• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1482-1491
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety accidents and physical fatigues of school foodservice employees. Out of 300 questionnaires distributed from December 1~20, 2011, 276 responded. After excluding 54 incomplete questionnaires, 222 (usage rate: 74%) were examined in the final analysis. First, our results showed that in terms of safety accidents, most received bruises (92.8%), followed by burns (73.0%), cuts and lacerated wounds (69.4%), sprains (47.7%), falls (42.8%), fractures/dislocations (31.5%) and electric shock (2.7%). Second, we found that the average degree of physical fatigue of school foodservice employees was 3.65 based on the 5-point Likert scale. Specifically, pain in the arms and wrist was rated the highest, at 4.18. Third, results showed that the factors affecting physical fatigue were 'class of school' (P<0.05), 'frequency of meal serving per day' (P<0.05), 'no. of meals served per day' (P<0.001), 'no. of meals per employee' (P<0.05) and 'warm-up exercise before starting work' (P<0.05). This means that foodservice employees serving middle schools, serving meals three times per day, serving more than 1,000 meals per day, and serving more than 111 meals per employee perceive higher levels of physical fatigue. In addition, the physical fatigue of those who perform warm-up exercises before starting work was significantly lower than those who do not perform warm-up exercises before work (P<0.05). In conclusion, the frequently occurring major safety accidents of school foodservice employees were bruises and burns. An increase in workload also leads to the increasing physical fatigue of school foodservice employees. Thus, to lower the physical fatigue of school foodservice employees, school foodservice employees should be encouraged to perform warm-up exercises before staring work and new staffing guidelines for school foodservice employees should be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1475-1485
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• 2012

This study was conducted in order to understand nutrition teachers (dietitians)' perceptions of barriers to implementation of HACCP system in school foodservices in Gyeongnam, Korea. Questionnaires were distributed to 350 nutrition teachers (dietitians) from November to December of 2009, and 214 were collected and analyzed. The results of this study were as follows. First, nutrition teachers (dietitians) recognized the following as barriers in implementing the HACCP system: 'the status of facilities and utilities'> 'monitoring'> 'work satisfaction'> 'foodservice employees'> 'cooperation of HACCP team'> 'cooperation of persons concerned besides foodservice employees'> 'understanding the HACCP system'. Second, total working experience was found to be the factor most affecting 'cooperation of HACCP team (p<0.01)', 'cooperation of persons concerned besides foodservice employees (p<0.01)', 'foodservice employees (p<0.05)', and 'work satisfaction (p<0.05)'. Further, 'the status of facilities and utilities' was significantly affected by 'construction/reconstruction of kitchen (p<0.01)', 'division of kitchen area (p<0.01)', 'existence of preliminary preparation room (p<0.01)', and 'existence of dishwashing room (p<0.01)'. Third, dietitians perceived the following concerning hindrance factors of the HACCP system according to CCP stage: 'CCP 1'> 'CCP 3'> 'CCP 2, 'CCP 6'> 'CCP 4'> 'CCP 8'> 'CCP 7'> 'CCP 5'. In conclusion, this study showed that nutrition teachers (dietitians) in the Gyeongnam area recognized 'the status of facilities and utilities' from HACCP areas and 'CCP 1 (menu planning)' from CCP stages as the greatest barriers to implementing the HACCP system in school foodservices. To implement the HACCP system successfully in school foodservices, facilities and utilities should be properly equipped, and menu planning training for nutrition teachers (dietitian) should be conducted.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.71-74
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• 2002

Purpose : To evaluate the clinical and radiological characteristics of osteochondral ridges of talus and ankle. Materials and Methods : We have analyzed their clinical symptoms and signs, radiologic and CT findings and post-operative results in 17 ankle joints of 14 patients (bilateral in 3), followed them for average 13 months after surgical excision. Results : No definite trauma, but mostly in male after middle age. Their chief complaints are pain on ankle, especially in dorsiflexion or squatting position, and symptom durations are very long, more than average 15 months. Definite diagnosis was made by lateral radiograms of ankle joint. Osteochondral ridges are common in talar neck (10 cases), tibia (4 cases) and both side (3 cases). After excision of osteophytes, all patients gained normal ankle without pain and any limited motion. Conclusions : Anterior impingement syndromes are common in middle aged male, but no definite correlation with sports. Plantar and dorsiflexed lateral radiographs are helpful in definite diagnosis for impingement, and surgical excision is best for treatment.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.42
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• pp.7-36
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• 2015

