• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.541-554
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• 2006

Present review is to introduce an omasal sampling technique in rumen proteolysis and to consider some information on the omasal sampling technique with particular emphasis on methodological aspects. Use of the omasal sampling technique provides a new opportunity for accurate estimation of rumen metabolism with overcoming limitations of previous in vivo, in vitro and/or in situ methods. The potential advantages of the present technique compared with post-ruminal sampling techniques include following points; 1) only rumen cannulated animals are required, 2) less endogenous nitrogen (N) is contaminated in omasal digesta and 3) omasal digesta are devoid of exposure to acid peptide hydrolysis occurring in the abomasum. Estimates of soluble non-ammonia N (SNAN) in omasal digesta indicate that the assumptions underlying the in situ method that rapidly degradable N fraction can be degraded at an infinite rate and only insoluble dietary N escapes the rumen may be not valid. Quatitatively higher peptide concentration rather than free amino acid and soluble protein in escapable SNAN suggests that hydrolysis of peptide to amino acid may be the rate-limiting step in rumen proteolysis.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.139-151
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• 2017

This study was conducted to confirm the rumen fermentation characteristics of large-scale CoenzymeQ10(CoQ10) producing bacteria R. spharoides in rumen. We conducted in vitro continuous culture test to investigate the characteristics of rumen fermentation with 5% R. spharoides as a direct fed microorganism. A rumen microbial fermentation characteristic has stability at after 12 days for 15 day of experimental period. pH value, NH₃-N, microbial protein synthesis, ADF digestibility and NDF digestibility were not shown significantly differences between control and treatment. However, UDP was significantly higher in treatment than control (p<0.05). CoQ10 concentration was 336.0mg/l with 5% R. spharoides. On the other hands, CoQ10 was not detected without R. spharoides. Our study was shown that R. spharoides can produce CoQ10 in rumen environment without harmful effects on rumen fermentation parameter. CoQ10 in rumen may transfer into cow milk through cow metabolism. This strategy might be helpful for producing functional dairy cow milk.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 2006

These studies were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of spent bleaching clay (SBC) as a feed resource for ruminants. Three Holstein dairy cows, surgically fitted with ruminal cannula, were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design. Dietary treatments were 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet plus 2% of SBC and 3) basal diet plus 4% of SBC. Rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours following the start of the morning feeding. Nylon bags containing experimental diets were used to determine ruminal nutrient disappearance at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The values of ruminal pH in cows receiving 4% of SBC was lower than those of the control and 2% SBC supplement. The $NH_3-N$ concentration in the rumen was higher at the 3 hour than for cows of control and 2% of SBC supplement. Total VFA concentrations in the rumen were not affected by the addition of SBC. Dry matter and organic matter disappearance in the rumen was lower at the 6 hours than the control and 2% SBC treatment, but no difference at the end of the 24 hour.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1244-1253
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• 2018

Rumen microbiome consists of a wide variety of microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses, that are in a symbiotic relationship in a strict anaerobic environment in the rumen. These rumen microbiome, a vital maker, play a significant role in feed fermentation within the rumen and produce different volatile fatty acids (VFAs). VFAs are essential for energy metabolism and protein synthesis of the host animal, even though emission of methane gas after feed fermentation is considered a negative indicator of loss of dietary energy of the host animal. To improve rumen microbial efficiency, a variety of approaches, such as feed formulation, the addition of natural feed additives, dietary feed-microbes, etc., have taken to increase ruminant performance. Recently with the application of high-throughput sequencing or next-generation sequencing technologies, especially for metagenomics and metatranscriptomics of rumen microbiomes, our understanding of rumen microbial diversity and function has significantly increased. The metaproteome and metabolome provide deeper insights into the complicated microbial network of the rumen ecosystem and its response to different ruminant diets to improve efficiency in animal production. This review summarized some recent advances of rumen microbiome techniques, especially "meta-omics," viz. metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic, and metabolomic techniques to increase feed fermentation and utilization in ruminants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2014

The comparisons between cellulolytic bacteria adhesion on rice straw and fiber digestion in time course during rumen fermentation were studied in situ. The adhesions of cellulolytic bacteria, F. succinogenes. R. albus and R. flavefaciens, were measured by RT-PCR. When the rice straws were incubated at 0. 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours of the in situ rumen, straw was degraded with increasing speed during the incubation and showed the highest disappearance increasing rate (DM g/h) from 8 to 12 hour. The adhesions of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus were achieved above 80% in 1 hour of in situ rumen fermentation and then keep adhesive population up after the time of fermentation. When the in situ samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min to detect the early stages of adhesion on the rice straws ingested into rumen, the numberous adhesive colony of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus were detected in 5 min. In case of rice straw treated with 0, 2, 4 and 8% NaOH, all of three cellulolytic bacteria showed the increasing trends of adhesion with increasing DM disappearance of rice straw by higher concentration of NaOH at 12 hour of in situ. However, there were showed respectively difference at 24 hour. The present results gave certain evidence that adhesion of cellulolytic bacteria is definitely achieved in early stage of roughage ingestion into rumen, their colony develop the stable communities on roughage in process of rumen fermentation and then fiber degradation is accelerated.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to confirm biohydrogenation of linoleic acid and stearic acid production by mixed men fungi and bacteria. In mixed fungal biohydrogenation study, when linoleic acid solution was added to fungal culture (after 24 hr pre-incubation), all linoleic acids were converted to trans-11 vaccenic acid via cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid production within 24 hr period of incubation. All linoleic acid solution was hydrogenated to trans-11 vaccenic acid within 24 hr incubation and this was continued until the end of incubation (48 hr). Both treatments (added linoleic acid solution or the same amount of solution without containing linoleic acid into fungal cultures) produced the similar amount of stearic acid. In contrast, 100% of linoleic acid solution was hydrogenated to stearic acid in mixed bacterial culture. It is concluded that the end product of mixed fungal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid is trans-11 vaccenic acid whereas mixed bacteria produced stearic acid as an end product of their biohydrogenation.

