• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze the effect of typhoons on pear production. Pears are typical fruits that are vulnerable to typhoon damages, so typhoons are negatively associated with pear productivity. However, relatively less pear damages by typhoons in the main pear production area, comparing to the average in Korea, have been reported. The main production area seems to adopt better agricultural techniques or practices to cope with natural disasters such as typhoons. Thus, this study tests the hypothesis that there are differences of production losses due to typhoons between the main pear production area and the rest using the stochastic frontier analysis. The main production area is defined by Location Quotient Index (LQI), and we found that LQI had a significant effect to decrease the productivity losses in the main production areas, which shows that those production areas alleviated the pear production loss due to typhoons.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.250-261
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to examine the fermentation properties of yogurt with Lycii fructus, Lycii folium and Lycii cortex powder, and extract additives at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0%. Lactic acid bacteria was used in a mixed starter culture of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus(ST36) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus(LB12). When the boxthorn was added with extract types, the changes of pH, acidity and lactic acid bacteria counts of yogurt during the fermenation of 3 hours were pH 5.64, titratable acidity 0.85%, 5.80xl0$\^$6/cfu/ml of viable cell counts for control yogurt, whereas those were pH 4.10∼5.06, titratable acidity 0.98∼1.27%, 1.80∼9.60x10$\^$7/ cfu/ml of viable cell counts for Lycii fructus extract yogurt. The lactose hydrolysis ratio was better for 1.0% Lycii fructus extract yogurt(42.00%) and 1.0% Lycii folium extract yogurt(41.46%) than for control yogurt(28.40%). Also, content of lactic acid of 1.0% Lycii fructus(11.9 times) and 1.0% Lycii folium extract yogurt(10.6 times) produced more than control yogurt(7.3 times). The viscosity of yogurt was better for boxthorn extract yogurt(1,027∼1,382 cps) than for control yogurt(975cps). The sensory scores of color, taste and overall acceptability of yogurt with 0.5, and 1.0% Lycii fructus extract additive were better than other groups. The yogurts made with increased Lycii fructus extract concentration(0.5∼6.0%), showed the increase of lactic acid, titratable acidity, number of lactic acid bacteria, viscosity and lactose hydrolysis rate compared to the treatments of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0% Lycii folium and Lycii cortex extract and powder yogurt. We gained excellent results from the yogurt to which Lycii fructus extract was added with 0.51.0% concentration.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2002

This study was carried out to identify the causal pathogens and investigated the characteristics of Penicillium spp. isolated from postharvest decay of pear. One hundred and ninety eight Penicillium spp. were isolated from infected pear fruits. The lesions were formed when the isolated pathogen were inoculated into the wounds and unwounds of pear fruit. Total isolates were classified into 15 groups by the size, color, pigment of colony and shape of conidia. These isolates were identified to be P.expansum, P.solitum, and P.crustosum according to the types of morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics. The pathogenicity was higher in wound inoculation at low temperature than unwound one. This result confirmed that wound promoted the disease appearance. P.expansum was appeared to have the most strong virulence, whereas P.solitum and P.crustosum were classified as weak virulent species by pathogenicity test on pear fruits.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

This study was carried out to identify the genetic diversity of Penicillium isolates that were isolated from pears with postharvest decay in storage. URP-PCR was used to detect DNA diversity of 84 Penicillium isolates. Based on URP-PCR profiles, 18 Penicillium isolates were selected and their PCR polymorphic bands were produced by additional primers URP1F, URP2R, URP2F, and URP4R. UPGMA cluster analysis using the polymorphic bands showed four clustered groups and futhermore cultural and morphological features characterized the 18 Penicillium isolates. Group 1 was dominant, which occupies 70% in the four clustered groups and identified as P. expansum based on ITS sequence and morphological features.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 1994