This study aims at analyzing difference of social Security network, Community unity and local government trust according to socio-demographical features, exploring the relation of social Security network, Community unity and local government trust according to socio-demographical features, presenting results between each variable as a model and verifying the property of mutual ones. This study sampled general citizens in Gwangju for about 15 days Aug. 15 through Aug. 30, 2014, distributed total 450 copies using cluster random sampling, gathered 438 persons, 412 persons of whom were used for analysis. This study verified the validity and credibility of the questionnaire through an experts' meeting, preliminary test, factor analysis and credibility analysis. The credibility of questionnaire was ${\alpha}=.809{\sim}{\alpha}=.890$. The inout data were analyzed by study purpose using SPSSWIN 18.0, as statistical techniques, factor analysis, credibility analysis, correlation analysis, independent sample t verification, ANOVA, multi-regression analysis, path analysis etc. were used. the findings obtained through the above study methods are as follows. First, building a social Security network has an effect on Community institution. That is, the more activated a, the higher awareness on institution. the more activated street CCTV facilities, anti-crime design, local government Security education, the higher the stability. Second, building a social Security network has an effect on trust of local government. That is, the activated local autonomous anti-crime activity, anti-crime design. local government's Security education, police public oder service, the more increased trust of policy, service management, busines performance. Third, Community unity has an effect on trust of local government. That is, the better Community institution is achieved, the higher trust of policy. Also the stabler Community institution, the higher trust of business performance. Fourth, building a social Security network has a direct or indirect effect on Community unity and local government trust. That is, social Security network has a direct effect on trust of local government, but it has a higher effect through Community unity of parameter. Such results showed that Community unity in Gwangju Region is an important factor, which means it is an important variable mediating building a social Security network and trust of local government. To win trust of local residents, we need to prepare for various cultural events and active communication space and build a social Security network for uniting them.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2002

Purpose: Constipation in childhood is a significant problem, however, understanding of its epidemiology has been limited in Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of constipation in school-aged children, helping to manage and prevent it. Methods: This cross-sectional, descripsive observational prevalence study included children (2grade, 1st and 6th grade) who were attending two elementary schools in Gwangju. The prevalence of constipation, associated symptoms, and risk factors were evaluated by questionnaire. A child was considered to be constipated when he or she defecated two or less times per week. Results: The prevalence of constipation was 15.4%. There is no significant difference between both sexes and grades. Of the causes of constipation, there was statistically significant difference in exercise deficiency, frequent intake of convenience food, long-time watching TV, unbalanced diet and enuresis history between constipation and normal group. Especially, long-time watching TV, exercise deficiency, and enuresis history were risk factors for development of constipation. Only 27.1% of children with constipation were treated by laxative and enema. Conclusion: Even though the prevalence of constipation was high, more than half of them was not treated at all. We should endeavor to educate the children and their parents to prevent constipation by evaluating the feeding and behavioral habit completely, and treating them properly.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.19 no.2 s.20
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• pp.193-202
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• 1986

The activities of general physicians (GPs) in health subcenters and their competency for clinical skills were assessed to develop a scheme to improve the training program. One hundred-twenty GPs in southern four provinces (Kyungpook, Kyungnam, Chunpook, Chunnam) were randomly selected and 97 were interviewed between January 9 and February 10, 1984. Of the 97 GPs, 86 provided all the information we requested. Average number of patient visits per health subcenter in a day was 30-40 in the demonstration project area for the class II medical insurance whereas it was 3-4 visits in other area. The interviewees were asked to rate their competency in 63 clinical skills. The skills in which over 50% of the interviewees rated themselves competent were only 12 items including IM injection, IV injection, wound dressing, etc. Less than 10% of the interviewees rated themselves competent in such skills as maternal health care, emergency medical care, preventive and promotive health services. Most part of the training program of the NIH for the GPs were not applicable to their field work as the training contents were unrealistic. Clinical training at a local general hospital was of great help in 38.8% and the rest of training was not much helpful as the training was inadequate due to lack of trainer or indifference of the trainer. For more effective training of the GPs, the training program of the NIH should be modified to be more realistic and utilize competent field workers as the instructors. It may be more effective if the training is carried out at several local centers. Ideal length of the clinical training for the GPs is 4 months. A pocketbook should be developed that includes specific skills to master during the clinical training and require the trainer to confirm the achievement. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs should provide the training hospitals with a training guideline and evaluate the training activities and make sure that the training hospital has specialist for each of the 4 major clinical departments. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs should provide the GPs with a continuing education to assist the problem solving in the field and motivate them to actively carry out the health program. A province may be divided into several regions and a supervisory committee may be organized with specialists in each region. The committee may hold a meeting for the GPs periodically and respond to the specific questions of the GPs by mail.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.487-495
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• 1996

