• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.2_1
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• pp.121-137
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• 2020

Data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite and national emission inventories were used in this study to analyze air quality in East Asia and estimate the impact of domestic and foreign emissions on South Korea's air quality, based on which future emissions were predicted. The concentration trends of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in East Asia from 2005 to 2015 showed that both substances were highest in North East China (NEC), followed by South East China (SEC) and Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). The average SO₂ concentration was 1.63 times higher in NEC than in SMA. Analysis on the ratios of NO₂/SO₂ and NO_x/SO_x provides an indirect picture of the effect of transboundary air pollutants on atmospheric composition in Korea. The concentration ratio of NO₂/SO₂ in all study areas peaked in 2013 and SMA's emission ratio of NO_x/SO_x increased in 2015 by over 22% from 2013. Despite the reduction in domestic emissions, the concentration-to-emission ratios (NO₂/NO_x, SO₂/SO_x) rose gradually, which implies that other factors besides domestic emissions (e.g., foreign sources, lifetime, etc.) influence air quality in SMA. We estimated future emissions of NO_x and SO_x in SMA to be 296.2 and 39.0 ktons in 2025 and 284.4 and 33.8 ktons in 2035, respectively. Application of the inter-comparison techniques of this study to the data from the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Instrument (GEMS) is expected to provide concrete information which can be used to improve national emission inventories and figure out factors and sources that affect domestic air quality.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 2006

Recent migration is led by skilled labor, This paper performes a cross-country analysis to find the determinants of skilled migration using recently released Doquier and Marfouk(2005) data as dependent variable and economic indicators of nations as independent variables. Regression results show that the skilled migration to OECD countries are driven not only by income motive but also by structural factors, such as industrial structure and life expectancy, which have broader meanings in development. It is noteworthy that structural factors of a nation become more important as its income level rises. English seems to have positive effect on skilled migration. Some region-specific factors, proximity to USA of Caribbean countries and political instability of Gold Coast countreis, for example, are found. Middle-income countries seem to be the most vulnerable to the possible risk of brain drain.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1675-1682
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• 2013

To resolve the Global Warming problem, it have to reduce $CO_2$ emission. Korea need to do actively more the effort to reduce the emission because $CO_2$ emission per person is top level in the world. It is performing variously. However, we should recognize the $CO_2$ emission attribute to decrease $CO_2$. Analyzing $CO_2$ emission of the construction equipment is important in this aspect. Present, the most popular $CO_2$ emission measuring method is the way using fuel consumption and emission factor. But this method have the problem of reliability because can't reflect the factor being out of proportion at fuel consumption. This study analyzed the reason of difference and compared to the emission factor method after calculate $CO_2$ emission in direct measurement method.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.291-298
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• 2023

This research evaluates the sustainability of gasifying livestock manure to produce fuel gas from an economic and carbon emission perspective. The entire process, including gasification, fuel gas purification, and pipeline installation to transport the produced fuel gas to the demanding industrial complex, is analyzed for realistic feasibility. The study is conducted using an ASPEN PLUS simulation with experimental data. The results of the economic and CO₂ life cycle assessments confirm that the fuel gas produced from livestock manure is competitive with natural gas despite having a lower calorific value. When used as a fuel with a high hydrogen content, the fuel gas emits less CO₂ per calorific value, making it more environmentally friendly. A scenario analysis is also performed to determine the expected economics, with price competitiveness being influenced by several factors. Although a significant decrease in natural gas prices could reduce the price competitiveness of the proposed process, it can still be supported by government policies. The cash flow analysis also confirms the economic viability of the process.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.717-727
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• 2017

Researches on the emissions of greenhouse gases in the construction industry, which accounts for 40% of raw materials, 30% of energy consumption, and 30% of $CO_2$ emissions in the entire industry, are mainly focused on studies of LCA. However, it is assessed that $CO_2$ emissions are higher in construction sequence than in operation sequence. Also, it is considered that construction machinery using fossil fuel is a main factor causing environmental load in construction sequence. Therefore, this study analyzes the workload and engine RPM characteristics of the excavator which is the second largest number of registered construction machinery in Korea and the highest utilization rate in actual construction site. The excavator is divided into non-load states and load states where power is transmitted to the excavator. The exhaust gas is analyzed by a direct measurement method using PEMS equipment. $CO_2$ emissions are estimated by analyzing the relationship between RPM and exhaust emission characteristics according to the actual driving conditions. Additionally, we analyze the difference between $CO_2$ emissions of construction machine calculated by this study and $CO_2$ emissions calculated by using carbon emission coefficient.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.47 no.7 s.320
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• pp.38-40
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• 2007

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.147-178
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• 2012

