• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.138-144
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• 2008

The effects of salinity on oxygen consumption, operculum movement number and ammonia nitrogen excretion were examined in cultured tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (total length 10$\pm$1.0 cm, total weight 17.3$\pm$4.2 g). The fish were exposured to certain salinities (0, 3, 9, 15, 21, 27 and 32 psu) step by step with 3 psu$\cdot$d$^{-1}$ and changed rapidly from certain salinity to another salinity. The oxygen consumption of the fish which was transferred step by step showed increasing tendency in the range of 3 $\sim$ 27 psu, but markedly appeared very low value at 32 psu. The tolerance limit in tilapia by salinity change without acclimation was shown 23.3 psu from 96-h TL$_{50}$. The oxygen consumption, operculum movement and ammonia nitrogen excretion of fish which was transferred rapidly from certain salinity to each salinity (0, 9, 15, 21 and 32 psu) showed a changing point at 15 psu; they showed increasing and/or decreasing pattern before 15 psu, and showed decreasing pattern after 15 psu. From these results, it was concluded that the appropriate salinity without physiological change for Java tilapia was below 15 psu.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.110-114
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• 2000

Effects of the combinations of six oxygen concentrations ($control, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0, 3.4 and 7.4 mg DO/l$) and two salinity levels ($20{\%_{\circ}} and 32{\%_{\circ}}$) on the rates of oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and mortality of the mysid, Neomysis awatschensis were tested at $20{\circ}C$. The lethal level ($96 hr-LC-(50)$) of dissolved oxygen for mysid at $20{\%_{\circ}} and 32{\%_{\circ}} were 2,20 mg DO/l and 1.60 mg DO/l$ respectively, and all mysids died within $24hr at 0.6 mg DO/l$. Oxygen consumption rate of mysid was increased with dissolved oxygen increase at $20{\%_{\circ}} and 32{\%_{\circ}}$, but ammonia excretion rate was high af $1.0 mg DO/l$ during 96h exposure to DO concentration, and significantly greater in $20{\%_{\circ}} than 32{\%_{\circ}}$. $O:N$ ratio of mysid exposed during 96hr with salinity anil dissolved oxygen was below $10 at 20{\%_{\circ}} and 1,0{\~}2.0 mg DO/l, and was 4.4 at 32{\%_{\circ}} and 1.0 mg DO/l$. These results indicated that mysids were capable of changing their energy substrate in response to salinity and DO changes, and obtaining energy from proteins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.177-187
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• 1972

The effect of three different grains supplemented diet as a dietary carbohydrate source on the growing rat, growth, food intake, FER and PER value, excretion of urinary arid fecal nitrogen and glucose and the level of glucose and cholesterol in serum blood was studied. Forty males and same number of females of Albino rats weighing male $58{\pm}2g$, female$62{\pm}2g$ were divided into eight experimental group, five male and female in each and fed rice diet, rice supplemented with wheat and rice supplemented with barley diet for 14 weeks. Under this condition wheat supplemented diet group shows the best FER, PER and body weight gain value. Especially in female group shows better FER, PER and body weight gain value compare to control diet group. Under the male groups wheat supplemented diet group shows lower FER, PER value and body weight compare to the control group but higher than those of barley diet group or rice alone. In female group the nitrogen retention shows also highest value by wheat supplemented diet group. By male group the wheat supplemented diet group shows not better value compare to the control group, but higer than barley supplemented group or rice alone. The nitrogen excretion through feces was significantly higher by grain supplemented diet group compare to grain the 20% sugar casein diet. The blood cholesterol content was slightly decreased by the control group which was fed disaccaride, compare to groups which were fed polysaccaride. But the free cholesterol to esterified cholesterol ratio shows lower value by control group than grain groups except the 70% rice supplemented with 30% barley group.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

