Hu ST.Lin HC and Fujimoto N. 2013. Comparison of COFECHA and TSAPWIN from Dendroclimatology for Climate Change and Taiwan Fir (Abies kawakamii) Growth Pattern in Alpine Central Taiwan. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 58(1): 115-124.
  4. Cho HJ.Lee JH and Bae KH. 2006. Composition and Structure of the Major Forest Stands in Mt. Worak, Korea: On the National Long- Term Ecological Research Sites. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology. 29(6): 531-537. (in Korean with English summary) https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2006.29.6.531
  5. Choi YE.Oh JG and Kim CH. 2013. Community Distribution on Forest Vegetation of the Hyangjeokbong in the Deogyusan National Park. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment. 46(2): 289-300. (in Korean with English summary) https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2013.46.2.289
  6. Chung JM.Lee SW and Lee KY. 1996. Vegetation Structure, Regeneration Niche, and Dynamics of the Saplings in Abies koreana Forest of the Mt. Chiri. Journal of Korean Forestry Society. 85(1): 34-43. (in Korean with English summary)
  7. Curtis, JT and McIntosh RP. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the Prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology. 32: 476-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/1931725
  8. Dang H.Zhang Y.Zhang K.Jiang M and Zhang Q. 2010. Age structure and regeneration of subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) forests across an altitudinal range in the Qinling Mountains, China. Forest ecology and management. 259(3): 547-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.011
  9. Kang SJ.Kwak AK and Kikuchi T. 1997. A Phytosociological Description of the Abies koreana Forest on Mt. Halla in Cheju Island, Korea. The Korean Journal of Ecology. 20(2): 293-298. (in Korean with English summary)
  10. Kang WS.Kim KO.Lee SG.Park HN and Cho SH. 2014. Distribution of High Mountain Plants and Species Vulnerability Against Climate Change. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment. 23(2): 119-136. (in Korean with English summary) https://doi.org/10.14249/eia.2014.23.2.119
  11. Kim GT and Choo GC. 2000. Comparison of Growth Condition of Abies koreana Wilson by Districts. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology. 14(1): 80-87. (in Korean with English summary)
  12. Kim GT.Choo GC and Baek GJ. 2000. Studies on the Structure of Forest Community at Myungsunbong, Tokp'yongbong Area in Chirisan National Park-Abies koreana Forest. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology. 13(4): 299-308. (in Korean with English summary)
  13. Kim HS.Lee SM and Song HK. 2011. Actual Vegetation Distribution Status and Ecological Succession in the Deogyusan National Park. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology. 25(1): 37-46. (in Korean with English summary)
  14. Kim NS and Lee HC. 2013. A Study on Changes and Distributions of Korean Fir in Sub-Alpine Zone. Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology. 16(5): 49-57. (in Korean with English summary) https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2013.16.5.049
  15. Kong WS. 1999. The Vertical Distribution of Air Temperature and Thermal Amplitude of Alpine Plants on Mt. Halla, Cheju Island, Korea. Journal of the Korean Geographical Society. 34(4): 385-393. (in Korean with English summary)
  16. Koo KA.Park WK and Kong WS. 2001. Dendrochronological Analysis of Abies koreana W. at Mt. Halla, Korea: Effects of Climate Change on the Growths. The Korean Journal of Ecology. 24(5): 281-288. (in Korean with English summary)
  17. Korea Meteorological Administration. 2009. Climate Change Handbook. Korea Meteorological Administration. pp. 91. (in Korean)
  18. Korea Meteorological Administration. 2012. The Korea Climate Change Prospect Report. pp. 151. (in Korean)
  19. Lee SC.Choi SH.Kang HM.Cho HS and Cho JW. 2010. The Change and Structure of Altitudinal Vegetation on the East Side of Hallasan National Park. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology. 24(1): 26-36. (in Korean with English summary)
  20. Lee SH.Heo IH.Lee KM.Kim SY.Lee YS and Kwon WT. 2008. Impacts of Climate Change on Phenology and Growth of Crops: In the Case of Naju. Journal of the Korean Geographical Society. 43(1): 20-35. (in Korean with English summary)
  21. Lim BS. 2004. Pilot Projects for National Longterm Ecological Research: Protocols and Guidelines. Ministry of Environment. pp. 404. (in Korean)
  22. Lim JH.Woo SY.Kwon MJ and Kim YK. 2007. Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Soil Properties of Healthy and Declining Abies koreana (Wils.) in Mt. Halla. Journal of Korean Forestry Society. 96(1): 14-20. (in Korean with English summary)
