• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.192-211
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• 2018

With significant influences of old industrial complex in September 2009, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport chose the 4 districts for the first pilot project. In December 2014, the second pilot project districts were established. In addition, there were 10 districts in April 2016 and 5 districts in April 2016 as the third pilot project and 5 districts in March 2017 as the fourth pilot project. In order to promote smooth business operation of the recycling business, we introduced the effective area designation and special system as stipulated in Article 39.12-13 of the Industrial Location and Development Act revised in May 2015. The effective area, It is a method that can promote propagation and diffusion of the rehabilitation business through visualization by making effective the promotion of the rehabilitation business and by promoting the business in consideration of the geographical feature of the region and industry group, The setting of the unreasonable effective area is based on the criteria and classification of the plan and the objective promotion method according to the individual characteristics of the aged industrial park because the delay of the rehabilitation business and the possibility of the increase of many problems are presented Be sure to Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the old industrial complex database were constructed and utilized to classify the types of recycling projects. Therefore, in this study, it is necessary to strengthen the competitiveness of aged industrial complex by examining the correlation between the diagnosis of 83 aged industrial complex sites and the rehabilitation projects supported by the Ministry of Land, and the types of business promotion for aged industrial parks. It can be used as a guideline for the feasibility of the project.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2012

To investigate the fluctuation of marine aerosol number concentration at each different size with vertical winds in ocean area, aerosol particles and vertical wind components were measured in the Ieodo Ocean Research Station, which is located to 419 km southwest of Marado, the southernmost island of Korea, from 8 to 22 June 2009. The Laser Particle Counter (LPC) and ultrasonic anemometer were used to measure the number of aerosol particles and vertical wind speed. Surface weather chart, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and sounding data were used to analyze the synoptic condition. The distribution of aerosol number concentration had a large fluctuation of bigger particles more than 1.0 ${\mu}m$ in diameter by vertical wind speed during precipitation. The aerosol particles larger than 1.0 ${\mu}m$ in diameter increased as the wind changed from downward to upward during precipitation. The aerosol number concentration of bigger size than 1.0 ${\mu}m$ in diameter increased about 5 times when vertical velocity was about 0.4 $ms^{-1}$. In addition, the accumulation and coarse mode aerosol number concentration decreased about 45% and 92%, respectively compared to concentrations during precipitation period. It is considered that vertical wind plays an important role for the increasing of coarse mode aerosol number concentration compared to the large aerosol particles sufficiently removed by the scavenging effect of horizontal winds. Therefore, the upward vertical winds highly contribute to the formation and increase in aerosol number concentration below oceanic boundary layer.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.248-260
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• 2020

Oceanic current maps introduced in science and earth science textbooks can offer a valuable opportunity for students to learn about rapid climate change and the role of currents associated with the global energy balance problem. Previously developed oceanic current maps in middle and high school textbooks under the 2007 and 2009-revised national curriculum contained various errors in terms of scientific accuracy. To resolve these problems, marine experts have constructed a unified oceanographic map of the oceans surrounding the Korean Peninsula. Since 2010, this process has involved a continuous, long-term consultation procedure. By extensively gathering opinions and through verification process, a representative and scientific oceanic current map was eventually constructed. Based on this, the educational oceanic current maps, targeting the comprehension of middle and high school students, were developed. These maps were incorporated into middle and high school textbooks in accordance with the revised 2015 curriculum. In this study, we analyzed the oceanic current maps of five middle school science textbooks and six earth science textbooks that were published in high school in 2019. Although all the oceanic current maps in the textbooks were unified based on the proposed scientific oceanic current maps, there were problems such as the omission of certain oceanic currents or the use of a combination of dotted and solid lines. Moreover, several textbooks were found to be using incorrect names for oceanic currents. This study suggests that oceanic current maps, produced by integrating scientific knowledge, should be visually accurate and utilized appropriately to avoid students' misconception.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.171-181
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• 1997

A mixed solution of $^{54}Mn$, $^{60}Co$, $^{85}Sr$ and $^{137}Cs$ was applied to the soil of culture boxes in a greenhouse 2 days before transplanting red pepper and at 3 different times during its growth for investigating transfer factors ($m^2/kg-dry$) for its green and red fruits. Transfer factors varied with radionuclide, application time and harvest time by factors of about $20{\sim}100$. They decreased mostly in the order of $^{85}Sr>^{54}Min>^{60}Co>^{137}Cs$ while $^{54}Mn$ and $^{60}Co$ was higher than $^{85}Sr$ when time lapse between application and harvest was short. Transfer factors of $^{85}Sr$ and $^{137}Cs$ at the last application were lower than those at the previous one by factors of $3{\sim}20$ depending on harvest time. Variations in $^{54}Mn$ and $^{60}Co$ transfer factors with application time after transplanting were comparatively low. Transfer factors of $^{54}Mn$, $^{60}Co$ and $^{85}Sr$ mixed with topsoil before transplanting were up to $3{\sim}9$ times higher than those for the application onto soil surface 2 days after transplanting while there was no difference in $^{137}Cs$. The present results can be referred to in estimating root-uptake concentrations of the radionuclides in red pepper fruit and taking proper measures for its harvest and consumption at the event of an accidental release during the growing season of red pepper.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2012