The optimum salinity and the effects of rapid salinity change on oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion were examined in River Puffer Takifugu obscrus (total length 9.5$\pm$0.9 cm, total weight 18.7$\pm$5.4 g). Fish examined at the different transfer medium salinity (2, 12, 22 and 32 psu) after 2 months of acclimation period at each salinities. The routine metabolic rates of River puffer are shown as parabola equation, $Y=-0.0873X^2+0.6384X-0.690$ for oxygen consumption and $Y=-2.1667X^2+7.1672X+31.999$ for ammonia nitrogen excretion with the salinity medium at 2, 12. 22 and 32 psu. The oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion of River puffer trans-ferred to the low salinity medium (2 and 12 psu) showed significantly difference in each salinities rearing groups than to salinity of 22 and 32 psu. Fish has a diurnal rhythm in relate to feeding, it was showed that the peak of oxygen consumption appeared at 3 hours after feeding and the ammonia nitrogen excretion rate reached maximum 4 hours after feeding. These results may indicate that the optimum salinity for rearing of River puffer is 22 psu based on growth and feed conversion ratio. The rapid change of medium salinity had no effects on the oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion in River puffer based on this experiment.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 1990

The effect of cimetidine on theophylline metabolism was examined in dogs. Single dose intravenous theophylline kinetic studies were performed in cross-over manner before and after one week intravenous cimetidine (30 mg/kg/day) treatment. Cimetidine decreased theophylline clearance by an average of 31% (p<0.05) and prolonged theophylline half-li fe by an average of 29% (p<0.01) compared to those in control peirods. However, steady-state volume of distribution and protein binding of theophylline were not changed significantly. Twenty-four hours urinary excretion of 3-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric acid and 1,3-dimethyluric acid, which are the major metabolites of theophylline, were all decreased after cimetidine treatment, whereas the excreted fractions of individual metabolites were unchanged by cimetidine. From the above data, it could be susggested that cimetidine decreases theophylline clearance and prolongs the half-life by non-specific inhibition of the demethylations and 8-hydroxylation pathways.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1976.06a
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• pp.74.2-75
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• 1976

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.435-440
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• 2011

In this experiment, two inclusion levels (15 and 30% of diets, as-fed basis) of brown rice (BR) were tested against a control diet with 0% BR (51% wheat flour of diet). Six female Maltese (8~9 months age, initial mean body weight of $2.8{\pm}0.3$ kg) were assigned to treatments in replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, acid hydrolyzed fat, CP and gross energy by dogs fed experimental diets responded quadratically (P<0.01 or <0.05) to BR inclusion levels. Similarly, quadratic responses (P<0.001, P=0.015) were observed for digestible energy and metabolizable energy values, respectively. Wet and dry fecal output also exhibited quadratic responses (P=0.006, P=0.014, respectively) but no differences were observed between control and BR 30% diets. Linear (P=0.008) effect was observed for fecal score in dogs fed BR, and fecal ammonia concentration increased linearly (P=0.001) in response to increasing BR inclusion levels. It seems that the increase in fecal ammonia concentration may be partially related to the decrease tendency (P=0.07) in short-chain fatty acid concentration. In this experiment, inclusion of BR in dog diet did not result in pronounced changes in the digestibility but in fecal score. Although inclusion of BR in diets showed profound positive effect on fecal score, it is confounded by the high inclusion level of poultry offal meal.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 1994