청정개발체제(CDM)는 1997년 교토의정서(Kyoto protocol)를 통해 확립된 온실가스 배출과 관련된 선진국과 개도국 간 협력 기제의 하나이다. 청정개발체제는 기본적으로 선진국의 정부 또는 민간조직이 개도국에서 배출감축 프로젝트를 수행하고, CER(Certified Emission Reduction)의 형태로 배출권을 얻는 것을 허용하고, CER을 자국의 배출감축목표 달성을 위해 사용할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 아세안 국가들의 청정개발 메커니즘의 성취도를 알아보는데 있으며, 자료는 2010년 10월 15일 현재 유엔기후변화기본협약(UNFCCC)에 등록된 254개 청정개발체제 사업을 대상으로 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과, 전체 254개 사업 중 20%만이 탄소배출권을 받은 것으로 나타났으며, 실제 탄소배출권의 총량은 650만 톤이지만, 이는 전체 사업계획서에 반영된 양의 15%에 불과한 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 아세안 국가의 CDM사업과 관련된 장애 요인으로서는 (1) 사업 등록과 탄소배출권 승인 간 시간 격차가 존재하고, (2) 사업계획과 실제 승인량에 차이가 나타나며, (3) 특히 소규모 사업의 경우 높은 거래 비용 때문에 등록 후 배출승인을 신청하지 않고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이러한 연구결과는 아세안국가들이 CDM사업을 수행하는 데 있어서 선진국들의 주요 파트너가 되고 있지만, 실제로 사업을 통한 탄소배출량은 제한적일 수 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 일부 아세안 국가에서 교토의정서에 따라 자체적으로 탄소배출감축을 시도하고 있음을 고려할 때, 자체적인 CDM의 성공적인 경영, 수행, 운영을 위해 더 많은 선진국들의 협력과 지원이 주어질 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.139-146
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• 2009

While air pollutants emission caused by the traffic is one of the major sources, few researches have done. This study investigated the extent to which traffic and road related characteristics such as traffic volumes, speeds and road weather data including wind speed, temperature and humidity, as well as the road geometry affect the air pollutant emission. We collected the real time air pollutant emission data from Seoul automatic stations and real time traffic volume counts as well as the road geometry. The regression air pollutant emission models were estimated. The results show followings. First, the more traffic volume increase, the more pollutant emission increase. The more vehicle speed increase, the more measurement quantity of pollutant decrease. Secondly, as the wind speed, temperature, and humidity increase, the amount of air pollutant is likely to decrease. Thirdly, the figure of intersections affects air pollutant emission. To verify the estimated models, we compared the estimates of the air pollutant emission with the real emission data. The result show the estimated results of Chunggae 4 station has the most reliable data compared with the others. This study is differentiated in the way the model used the real time air pollutant emission data and real time traffic data as well as the road geometry to explain the effects of the traffic and road characteristics on air quality.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.1217_1218
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• 2009

현재 국내를 비롯하여 세계적으로 녹색성장, 친환경 등의 열풍이 고유가와 화석연료의 고갈위기와 맞물려 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이미 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 이태리, 일본 등의 선진국에서는 자연 친화적, 경제적 실리 추구 및 편리성을 추구하면서 청정 에너지를 사용하는 "미래형 이동수단"에 큰 관심을 갖고 우리보다 한발 앞서 나가고 있다. 2005년 2월 16일 발효된 기후변화의 주 요인인 온실가스 배출 감축을 위한 교토의 정서 또한 이러한 친환경이란 말과 무관하지 않다. 교토의정서의 발효 이후 세계 각국은 의무화된 규제조항을 만족하기 위해 막대한 자본을 투입하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 온실가스 배출량이 세계 9위에 달하고 있으며, 전체 온실가스 배출량의 82.5% 정도가 화석에너지의 사용에 의해 발생되고 있다. 이중 이산화탄소의 경우 전체 배출량의 27%를 자동차에서 배출되며, 이로 인해 세계 각국에서는 자동차에서의 배출가스를 규제하는 조항을 법제화하고 있다. 이러한 규제는 앞서 미국의 경우 캘리포니아 주정부에서 1998년부터 전기자동차 사용을 의무화하는 ZEV 규제를 입법화하면서 본격화되었고, 무공해 및 저공해 자동차의 개발이 활발하게 진행되었다. 또한 고유가 시대로 접어들면서 대체에너지에 대한 필요성이 한층 고조되고 있는 실정이다. 이중 전기자전거는 배터리를 통해 무공해, 무소음이라는 장점을 가지고 있으며, 유지관리비가 거의 들지 않고 교통체증을 완화시켜주며, 주차에 신경쓰지 않아도 되어 교통수단에 혁신을 가져다 줄 것이라 생각된다. 또한 전기자전거의 경우 배터리를 동력원으로 사용하며 전동스쿠터 등에서의 문제점인 일충전 주행거리에 제약을 받지 않아 최근 중국 등에서 보급이 급격히 확산되고 있는 추세에 있다. 하지만 대부분 납축전지, 니켈-카드뮴 등의 배터리가 사용되고 있어 중량, 수명, 중금속에 의한 환경오염 등의 다양한 문제점을 내포하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2020

Following the Paris Agreement adopted at the end of 2015, global stock-taking has been planned to be carried out on a 5-year basis from 2023, and it is mandatory to report on national GHG inventory and progress toward achieving greenhouse gas reduction targets. To prepare for this, it is important to improve the reliability of estimation of the greenhouse gas emission, identify the characteristics of each greenhouse gas emission source, and manage the amount of emissions. As such, this study compared and analyzed the amount of emissions from the landfill sector using the 2000 GPG, the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and the 2019 Refinement estimation method. As a result, in comparison to 2016, there were 2,287 Gg CO₂_eq. in scenario 1, 1,870 Gg CO₂_eq. in scenario 2-1, 10,886 Gg CO₂_eq. in scenario 2-2, 10,629 Gg CO₂_eq. in scenario 2-3, and 12,468 Gg CO₂_eq. in scenario 3. Thus, when the 2006 IPCC Guidelines were applied with respect to 2000 GPG, it was revealed that greenhouse gas emissions have increased. Such difference in the emission changes was due to the changes in the calculation method and the emission factor values applied. Therefore, it is urgent to develop national-specific values of the emission factor based on characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in Korea.