• 대한방사선방어학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.04a
• /
• pp.254-255
• /
• 2009

국내 경수로 원전의 경우, 원전의 효율적, 경제적 운영차원에서 장주기 운전으로 패턴을 바뀌면서 핵연료봉 표면상에 크러드(crud)의 침적량은 점점 증가하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 이러한 경향은 원자로의 출력 제어와 직결되면서 이에 대한 문제 해결을 위한 대표성이 있는 시료의 채취와 재현성이 있는 부식 생성물의 측정이 요구되어져 왔다. 원자로 계통 내에서 부식생성물의 농도변화에 대한 평가, 특히 입자농도가 증가되어지면 축방향 출력편차(Axial Offset Anomaly, AOA)가 발생될 수 있는 위험에 노출되거나, 핵연료 교체를 위해 발전소 정지시(shut down) 부식생성물의 방출이 급격히 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 입자성을 띤 물질은 존재의 특성상 이들 물질에 대한 대표시료의 채취가 어려울 뿐 아니라 grab 채취로 인해, 분석결과에 대한 재현성이 낮으며 계통 선량율의 제어와 작업자 피폭관리에 많은 어려움이 뒤따르고 있어 선진 원전 운영국에서는 앞 다투어 대표시료를 채취 할 수 있는 capillary sampling 법이나 integrated sampling법을 적용해 오고 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내 경수로 원전에서 일반적으로 사용하고 있는 grab sampling 법에 대한 문제점 파악과 해외 원전에서 사용 중인 capillary sampling 법의 국내 적용 가능성에 대해 살펴보았다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 1986

In electron therapy, lead cutout or low-melting alloy block is used for shaping the field. Material for shaping electron field affects the output factor as wet 1 as the collimation system. The authors measured the output factors of electron beams for shaped fields from Clinac-18 using ionization chamber of Farmer type in polystyrene phantom. They analyzed the parameters that affect the output factors. The output factors of electron beams depend on the incident energy, collimation system and size of shaped field. For shaped field the variation of output factor for the field size (A/P) has appearence of a smooth curve for all energy and all applicator collimator combination. The output factors for open field deviate from the curves for shaped fields. An output factor for a given field can be calculated by equivalent field method such as A/P method, if a combination of applicator and collimator is fixed.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2010

In this paper we evaluated small field dose characteristics of exclusive cone fields versus square fields for stereotactic radiosugery (SRS) which is based on linear accelerators (LINAC). For this test, we used a small beam detector (stereotactic fields detector : SFD) with a 6 MV photon beam and a water phantom system (IBA, Germany). Percentage depth dose (PDD) was measured for different field sets (cones : ${\Phi}1\;cm$, ${\Phi}2\;cm$, ${\Phi}3\;cm$ ; square fields : $1{\times}1\;cm^2$, $2{\times}2\;cm^2$, $3{\times}3\;cm^2$) at a source skin distance (SSD) of 100 cm. We measured the point depths at 1.5 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm. The output factors were measured under the same geometrical conditions of the PDD and normalized at the maximum dose depth. To analyze the penumbra, we measured the dose profile with 95 cm of SSD, 5 cm of depth for each field sizes (${\Phi}1\;cm$, ${\Phi}3\;cm$, $1{\times}1\;cm^2$, and $3{\times}3\;cm^2$) using SFD. We obtained the values for every 1 mm interval in the physical field (90%) and 0.5 mm interval in the penumbra region (20 to 80%). The PDD variation of exclusive cones and square fields were 4.3 to 7.9% lesser than the standard field size ($10{\times}10\;cm^2$. The variation of PDD was reduced while the field size was increased. To compare the beam quality, we analyzed the $PDD_{20,10}$ and the results showed under the 1% of variations for all experiments except for ${\Phi}1\;cm$ cone and $1{\times}1\;cm^2$ fields. Output factors of exclusive cone were increased 3.1~4.6% than the square fields, and the penumbra region of exclusive cone was reduced 20% as compared to the square fields. As the previous researches report, it is very important for SRS and SFD that precise dosimetry in small beam fields. In this paper, we showed the effectiveness of exclusive cone, compared to square field. And we will study on the various detector characteristics for small beam fields.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.793-799
• /
• 2018

As interest in artificial intelligence has increased, artificial intelligence has been actively studied in the medical field. In Korea, artificial intelligence has been applied to medical imaging devices such as X-ray imaging, Computer Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging and artificial intelligence capable of acquiring radiation images of patients without radiologists in the future Medical devices are expected to be invented. This study was an initial study on the automation of patient positioning in X - ray imaging. We used x-ray equipment and human phantoms to evaluate the positioning. The program used Visual Studio 2010 MFC and the image was in the size $1450{\times}1814$. The pixel values were converted to contrasts with values of 0 to 255 that can be visually recognized and output to the monitor. We developed a procedure algorithm program that predicts the angle of the output image through three pixel coordinate values and induces the patient to perform correct positioning according to the voice guidance according to the angle. In the next study, we will study the artificial intelligence to grasp the structure itself and calculate the angle, rather than conveying the reference of coordinates to artificial intelligence. In the future, it is expected that it will be helpful in the study of artificial intelligence from shooting to positioning through the automation of positioning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.557-564
• /
• 2023

