• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.247-257
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• 1995

This research carried out forest community classification on the basis of the methods of ZM school, in order to furnish useful information needed for forest management, and for afforestation and preservations of Abies koreana forest which was Korean native species, and the research results could be summarized as follows. Abies koreana forest was divided into 10 vegetation units ; This forest was divided into Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community and Abies koreana-Sasa quelpartensis community. Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community was divided into Tripterygium regelii group, Patrinia saniculaefolia group, and Typical group, and Tripterygium regelii group seas divided into Typical subgroup. Pimpinella brachycarpa subgroup, and Hemirocallis fulva subgroup. Abies koreana-Sasa quelpartensis community was divided into Berberis koreana group, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium group, and Typical group. Berberis koreana group was divided into Typical subgroup and Hepatica asiatica subgroup, and Tranchelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium group was divided into Hepatica asiatica subgroup and Typical subgroup. According to the results of the analysis by coincidence method, Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community represented in Mt. Chiri, Mt. Deokyu and Mt. Kaya which were located in the Sobaek mountains, Abies koreana-Sasa quelpartensis community represented in Mt. Hanla. Therefore it was thought that Abies koreana forest was classified by geographical position, and vegetation units of Abies koreana forest tended to be classified by the altitude and topography. As for DBH and height of Abies koreana, mean DBH and height of Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community were each 28.4cm, 10.6m that were larger than mean DBH and mean height(each 23.6cm, 6.3m) of Sasa quelpartensis community. Among Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community, Patrinia saniculae-folia group had the smallest mean DBH and mean height(20cm, 5m), and among Abies koreana-Sasa quelpartensis community, Typical group had the smallest mean DBH and mean height(4cm, 3m).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1991

To investigate the structure and the conservation of Abies koreana forest at Banyabong area in Chirisan, 38 plots(100$m^2$) set up with random sampling method. Dead individuals of Abies koreana were 12.81%. were observed mainly upper-layer trees. A few seedlings of Abies koreana were observed. Three groups were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations was proved between Abies koreana and Rhododendron mucrolunulatum var. ciliatum, and High negative correlations was proved between Abies koreana and Fraxinus sieboliana, Carpinus cordata, Sasa purpurascens and Cornus controversa. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 1.9796-2.7509. To conserve Abies koreana forest at Banyabong area in Chirisan. Research and prescription on the declining of Abies koreana was needed and Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Fraxinus sieboliana, Carpinus cordata, Sasa purpurascens and Cornus controversa in the Abies koreana forest should be cleared out.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.415-424
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• 1994

Community structure, size and age distribution of tree species of the subalpine Korean fir (Abies koreana) forest at the elevation of 1, 400~1, 700m were strudied in the north-west side of Chonwangbong Peak (1915m) in Mt. Chiri for the purpose of better understanding of the population dynamics of Abies koreana. Eight 20m X 20m permanent quadrats were established in 1991, and trees $\geq$ 2.5cm DBH for all species were marked with numbered aluminum tag, and saplings of Korean fir and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) were also tagged with aluminum sheet. These two conifer species comprised more than 60% of the total density and total basal area of the community. Quercus mongolica and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum were subdominats. Oridination study showed that cool temperate species such as Sorbus commixta, Betula costata, Acer tschonoskii and Acer ukurunduense occurred in close association with Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis. Major tree species, especially Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis, were well represented in samller size classes, indicating that they were regenerating well. Age distributuion of the Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis showed that the former has longer physiological longevity than the latter, and that establishment were episodic and varied with sites, which implies the importance of the role of natural and artificial disturbances in this Abies kireana forest.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the vegetation structure and distributional characteristics of Abies koreana forests in Mt. Halla, and to provide basicdata for an ecological study on Abies koreana in Mt. Halla. The results of the analysis showed that the mean importance percentage(M.I.P,) of Abies koreana in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and the Azalea field were 28.3%, 23.6%, and 46.4%, respectively. The ratios of DBH (diameter at breast height) to height were similar in all region, except in the Azalea field, where Abies koreana of various ages, both young and old, were found. The species diversity (H) of the upper and lower layers in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and in the Azalea field were 0.625 and 0.810, 0.731 and 0.848, and 0.342 and 0.757, respectively. A total of 52 community were distributed at locations higher than 1,300m above sea level. The proportions of each community in the whole Abies koreana forest were 56.5%(Azalea field), 11.0% (Youngsil trail at 1,550-1,650 m above sea level), and 8.1%(Janggumok and Kundurewat region). The total area of the Abies koreana forest was calculated to be 795.3ha by combining all the areas of each community. An Abies koreana forest with the largest area was found at locations 1,500-1,600 m above sea level, taking up 38.8% of the total Abies koreana forest area. For the slopes of the distributional area of Abies koreana, 46.1%(highest proportion) of the total area was $10\sim25^{\circ}$, and for the azimuth of the distributional area, 17.4%(the highest proportion) of the total area was $0-45^{\circ}$. The vegetation structure showed large differences between areas. It was found, however, that the distribution was mostly in the areas with a relatively gentle slope. It is suggested that research be done to forecast the possible changes in the differences in the vegetation structures between different areas caused by climate changes. In addition, there is a need to monitor the Abies koreana and alpine plants in the subalpine zones of Mt. Halla, which are sensitive to climate change, to obtain the basic data that are necessary for the protection and maintenance of the ecosystem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.366-371
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• 1998