• Feed Journal
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• v.2 no.7
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• pp.126-129
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• 2004

1949년에 Loosli등은 면양과 엽소에게 사료내 질소공급원으로 요소만을 공급하여 반추위내에서 반추위 미생물로부터 모든 필수아미노산이 합성됨을 발견하여 순수한 단백질이 아닌 비단백태 질소화합물만으로도 미생물 단백질 합성의 가능성이 알려졌다.<중략>

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.116-131
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• 2001

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of whole and processed corns on in situ disappearance rates of nutrients in the rumen and in vitro degradability of dry matter by rumen microorganisms. Whole corn(WC) was processed into four different types; ground corn(GC), cracked corn(CC), flaked corn(FC), and soaked corn(SC). In the in situ experiment, the rate of ruminal DM disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC(76.1%) and lowest in WC and SC(12% ; P<0.01). The rate of ruminal CP disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC and CC(48 and 38%, respectively; P<0.01). The rate of ruminal OM disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC(76.14%) and lowest in WC and SC(11.82 and 12.26%, respectively; P<0.01). In the in vitro experiment, the two-stage incubation technique was used to measure digestibilities of whole and processed corns. The digestibility of DM was higher in GC, CC and FC(86.95, 85.84 and 82.29%, respectively) than in WC(15.36%; P<0.01).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.555-562
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) with or without ruminally protected fat and niacin on the thermoregulatory ability, milk yield and milk composition of lactating dairy cows during summer in Korea. Thirty mid-lactating Holstein cows (134±12.4 DIM and 23.4±2.3kg/d of milk yield) were divided into three groups (10 animals/group). Cows were housed in a free-stall barn and were provided with forced- air ventilation (wind velocity = 4 m/s) using 41 cm diameter fans. Diet one was formulated to contain low DCAD (+15 DCAD) while the remaining two diets were higher in DCAD (+30 DCAD). One higher DCAD diet was formulated to contain by-pass fat and the second higher DCAD diet contained the niacin along with by-pass fat. The maximum ambient temperature during July was 28.5℃ which could be seen as a period of mild heat stress. As summer progressed, August was characterized as a severe heat stress condition with maximum ambient temperature (32.4℃) and THI (74.0). Dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients intake was not affected by the DCAD level and supplementation of ruminally protected fat or niacin. Milk production was higher in cows fed diets supplemented with fat and niacin than those fed un-supplemented diet. No difference in milk yield was observed in cows fed diets supplemented with fat or niacin plus fat. Milk fat and rectal temperature were not affected by the DCAD level and supplementation of ruminally protected fat or niacin. However, respiration rate was decreased in cows fed diets supplemented with either fat or fat and niacin compared to those fed. The results of the present study indicated that higher DCAD (+30) and supplementation of fat along with niacin can somehow mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on milk yield and physiology of lactating Holsteins during July and August in Korea. In present study reduced respiration rate and increased milk yield in lactating cows may be attributed to the cooling effect of supplemented fat along with vasodilatory functions of niacin. (Key Words: DCAD, Heat stress, THI, milk yield, Milk fat, Holstein)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2011

Four ruminally cannulated Hanwoo steers (BW 600 ${\pm}$ 48.4 kg) fed whole crop rice silage (WRS) as forage were used to investigate the effects of its dietary on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites at different harvesting time such as milk, dough, yellow ripe and mature stages of WRS, respectively. Mean ruminal pH sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after the morning feeding was not significantly (p>0.05) different between the WRS by the harvesting time. In diurnal pattern in ruminal pH, the lowest pH for the mature stage treatment (Mature) appeared at 6 h after the feeding while it appeared at 2-4 h for the other treatments. This may indicate that retention time in the rumen of Hanwoo fed WRS harvested at the Mature increased. Although feeding WRS harvested at different stages did not significantly (p>0.05) affect ruminal ammonia N concentration, the ammonia N for WRS harvested at the milk stage (Milk) tended (p=0.11) to decrease compared with that for the yellow stage treatment (Yellow). In the blood metabolites analysis, BUN concentration for Yellow numerically decreased compared with that for Milk. This, taking lower concentration of ruminal ammonia N for Milk than the other treatments into account, clearly indicates that the BUN concentrations may not increase in proportion to ruminal ammonia N concentration according to ammonia N concentration entering into the lower gastric tracts. Lower (p=0.03) concentration of blood albumin for the dough stage treatment than that for Mature may indicate high protein synthesis in Hanwoo fed WRS at the dough stage, but further studies in terms of mechanism of nutrients distribution should be required. Present results indicate that different harvesting time did not affect rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Hanwoo. Thus, based on the results of the present and the previous studies, utilizing WRS harvested at yellow stage could be recommendable for Hanwoo steers.