In this study, 3D printing technology was used to compensate for the shortcomings of the use of lead, which has proven to have excellent shielding performance, and to control unnecessary human exposure. 3D printers can implement three-dimensional shapes and can immediately apply individual ideas, which has great advantages in maintaining technology supplementation while reducing the cost and duration of prototyping. Among the various special 3D printers, the FDM method was adopted, and the filament used for output was manufactured using a research extruder by mixing two materials, PLA (Poly-Lactic-Acid) and tungsten. The purpose was to verify the validity through dose evaluation and to provide basic information on the production of chapezones of various materials. The mixed filament was implemented as a morphological shield. Filaments made of a research extruder by mixing PLA and tungsten were divided into 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 % according to the tungsten content ratio. Through the process of 3D Modeling, STL File storage, G-code generation, and output, 10 cm × 10 cm × 0.5 cm was manufactured, respectively, and dose and shielding ability were evaluated under the conditions of tube voltages of 60 kVp, 80 kVp, 100 kVp, 120 kVp, and tube currents of 20 mAs and 40 mAs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.42-42
• /
• 2003

목적 : 조사면 크기에 따른 금속쐐기와 가상쐐기에 의한 6 MV 와 15 MV 엑스선의 출력 및 상부와 하부 에 설치하는 금속쐐기의 출력을 비교하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : Varian Clinac21EX(미국)는 두부의 상부와 하부에 설치하는 각각의 금속쐐기와 제한기에 의한 가상쐐기 기능을 가지고 있다. 금속쐐기의 쐐기각은 네 가지 (15$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$, 60$^{\circ}$)이며 투과력에 무관하게 한 쐐기각에 대한 쐐기는 사하부는 각 1 개이고, 가상쐐기는 일곱 가지 ($10^{\circ}$, 15$^{\circ}$, 20$^{\circ}$, 25$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$, 60$^{\circ}$) 이다. 각 쐐기에 대하여 3$\times$3～20$\times$20 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 의 조사면 크기에서 6 및 15 MV 엑스선의 쐐기출력인수 (wedge field output factor)를 $d_{max}$와 10 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 깊이에서 측정하였다. 조사면크기와 측정깊이에 따른 쐐기출력인수의 변화추이를 관찰하였다. 쐐기출력인수 O $F_{Wdg}$는 다음과 같다. O $F_{Wdg}$(r)= $D_{Wdg}$(r)/ $D_{op}$ ( $r_{0}$) 여기서 $r_{0}$와 r은 각각 민조사면의 기준조사면크기, 쐐기조사면크기이다. 하부쐐기에 대한 상부쐐기의 출력인수의 상대적인 백분율 차이, %ROD=l00$\times$(O $F_{upWdg}$/O $F_{lowWdg}$ lowWdg/ - 1)를 구하였다. 조사면크기와 깊이에 따른 %ROD의 변화추이를 평가하였으며 쐐기 각각에 대하여 출력인수를 측정해야하는지 평가하였다. 결과 : 금속쐐기에 대한 쐐기출력인수는 방사선의 투과력과 깊이에 관계없이 조사면 크기가 커짐에 따라 증가하였으나 가상쐐기의 쐐기출력인수는 쐐기각이 작은 경우에는 조사면크기가 커짐에 따라 증가하다가 감소하였으며 최대값을 보이는 조사면크기는 쐐기각이 커짐에 반하여 감소하였으며 투과력에 관계없이 60。 쐐기에 대해서는 조사면 크기가 4 cm(A/P=1) 이상에서 조사면크기가 커짐에 따라 감소하였다. 6 MV 엑스선 에 대한 10 cm 깊이에서 15。 쐐기와 15 MV 엑스선에 대한 10 cm 깊이에서 45。 쐐기의 A/P 가 1.5보다 작은 조사면을 제외하고는 조사면의 크기가 커짐에 따라 %ROD는 감소하였다. $d_{max}$에서는 15。 쐐기와 30。 쐐기에 대해서는 %ROD가 음수였으며 절대값이 증가하였다. 이는 곧 조사면의 크기가 커짐에 따라 상부쐐기의 쐐기출력계수가 하부쐐기와 접근하고 드디어는 상부쐐기의 출력인수가 하부쐐기의 출력인수보다 작아질 수도 있다는 것을 의미하고 있다. 또한 %ROD 는 쐐기각이 클수록 변화가 컸으며, 조사면 크기가 커짐에 따라 10 cm 깊이에서보다 $d_{max}$에서 더 급하게 감소하였다. %ROD 는 6 MV 엑스선에 대해서는 -0.52～4.18 % 였고, 15 MV 엑스선에 대해서는 -0.44-4.18 % 였다. 결론 : 두 가지 투과력의 엑스선이 방출되는 선형가속기의 상하부 쐐기와 가상쐐기의 출력인수를 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과에서 얻어진 결론은 아래와 같다. 1. 조사면의 크기가 커짐에 따라 금속쐐기의 출력계수 는 증가하였으나 가상쐐기의 경우는 증가하다가 감소하거나 큰 쐐기각에 대해서는 감소만 하였다. 2. 상부쐐 기와 하부쐐기는 쐐기출력인수가 4% 이상 차이가 날 수 있으므로 독립적으로 측정하여 이용하여야 할 것이다.것이다.다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.258-267
• /
• 2010