To investigate the structure of Korean native species, Abies koreana forest in subalpine zone of Mt. Halla, 20 plots ($10{\times}10m$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. The forest on subalpine zone in Mt. Halla was Abies koreana - Taxus cuspidata - Sasa quelpaertensis community. High positive correlations were shown between Quercus ${\times}$ grosseserrata and Carpinus laxiflora; Carpinus laxiflora and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Ilex crenata; Taxus cuspidata and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, Prunus padus, and high negative correlations were shown between Abies koreana and Quercus ${\times}$ grosseserrata; Abies koreana and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum; Sasa quelpaertensis and Prunes sargentii. Vigor of Abies koreana was depressed, 8.11% of total number of Abies koreana investigated were dead. DBH of dead individuals ranged mainly 10-30 cm.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECM) in roots of Abies koreana which is an endemic and endangered species in Korea. Roots of A. koreana were collected at Mt. Halla. ECM root tips were classified using morphotyping and identified using sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungal rDNA. Total 8 species of ECM fungi were identified from roots of 11 seedlings of A. koreana : Cenococum geophilum, Russula brevipes, 2 species of Russula, 2 species of Thelephora, Cortinarius camphorates and 2 species of Helotiales. These species were known to be typical ectomycorrhizal fungi found in coniferous mature forests.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 2000

This examination of vegetation is conducted from June to Oct. 1999 through on the spot survey, centering on the habitat of Abies koreana around Imgeolryeong, Jangteomok, and Jeseokbong in Mt Jiri and Yeongsil path and Seongpanak path in Mt. Halla. Species composition tables of the Abies koreana community by altitude and slope in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla are made based on the community composition tables examined in quadrat. The Abies koreana-Saso quelpaertensis community in a west slope of Mt. Halla is found that Abies koreana of 4-6m in height forms subtree layer and that of 8-9m in height the tree layer and it reflects a difference between community structure by slope and main composition species. While the tree layer of Abies koreana community is 12-14 in height around the area of 1,290-1,560m above the sea of Imgeolryong and path from Baekmudong to Jangteomok, it is 8-12m in height in the area of 1,680-1,780m above the sea of path from Jangteomok to Jeseokbong. It means that community structure depends on area and attitude. This study finds out that commonly appearing composition species similar to coverage and presence are Lepisorus thunberianus, Quercus mongolica, Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Ligularia fischeri, Carex lanceolata, Clintonia udensis, Magnolia sieboldii, Betula ermani, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. As soil environment of surveyed area, pH of surveyed spots is similar in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla, electrical conductivity is higher in Mt Jiri, and contents of organic matter is relatively higher in a west slope of Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla and lower in their south and west slopes. Contents of organic matter and total nitrogen show that the area of 1,550m above the sea in a west slope of Mt. Halla is some higher. For pH and contents of total nitrogen and organic matter, Mt. Halla is higher than Mt. Jiri but for electrical conductivity, Mt. Jiri is relatively higher than Mt. Halla.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.68 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 1985