The effects of silt and clay, water temperature and salinity on the metabolic activities: rates of respiration, filtration and nitrogen excretion in the clam, Mactra veneriformis, were investigated in ranges of $0{\sim}250ppm,\;15{\sim}25^{\circ}C\;and\;10{\sim}30\%0$ respectively. The weight specific respiration rate decreased with shell length and significantly declined at lower temperatures and lower salinity levels. Average respiration rates, filtration rates and ammonia excretion rates of the clam groups declined as water temperature was lowered. The respiration rate(R) and the filtration rate(F) decreased as the concentration of silt and clay(C) increased, the relationships between the two parameters were expressed as a regression line, R=a+b LogC and LogF=a+b LogC, respectively. On the rearing experiment treated with 50ppm of silt and clay, the relationship between the accumulative mortality(M) and the elapsed day(T) was $M=0.0186T^{2.7965}$, and the median lethal time was calculated at 16.8 days. From the rearing experiment, both rate of respiration and ammonia nitrogen excretion of experimental groups and control groups decreased with elapsed days, the rates of experimental groups, especially declined more compared with those of the control groups.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermented diets including liquid by-products on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing pigs. Treatments were 1) CON (basal diet), 2) F (fermented diet with basal diet), 3) KF (fermented diet with basal diet including 30% kale pomace), 4) AF (fermented diet with basal diet including 30% angelica keiskei pomace), 5) CF (fermented diet with basal diet including 30% carrot pomace) and 6) OF (fermented diet with basal diet including 30% grape pomace). A total of 24 pigs (41.74kg average initial body weight, Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Duroc), were assigned to 6 treatments, 4 replicates and 1 pig per metabolic cage in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Pigs were housed in $0.5\times1.3m$ metabolic cage in a 17d digestibility trial. During the entire experimental period, Digestibility of dry matter (p<0.05) of treatment CON, F and CF were higher than other treatments. In crude protein digestibility, treatment F was higher than treatment AF and GF (p<0.05). Treatment GF showed the lowest digestibility of crude fiber among all treatments (p<0.05). In ether extract digestibility, treatment AF and CF showed higher than other treatments (p<0.05) except KF treatment. CF treatment showed the best digestibility of ash among all treatments (p<0.05). Whereas, For Ca and P digestibility, CF and OF treatments were improved than other treatments (p<0.05). Energy digestibility (p<0.05) of CON, F and CF treatments were higher than KF, AF and GF treatments. In total essential amino acid digestibility, F treatment was improved than AF, CF and GF treatments (p<0.05). In total non-essential amino acid digestibility, F treatment was higher than CON, AF and GF treatments (p<0.05). In total amino acid digestibility, F treatment was higher than AF and CF treatments (p<0.05) and GF treatment showed the lowest digestibility (p<0.05). In fecal nitrogen excretion ratio, GF treatment was greatest among all treatments (p<0.05) and F treatment was decreased than other treatments (p<0.05). In urinary nitrogen excretion ratio, CON and GF treatments showed the lowest among all treatments (p<0.05). In nitrogen retention ratio, CON treatment showed the high and KF treatment showed the lost among all treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, this experiment suggested that fermented diet could improve nutrient and amino acid digestibilities of growing pigs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.343-343
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• 1994

1. 목 적 : 혈액 중에 존재하는 약물은 대부분 혈장 단백질과 결합하며, 비단백 결합성 약물만이 생체막을 통과하여 여러 조직에 분포되고, target eel1에서 약리학적 작용을 나타내며, 대사, 배설 될 수 있다. 단백결합율이 높은 약물일수록 비결합성 약물의 양은 적어지며, 따라서 비결합성 약물의 증가는 약효의 상승을 의미하게 된다. 최근 만성 질환에 한약의 병용투여가 증가하고 있다. 본 실험에서는 단백결합율이 높은 감초의 주성분인 Glycyrrhizic acid(GA)와 고혈압 치료제로 많이 사용되는 칼슘 길항제를 병용 투여할 경우, 칼슘 길항제의 혈장 단백결합에 미치는 영향을 살펴 보았다. 2. 방 법 : Diltiazem hydrochloride, Verapamil hydrochloride, Nifedipine 와 GA를 model 약물로 하여 평형 투석법과 한외 여과법을 이용하여 fatty acid free human serum albumin(HSA), Low density lipoprotein( LDL ), of-Acid glycoprotein(AAG), plasma 각각에 대한 결합율을 HPLC로 분석하였으며 또한 Scatchard plot를 이용하여 binding parameter를 구하였다. 3. 결과 및 고찰 : GA는 Diltiazem의 HSA와 plasma의 결합율에 영향을 미쳤으며, Verapamil의 HSA, LDL, AAG, Plasma 결합율에, 그리고 Nifedipine의 HSA, LDL, Plasma의 단백 결합율에 영향을 주었으며, 각각 n과 Ka값에 변화를 주었다.