Objectives: The percentage of positional sleep apnea in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) varies in different reports from 9% to 60%. If there is a positional dependency in patients with OSA, positional therapy alone could be successful in treating about 50% of all OSA cases. The aim of this report is to compare anthropomorphic and polysomnographic data between the positional sleep apnea group and non-positional sleep apnea group with OSA whose conditions were diagnosed in our sleep clinic. Methods: This is a retrospective study of anthropomorphic and polysomnographic data of patients with OSA who was performed a nocturnal polysomnography. Positional sleep apnea was defined as having a supine apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of twice or more compared to the AHI in the non-supine position. The patients were divided in the positional sleep apnea group and the non-positional sleep apnea group. Results: In 101 patients with OSA, 81 were male, and the mean age was $49.2{\pm}11.9$ years. Seventy-six (75.2%) were diagnosed as the positional sleep apnea. Waist to hip ratio and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in non-positional sleep apnea group. The frequency of severe OSA was significantly higher in this group. In the positional sleep apnea group, nocturnal sleep quality was better preserved, and consequently these patients were less sleepy during daytime. AHI was significantly lower and minimal arterial oxygen saturation during sleep was significantly higher in this group. Conclusion: The percentage of positional sleep apnea in OSA was 75.2%. AHI, BMI, and waist to hip ratio were lower in the positional sleep apnea group. These patients have less severe breathing abnormalities than the non-positional sleep apnea group in polysomnography.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

Objectives: It is well established that primary insomnia affects the activity of autonomic nervous system. We tried to know how the activity of autonomic nervous system during night sleep changes by analyzing correlation between heart rate variability (HRV) index and the variables related with sleep structure in primary insomnia. Methods: Thirty three subjects (mean age: $36.2{\pm}14.2$ years, male:female=15:18) who were diagnosed with primary insomnia were selected for the study. Nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) was carried out on each subject and correlation was analyzed between high frequency/low frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio), one of HRV indices and the variables related with sleep structure which were calculated from NPSG. Results: When age and sex were controlled, LF/HF ratio showed negative correlations with slow wave sleep and stage 2 sleep, respectively ($r_p$=-0.43, p=0.01; $r_p$=-0.37, p=0.04). On the other hands LF/HF ratio showed a positive correlation with arousal index ($r_p$=0.65, p<0.001). The activity of autonomic nervous system responded differentially depending on the change of sleep structure in primary insomnia. Especially the increase of arousal index and the decrease of slow wave sleep and stage 2 sleep which are the components of non-REM sleep provoked hyperactivity of sympathetic nervous system. Conclusion: This study suggests that the typical change of sleep structure in primary insomnia can negatively impact on cardiovascular system.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1995

Background: The natural history of bacillary tuberculosis was studied in India and results showed that at the end of the 5-year period, 49% of the patients were dead, 33% were cured and 18% remained sputum-positive. The aim of this survey is to observe the natural course of the patients with intractable tuberculosis disease who were incurable with all drug regimens of the national tuberculosis programme(NTP). Method: Of the patients who have been found as intractable cases in Kang-Weon Province by the supervisory medical officer during the period from January 1,1987 to December 31,1992, 179 were eligible for this study. Sputum examination was done for those who were survived until October in 1993 at the Kang-Weon provincial laboratory of KNTA. 49 out of 179 patients were transferred to the private sectors and retreated with the combination of prothionamide, cycloserine, ofloxacin, enviomycin, etc. They seemed to have been bacteriologically cured, and so they were excluded from the study. Finally 130 patients were analyzed by modified life table method to calculate the fatality rate and the survival rate during the period of 7 years. Results: 1) 80.8% of intractable cases were male and 19.2%, female. 2) More than 94% of intractable cases showed moderately or far advanced Tb findings on their X-rays at the time of registration at health centres. 3) The cumulative case-fatality rate was 19.74% at the end of 1-year period and has risen to 34.55% by the end of 4-year period(increasing by 4.9% a year on an average). The case-fatality rate has shown no appreciable rise since then until the end of 7-year period. 4) The case-survival rate was 80.26% at the end of 1-year period and has decreased to 65.45% by the end of 4-year period. And then there was no appreciable change in the survival rate until the end of 7-year observation. Conclusion: The case-survival rate of intractable cases was higher than that of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis patients and they may have risk of spreading multidrug resistant organisms. It is time we made an effort to improve case-management qualitatively.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 2002