The consumer perception on health and food habit, the experience of health food use and the discrimination between health food and drug of Korean consumer were surveyed by using a questionnaire containing 20 items in order to obtain the basic data for the assessment of the benefit and risk of health foods in Korea. A total of 1,000 people over 20 years of age living in Seoul and the vicinities were interviewed and asked to fill out the questionnaire during the period from the October 1995 to the February 1996. Among the 882 answers collected 23 was incomplete data, and 859 answers were used for the statistical analysis by using SAS program. The survey revealed a strong interest of the consumer on health food by showing that more than a half of the subjects (58.8%) had the experience of actual use of health food, and 68.2% believed the effectiveness. What the consumer expect most from health food was to have beneficial effect to maintain overall health condition (59.8%), and the most negative aspect of health food was the overstatement on the effectiveness by the producers (52.1%). The most important source of information for the purchase of health food was the suggestion of friends and relatives (30.6%). Among the health foods registered and regulated by the food law, royal jelly (22.7%), squalene (16.0%), refined fish oil (15.1%), lactic acid bacteria (10.6%) and aloe (8.8%) were relatively well aware. Although 84% of the subjects perceived that health food is different from drug or traditional medicine, the largest percentage of the subject selected ginseng as the most well known type of health food (22.7%) as well as the most well known drug (or traditional medicine) (41.7%). Ginseng was also chosen as the most frequently used health food (17.0%), and vitamin tablets the third (13.0%). The vague definition of health food and unambiguous discrimination of it from medicine by the consumers were problematic for the correct use and reasonable purchasing behavior. The clear definition and proper regulation on the manufacture and distribution of health food, more strict control of labelling and advertisement, and a wide consumer education on health food were recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.475-485
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• 1996

The consumer perception on health and food habit, the experience of health food use and the discrimination between health food and drug of Korean consumer were surveyed by using a questionnaire containing 15 items in order to obtain the basic data for the assessment of the benefit and risk of health foods in Korea. A total of 1,000 people over 20 years of age living in Seoul and the vicinities were interviewed and asked to fill out the questionnaire during the period from the October 1995 to the February 1996. Among the 882 answers collected, 23 was incomplete data, and 859 answers were used for the statistical analysis by using SAS program. The perception of Korean consumer on health and food habit indicated that food habit was considered the most important factor for the maintenance of health, as appeared in 39.8% of the subjects, among which 93.9 % believed that food habit could cause disease, and 97.1% believed that disease could be cured by changing food habit. The most worried disease was cancer (30.6%), degenerative diseases (14.1%), diseases by accident (12.6%) and obesity (10.0%). The disease which likely to be caused by food habit was diabetes (35.6%), obesity (22.4%), high blood pressure (12.8%), constipation (12.7%) and cancer (7.9%). The disease which was believed to be cured by changing food habit was diabetes (40.1%), obesity (25.9%), constipation (16.5%), high blood pressure (7.4%) and cancer (3.3%). It appeared that the people had a perception that food habit was highly related with diabetes and obesity, but less with cancer which was mostly worried.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate foodservice hygiene in middle school students by analyzing the importance and performance of school foodservice by meal service area in Busan. Questionnaires were administered to 826 students in 10 middle schools (five schools for classroom service, five schools for dining room service). The average importance and performance scores were 4.11/5.00 and 3.38/5.00 for classroom service and 4.34/5.00 and 3.89/5.00 for dining room service. Dining room service had significantly (P<0.001) higher average scores importance and performance of food hygiene, environment hygiene, equipment hygiene, and employee hygiene than those of classroom service. The gap average score of dining room service was significantly (P<0.001) lower than those of classroom service. In the importance-performance analysis, 'cleanliness of tray' showed high importance and low performance for classroom service and dining room service. Areas of low importance and low performance were 'tray drying', 'cleanliness of employee' clothes', 'wearing sanitary gown, cap', 'wearing sanitary mask', and 'wearing sanitary gloves' for the classroom service, whereas 'tray drying', 'comfortable atmosphere in diningroom', 'well ventilated', 'no odor of the food in classroom', and 'cleanliness around rubbish bins' were relevant for dining room service. These findings suggest that employee hygiene management should be intensively managed for classroom service, and equipment hygiene management must be improved for classroom service and dining room service, especially cleanliness of tray. Meal service places should be changed to the dining room with support the government and private sector.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2016

The number of male dental hygienists has been continuously increasing in dental services. The purpose of this study aimed to identify the relationship between job stress, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in male dental hygienists and to provide basic data to improve their job satisfaction. The study population was 110 Korean male dental hygienists working for dental clinics or hospitals. The data were collected from November 10 to December 7, 2015. After an explanation about the objective of the study, 110 questionnaires were distributed via email, and 97 responses were analyzed using SPSS. Overall averages of job stress, job satisfaction and turnover intention in male dental hygienists were 3.05, 2.92, and 3.47 out of 5, respectively. Some sub-factors of job stress, including interpersonal relationships at the workplace and future prospects of dental clinics, were proven to have statistically significant negative influence on job satisfaction (p<0.001). Regression analysis was performed with job stress and job satisfaction as independent variables and turnover intention as a dependent variable. Results showed that job stress had a positive effect on turnover intention (p<0.01) while job satisfaction had a negative effect on turnover intention (p<0.001). Job satisfaction was revealed to have statistically significant negative influence on turnover intention (p<0.001). Some of sub-factors of job stress, including work environment and future prospects of dental clinics and professional position, had a positive effect on turnover intention (p<0.05). The study showed that higher job stress led to higher turnover intention, and higher job satisfaction led to lower turnover intention. Accordingly, job stress and job satisfaction are critical factors for turnover intention in male dental hygienists.