The pot experiment using $^{15}N$ isotope dilution technique was carried out to calculate the balance of nitrogen of surface applied urea in the rice-soil system. The $^{15}N$ concentration was determined by stable isotope ratio mass spcetrometer (model: VG ISO-GAS MM622). In the pots with $^{15}N$ labeled urea application at the rates of 15 and 30 kg N/10a, the percentage of nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NDFF) in rice was higher at the rate of 30 kg N/10a (average 89%) than at the rate of 15 kg N/10a (average 64%). However, the recovery as percentage of fertilizer N by rice was higher at the rate of 15 kg N/10a (65.5%) than at the rate of 30 kg N/10a (54.2%). The percentage of the fertilizer N remained in extractable inorganic N form at the rates of 15 and 30 kg N/10a were $13.5%\;(NH_4-N\;5.53%,\;NO_3-N\;7.99%)$ and $16.5%\;(NH_4-N\;7.49%,\;NO_3-N\;8.98%)$ in unplanted soil, and $2.0%\;(NH_4-N\;0.63%,\;NO_3-N\;1.32%)$ and$2.3%\;(NH_4-N\;0.87%,\;NO_3-N\;1.40%)$ in soil planted to rice, respectively. The dominant form of inorganic-N in soil after harvest was $NO_3-N$ form rather than $NH_4-N$ form regardless of urea application rate or rice cultivation. The percentage of the fertilizer N remained in organic N form at the rates of 15 and 30 kg N/10a were 65.0 and 41.8% in unplanted soil, and 23.7 and 26.9% in soil planted to rice, respectively. In conclusion, the efficiency of surface-applied urea was greater at the rate 15 kg N/10a than at the rate of 30 kg N/10a.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.319-326
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to investigate correlation between the morphology by microscopic assessments of surplus blastocysts produced in human IVF program and their cell number obtained by differential labelling method. For these experiments, 76 surplus human blastocysts were obtained from 36 patients on day 5 after IVF, the embryos were classified to early (ErB), early expanding (EEB), middle expanding (MEB), expanded blastocyst (EdB) according to their blastocoel expansion and zona thickness. When the ovum size and zona thickness of the classified blastocysts were measured using micrometer, although the embryos were produced in the same culture condition, there were significant variances in ovum size ($148.8 217.6{\mu}m$) and zona thickness ($1.2-14.4{\mu}m$). Total blastomere cell number counted after hoechst staining was increased by two to three fold during the transition period from ErB ($39.1{\pm}3.6$) to EdB ($(89.6{\pm}3.3)$) stage on day 5 after IVF. ICM ($11.9{\pm}1.8-22.2{\pm}4.3$) and TE ($24.5{\pm}3.6-70.0{\pm}7.7$) cell numbers using differential labelling were also showed the increased pattern according to the developmental level. Especially, EdB which showed poor ICM morphologically also indicated the low ICM cell number after differential labelling. This demonstrated that there is good correlation between the morphological assessment and the cell number. The count of ICM and TE nuclei using differential labelling can be used as an important criterion, if it is accompanied with morphological assessments, in selecting the better embryos for improving the pregnancy rates in human blastocyst transfer program.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.132-137
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 세종형태분석 말뭉치에 포함되어 있는 오류를 효율적으로 수정하기 위하여 오류 수정도구를 개발하였다. 세종형태분석 말뭉치에서 오류를 검출하기 위하여 형태소 생성과 자동 띄어쓰기 방법을 이용하였다. 검출된 오류를 수정하기 위하여 철자 오류 수정, 형태소 삭제 수정, 형태소 삽입 수정, 어절 재분석 방법을 사용하였다. 또한 최대한 반복적인 작업은 수행하지 않도록 설계하였다. 구현된 오류 수정 도구를 통하여 세종형태분석 말뭉치를 수정하였을 경우 텍스트 파일 형태의 말뭉치에서 오류를 수정하는 것보다 최소 9배 이상 빠른 작업이 가능하였으며, 사용자가 오류 수정 작업을 진행할수록 수정 속도가 빨라짐을 실험을 통해서 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.1031-1038
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose real-time 3D image converting architecture by a unit of pixel for 2D/3D compatible PC and LCD of cellular phone with parallax burier, and implement a system for overall display operation after designing a circuit based on FPGA. After digitizing anolog image signal from PC, we recompose it to 3D image signal according to input image type. Since the architecture which rearranges 2D image to 3D depends on parallax burier, we use interleaving method which mixes pixels by a unit of R, G, and B cell. The propose architecture is designed into a circuit based on FPGA with high-speed memory access technique and use 4 SDRAMs for high performance data storing and processing. The implemented system consists of A/D converting system, FPGA system to formatting 2D signal to 3D, and LCD panel with parallax barrier, for 3D display.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 2010

The seeds of 16 species from sect. Anthacantha and related taxa were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy to illucidate the boundary of the section and their relationship among species. Using six qualitative characters clustering analyses were conducted, and three types were recognized. Type I including species from sect. Anthacantha+sect. Meleuphorbia is characterized by the ovate shape, rounded at base and smooth along the ventral line. Type II including species from sect. Medusae+sect. Treisia-1 is squared in shape and are tuberculate. Tubercles are prominent along the ventral line. Type III (sect. Treisia-2 group) is mostly rounded, and as in type II, tubercles are prominent along the ventral line, but the unique crestae consisting of the grouping testa cells differed from the surface patterns of Types I and II. Based on the seed morphology, sects. Anthacantha and Meleuphorbia are closely related, which is well supported by the results from molecular and pollen morphological studies. Besides, sects. Treisia and Medusae are not closely related in terms of seed characters, and this is not consistent with the results of recent molecular studies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.25-33
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• 2017

This paper reports the optical design of the MR-16 lamp series with a LED second lens and an aspherical plano-convex lens suitable for a simple and rapid injection molding fabrication method. The fabrication and performance evaluation of the MR-16 lamp series, which was designed with a narrow angular distribution of luminous intensity, were conducted to replace halogen lamps with LED lamps. Four types of LED lamps were fabricated, which have angular distributions of luminous intensity of $22.4^{\circ}$, $31.1^{\circ}$, $37.3^{\circ}$, and $59.9^{\circ}$ and luminous efficiencies of 76.5 lm/W, 75.2 lm/W, 72.0 lm/W, and 77.8 lm/W, respectively, while their spreading angles with an illuminance uniformity of 81% were $3^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $22^{\circ}$, and $49^{\circ}$, respectively. After eliminating a yellow tail of the LED lamps using a diffusion sheet, the angular distributions of the luminous intensity were measured to be $20.8^{\circ}$, $31.5^{\circ}$, $37.8^{\circ}$, and $68.7^{\circ}$.