Background : Coal-worker's pneumoconiosis(CWP) is characterized by a chronic inflammatory lung reaction associated with macrophage accumulation in the alveolar spaces. CWP is usually divided into two stage : simple pneumoconiosis(SP) where there are a limited number of fibrotic lesions remain limited, with radiological opacities smaller than 1cm and progressive massive fibrosis(PMF), which is characterized by the development of a perifocal extensive fibrotic response of the lung and severe alterations in pulmonary function. In this study, the lymphocyte compartment and cytokine were evaluated by measuring the serum levels in the control, SP and PMF groups. Materials and Methods : The coal workers selected for this study were employees(patients?) of the Tae-Baek and Dong-Hae hospital. All were men, 45-76 years old and the mean duration of their exposure to coal dust was 23.2 years in the lymphocyte compartment and 24.3 years in the cytokine checked group. According to X-ray examination results, the patients were classified into either one of the SP, PMF categories. The normal controls examined were 26-70 years old men. The serum cytokine levels were estimated by using an end point enzyme immunoassay technique. Results : T lymphocyte, helper and suppressor T cells were highly related to pneumoconiosis in this study. A statistically significant decrease in the number of suppressor T lymphocytes was observed in the simple pneumoconiosis patients and at the same time, there was an increase in the lymphocyte index. Howevere, there was no statistically difference in the serum cytokines levels among the SP, PMF and control groups. Conclusion : T lymphocyte, helper T, and suppressor T cells may be highly related to the development of CWP compared to the control group particularly in the early stage of pneumoconiosis. The changes observed in the immunological system in patients with pneumoconiosis may lie at the bottom of the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Further study is needed to evaluate the lymphocyte compartment as a marker for pneumoconiosis development in the early stage.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2001

Purpose : The giant cell tumor of tendon sheath is the second most common tumor of the hand, but recurred frequently although excision was performed. Authors analyzed and would report clinical findings and postoperative results of it. Materials and Methods : Between January 1991 and December 1998, 38 patients, 41 cases which the authors had performed excisional biopsy to the mass in the hand and diagnosed with the giant cell tumor of tendon sheath, was analyzed with age, sex, chief complaint, symptom duration, involved finger, involved tendon, frequently developed site in fingers, size, multiplicity, radiologic findings and recurrence. The mean duration of follow-up was 13.1 months (5~40 months). Results : Of 38 patients, twenty-nine were female. It is frequent in the fourth decade and mean age was 40.1 years old. The neurological compression symptom was found in 5 cases. The mean duration of symptom was 23.4 months. Flexor tendon was involved in 24 cases. The distal interphalangeal joint area in digit was involved most frequently in 20 cases. Index finger was the most common involved finger (14 cases), and long finger was the second most common (9 cases). All tumors were unilateral. The majority of patients had solitary lesion but one case had multiple lesion. In the radiologic findings, erosion or pressure indentation of bone was seen in 3 cases. All patients were operated by marginal excision. Recurrence rate was 5.1%. Conclusion : The risk factors in giant cell tumor of tendon sheath were female, forth decade, index finger, flexor tendon, and distal interphalangeal joint area. The recurrence was increased in marginal excision of recurred cases, in cases with multiple developed lesions or in multilobular lesion, so wide surgical excision is necessary to prevent recurrence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.612-617
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• 2008

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) analogues were first determined from the liver extracts of puffer fish, Takifugu niphobles, by LC/MS with Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC). In total, 7 TTX analogues were detected within 20 minutes as follows; 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX (34.0%, 1,029.6 nmol/g), 6,11-dideoxyTTX (29.3%, 887.6 nmol/g), TTX (22.1%, 667.8 nmol/g), 4,9-anhydro-TTX (11.2%, 339.3 nmol/g), 11-deoxyTTX＋5-deoxyTTX (2.6%, 78.6 nmol/g), and 4-epiTTX (0.8%, 23.6 nmol/g). Mouse toxicity of diluted liver extracts showed the highest toxicity at pH 3 (8.7 MU/mL) and decreased, as increasing pH, to 1.4 MU/mL at pH 10. At acidic (pH 5) and neutral conditions (pH 7), mouse toxicity of liver extracts (79 MU/mL) decreased slowly, as increasing temperature from $80^{\circ}C$ to $115^{\circ}C$, and time until 1 hour; in contrast, at the akaline condition (pH 9), the toxicity decreased rapidly to the more than half within 10 minutes. Individual toxicity of the fillet of T. niphobles were between $43.2{\sim}106.7$ MU, and $64{\sim}78%$ of its toxicity was eluted to soup when boiled with 3 volumes of water during 10 minutes.