This study was carried out to compare the diameter increment of Pinus densiflora for.erecta, Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, Abies holophylla and Abies koreana growing in middle area of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) The difference in annual diameter increment among five species according to D.B.H classes showed to be the strongest in Pinus koraiensis the second rank Larix leptolepis, the third rank Pinus densiflora erecta, the fourth rank Abies holophylla and the weakest in Abies koreana. 2) It was inferred that when the D.B.H of Pinus densiflora for.erecta comes to 95cm, Pinus koraiensis 80cm, Larix leptolepis 80cm, Abies holophylla 140cm and Abies koreana 85cm respectively, their diameter do not increase. 3) Total D.B.H increment among five species according to tree age classes were ranked as follows; Larix leptolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus derasiflora for.erecta, Abies holophylla and Abies koreana. 4) It was inferred that when the age of Pinus densiflora for.erecta comes to 200yrs, Pinus koraiensis 120yrs, Larix leptolepis 120yrs, Abies holophylla 260yrs and Abies koreana 300yrs respectively, their diameter do not increase. 5) Abies koreana showed the lowest diameter increment in comparison with other four species, while diameter increment in Abies holophylla and Abies koreana decreased in later age than other species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 1993

Structure and dynamics of Abies koreana community in Mt. Gaya were studied to provide the basic data for conservation of Abies koreana community, an endemic species in Korea. A. koreana community of this study site was composed of tree layer (4~7m), subtree layer (2~4m), shrub layer (1~2m), and herb layer (below 1m). The heights of tree and subtree layers were low. Floristic composition showed that this study site was subalpine and dry site. In frequency distribution diagram of diameter classes of major species consisting of A. koreana community, those of both A. koreana and other species showed reverse J-shaped types. From these results, it was estimated that A. koreana community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable climax state like present state. In the spatal distribution diagram of major species, saplings of A. koreana were established under the canopy of A. koreana and Pinus koraiensis and under the dead tree of A. koreana. From these results, it was known that A. koreana saplings were recruited before the community was disturbed and regeneration was accomplished by advance regeneration pattern, in which these saplings established before occurrence of disturbance fill with open site originated from death of mature tree. Growth of annual rings was variable among individuals, it was estimated that such variation was originated in that growth of each individual relates to microclimatic conditions rather than macroclimatic ones. Ecological longevity of A. koreana in this study site estimated by disturbance types and age of dead trees was about 120 years.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 2009

The chemical compositions and antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oils extracted from Abies holophylla and A. koreana were investigated. GC-MS analysis revealed that 38 compounds comprised 95.88% of the A. holophylla essential oil, with the main components being bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol(28.05%), ${\delta}3$-carene(13.85%), $\alpha$-pinene(11.68%), camphene(10.41%), dl-limonene(7.61%), $\beta$-myrcene(7.11%), trans-caryophyllene(5.36%), and $\alpha$-bisabolol(3.67%). In the essential oil from A. koreana, 36 compounds comprised 98.67% of the oil, and the main compounds were bornyl ester(41.79%), camphene(15.31%), $\alpha$-pinene(11.19%), dl-limonene(8.58%), fenchyl acetate(5.55%), and $\alpha$-terpinene(2.29%). Both essential oils showed great potential of antibacterial activity against several bacteria tested, in the range of 2.2-$8.8{\mu}g$ per disc by the agar disc diffusion method, and minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) values of 5.5-21.8 mg/ml by the microdilution method. Both oils showed very effective antifungal activities toward all pathogenic strains tested, including Candida glabrata, with MIC values in the range of 0.5-2.2 mg/ml. As a whole, A. koreana oil showed better antibacterial and antifungal properties than A. holophylla oil.