  23. Lim JH.Woo SY.Kwon MJ.Chun JH and Shin JH. 2006. Photosynthetic Capacity and Water Use Efficiency under Different Temperature Regimes on Healthy and Declining Korean Fir in Mt. Halla. Journal of Korean Forestry Society. 95(6): 705-710. (in Korean with English summary)
  24. Lim YJ and Lee JH. 1991. On the Dominance- Diversity in the Forest Vegetation of Mt. Halla National Park. The Korean journal of ecology. 14(3): 257-271. (in Korean with English summary)
  25. Miao N.Liu S.Yu H.Shi Z.Moermond T and Liu Y. 2014. Spatial analysis of remnant tree effects in a secondary Abies-Betula forest on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Forest ecology and management. 313(2014): 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.008
  26. National Institute of Environmental Research. 2009. National long-Term Ecological Research Project(II). Ministry of Environment. pp. 1,855. (in Korean)
  27. National Institute of Meteorological Research. 2007. The Application of Regional Climate Change Scenario for the National Climate Change Report(III). Korea Meteorological Administration. pp. 559. (in Korean)
  28. National Institute of Meteorological Research. 2010. See the Climate Change VI-Climate Change of Jeju. pp. 63. (in Korean)
  29. Oh SJ.Koh JG.Kim ES.Oh MY and Koh SC. 2001. Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence from Korean Fir Plants on Mt. Halla. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology. 19(1): 43-48. (in Korean with English summary)
  30. Papadopoulos A. 2016. Tree-ring patterns and climate response of Mediterranean fir populations in Central Greece. Dendrochronologia 40: 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2016.05.005
  31. Park CH.Yun JH.Kim JS.Kim SY.Lee BY .Tanaka N and Nakao K. 2012. Habitat Prediction and Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Korean Plants (II). National Institute of Biological Resources. Incheon, Korea. pp. 34. (in Korean)
  32. Pielou, EC. 1975. Ecological Diversity. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York. 165pp.
  33. Research Institute of Hallasan. 2007. Korean Fir in Mt. Halla. Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. pp. 165. (in Korean)
  34. Rim CS. 2009. Spatial Distribution of Precipitation Trends According to Geographical and Topographical Conditions. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association. 42(5): 385-396. (in Korean with English summary) https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2009.42.5.385
  35. Schweingruber, FH. 1988, Tree Rings:Basics and application of dendrochronology. Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht. Netherlands. 276. species from different altitude. Plant Cell Environ. 19138-146.
  36. Seol DI. 2010. Global Warming and Trends of Typhoon Variation. Journal of Navigation and Port Research. 34(6): 453-458. (in Korean with English summary) https://doi.org/10.5394/KINPR.2010.34.6.453
  37. Song JH.Lee JJ and Kang KS. 2008. Variation in Cone, Seed, and Bract Morphology of Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim. and A. koreana Wilson in Native Forests. Journal of Korean Forestry Society. 97(6): 565-569. (in Korean with English summary)
  38. Song JH.Lee JJ.Lee KY.Lee JC and Kim YY. 2007. Variation in Needle Morphology of Natural Populations of Abies nephrolepis Maxim. and A. koreana Wilson in Korea. Journal of Korean Forestry Society. 96(4): 387-392. (in Korean with English summary)
  39. Song KM. 2011. Vegetation Structure and Dynamics of Abies koreana Forests on Mt. Halla. Ph. D. Dissertation. Jeju National University. (in Korean)
  40. Song KM.Kim CS.Koh JG.Kang CH and Kim MH. 2010 Vegetation Structure and Distribution Characteristics of Abies koreana Forest in Mt. Halla. Journal of Environmental Science International 19(4): 415-425. (in Korean with English summary) https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2010.19.4.415
  41. Tanaka N.Nakao K.Tsuyama I.Higa M. Nakazono E.Matsui T. 2012. Predicting the impact of climate change on potential habitats of fir (Abies) species in Japan and on the East Asian continent. Procedia Environmental Sciences 13 (2012): 455-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.039
  42. Tiwari A.Fan ZX.Jump AS.Li SF and Zhou ZK. 2017. Gradual expansion of moisture sensitive Abies spectabilis forest in the Trans- Himalayan zone of central Nepal associated with climate change. Dendrochronologia 41: 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2016.01.006
  43. Yun JH.Kim JH.Oh KH and Lee BY. 2010. Vertical Distribution of Vascular Plants in Jungsanri, Mt. Jiri by Temperature Gradient. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology. 24: 680-707. (in Korean with English summary)