This interest in radiation exposure makes increasing doctor's awareness and knowledge of radiation dose in patients during X-ray test important in reducing patient's uneasiness. However, very few facilities are equipped with measurement instruments. Therefore, an intensive study to find out patient dose using computational method has been initiated. This study used special features of the bit system and NDD-M and directly measured the output dose of diagnostic X-ray instruments used in Korea to create tables. Two different methods were found to be adequate when applied to cases when X-ray outputs were both known and unknown, and comparative experiments with real measurement doses were carried out. Presented methods were found to provide more accurate results compared to the bit system and NDD-M. Therefore, patient dose during clinical trials were found to be more easily acceptable to medical personnel in the radiation field in terms of radiation exposure and reduction of medical X ray dose.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.419-426
• /
• 2007

In this paper, the input pattern vectors are extracted and the learning algorithms is designed to recognize taste(bitter, sweet, sour and salty) pattern vectors. The signal intensity of taste are used to compose the input pattern vectors. The SOM(Self Organizing Maps) algorithm for taste pattern recognition is used to learn initial reference vectors and the ot-star learning algorithm is used to determine the class of the output neurons of the sunclass layer. The weights of the proposed algorithm which is between the input layer and the subclass layer can be learned to determine initial reference vectors by using SOM algorithm and to learn reference vectors by using LVQ(Learning Vector Quantization) algorithm. The pattern vectors are classified into subclasses by neurons in the subclass layer, and the weights between subclass layer and output layer are learned to classify the classified subclass, which is enclosed a class. To classify the pattern vectors, the proposed algorithm is simulated with ones of the conventional LVQ, and it is confirmed that the proposed learning method is more successful classification than the conventional LVQ.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.13-17
• /
• 2003

By converting movable indirect mass chest X-ray devices for vehicles into digital systems and upgrading it to share information with the hospital's medical image information system, excellencies have been confirmed as a result of installing and running this type of system and are listed hereinafter. 1. Upgrading analog systems, such as indirect mass chest X-ray devices dependent on printed film, to digital systems allows them to be run and managed much more efficiently, contributing to the increase in the stability and the efficiency of the system. 2. Unlike existing images, communication based on DICOM standards allow images to be compatible with the hospital's outer and inner network PACS systems, extending the scope of the radiation departments information system. 3. Assuming chest-exclusive indirect mass chest X-rays, a linked development of CAD (Computer Aided Diagnosis, Detector) becomes possible. 4. By applying wireless Internet, Web-PACS for movable indirect mass chest X-ray devices for vehicles will become possible. Research in these fields must continue and if the superior image quality and convenience of digital systems are confirmed, I believe that the conversion of systems still dependent on analog images to modernized digital systems is a must.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2008.10b
• /
• pp.515-517
• /
• 2008

현재 가동 중인 원자적발전소 계측제어설비의 전원공급기를 살펴보면 인버터 또는 별도의 교류를 입력전원으로 사용한다. 직류 전원공급기들은 설비의 중요도예 따라 이중화로 구성된 설비도 있고 그렇지 않은 기기나 설비도 있다. 이중화로 구성된 전원공급기라 해도 교류 입력전원이 동일하다면 교류 입력이 상실될 때 이중화로 구성된 직류전원도 상실되어 관련계통의 가동이 정지된다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 각기 다른 교류입력전원으로 동작되는 이중화전원공급기로 구성되는 것이 가장 바람직하다. 본 연구개발의 목적은 두 종의 설비에 소요되는 3종의 직류전원 공급기를 원자력 안정성등급으로 국산화하는 연구이다. 기존 제품들은 3종 모두 리니어 방식의 제품이지만, 방사선감시 계통 현장제어기의 5V로직 전원공급기와 공정제어계통 전원공급자는 전력변환효율이 높고 소형, 정량화가 가능한 SMPS(Switched Mode Power Supply) 방식으로 개발하였다. 방사선감시계통 현장제어기의 PCA(Printed Circuit Assembly) 저전압공급기는 다양한 종류의 출력전압과 저 전류형이므로 안정성 면에서 동일한 형식의 리니어 방식으로 개발하였으며 3종류 모두 출력용량을 20% 이상 향상시켰다. 또한, 논문을 통해 SMPS 방식의 전원공급기의 핵심 부품인 Control Module을 Hybrid IC형으로 자체 설계하여 성능이 우수한 제품을 지속적으로 생산할 수 있는 기틀을 마련하고자 한다.