• Clean Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2024

Nanoplastics (NP) exhibit distinct material properties compared to microplastics (MP), necessitating their separate recognition. Review of research outcomes and policy documents on NP reveals that most policy frameworks predominantly define MPs as solid synthetic polymer materials measuring 5 mm or less, but do not distinguish them from NP. However, recent revisions in regulations by the EU classify NPs as particles that range in size from 1 to 1,000 nm, as confirmed by some academic studies. Research on NPs often relies on experimental investigations centered around water systems, with a focus on high-concentration experimental conditions using spherical polystyrene-based NPs in behavior and impact studies. Notably, the environmental behavior characteristics of NP show differences in influence depending on the NP type, emphasizing the need for field simulation research. These challenges are mirrored in Korean society, so it is necessary to redefine NP to be distinct from MP in both research and policy. This study aimed to assess the current state of NP management globally and domestically and highlight policy considerations and issues in the existing response to NP. Upon comprehensive review, it becomes apparent that reaching an international agreement on MP faces methodological limitations, which could potentially burden efforts to precisely define NP size. Therefore, referencing the EU's recent regulatory revisions is crucial in domestic policy. Specific adjustments should commence from the MP concept through insights from the domestic industry, guidance from the academic community, and thorough discussions to ensure social acceptance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2024

In 2020, 24,000 TEU ultra-large container ships began arriving at the Busan New Port. In this study, the wind pressure and hydraulic force acting on the hull were calculated to obtain the horsepower required for the tugboats for safe berthing and unberthing of a 24,000 TEU ultra-large container ship at the Busan New Port. When the wind speed is 10 m/s (20 kts), 13,000 TEU container ships meet the tug horsepower standard of the current Busan port tugboat operation rules, but 16,000 TEU and 24,000 TEU container ships do not satisfy the regulations. Therefore, it was proposed to raise the standards for tugboat use by dividing the size of ships of "G/T 150,000 tons or more," which is the largest vessel under the current tugboat use standards, into two stages. Because 140,000 tons requires 12,100 horsepower, 170,000 tons requires 14,500 horsepower, and 230,000 tons requires 18,000 horsepower, the study proposed 16,000 horsepower for 150,000 to less than 200,000 tons and 18,000 horsepower for 200,000 tons or more for the use of tugboats.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

Number of long-span bridge construction has been increased recently so that seismic consideration of design has become significant. To adapt such significance to design, seismic design in the newly revised 'Cable Steel Bridge Design Handbook' specifies some of wave travelling effect and local site effect. In this study, a cable-stayed bridge with main span of 500m is analysed having variables of uniform excitation, wave travelling effect, and wave travelling effect plus local site effect. Result shows that wave travelling effect in cable-stayed bridge affects considerably to its seismic response under weak soil condition even though the span length is relatively short. What's more, regardless of soil type, the seismic response has become higher for analysis with wave travelling effect and local site effect than with wave travelling effect only. Consequently, in seismic response analysis of long-span bridge, consideration should be given to application of wave travelling effect and local site effect.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.244-252
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• 2005

This study was performed far development of new analytical method of beet red in foods. In this study, analysis of beet red in foods has been carried out by detection of betanine and isobetanine, the main color component of beet red as indicator compounds. The qualitative analysis technique consisted of clean-up of the colors with a $C_{18}$ cartridge, separation of the colors by cellulose TLC plate using acetone:3-methyl-1-butanol:distilled water (7:7:6) as a solvent system. Also, the quantitative analysis was performed using X-terra RP at wavelength 538 nm and $0.1\%$ phosphoric acid : methanol (90:10) as a solvent. The quantitative results of beet .ed were as follows:900.22$\∼$27701.60 $\mu$g/g for 60 item in nutrient supplement food, $21.95\∼713.40{\mu}g/g$ for 30 items and N.D. for 18 items in cindy, and $155.85{\∼}505.37{\mu}g/g$ for 12 items in ice creams, $43.52\∼64.75{\mu}g/g$ for 18 items and N.D. for 54 item in sauce, N.D. for 12 items in retort food.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.781-786
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• 2013

Nutrients fortified dairy products declare their contents on the label for nutrition claim and marketing. However, there are few monitoring studies about relations between actual quantities of fortified nutrients and the described ones on the label. This study was carried out for comparing actual fortified nutrient contents with labeled ones. Forty calcium fortified dairy products and twenty four fructooligosaccharides (FOS) fortified dairy products were sampled at supermarkets located in Anyang, Korea from March to November in 2010. Calcium contents were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry followed by microwave sample digestion, and FOS contents were analyzed by HPLC-ELSD followed by solvent extraction. In fresh milk, calcium contents ranged from 1.0 to 2.4 mg/mL, and those values were 87~127% of their labeled contents. In fermented milk products and cheeses, calcium contents ranged from 0.3 to 1.6 mg/g (89~131% of their labeled contents), 4.2 to 23.0 mg/g (83~127% of their labeled contents), respectively. FOS contents ranged from 9.09 to 18.89 mg/g in FOS contents labeled products and showed 83~154% compared to their labeled quantity, and ranged from 1.3~30.8 mg/g in products without quantity labeling. In conclusion, the amounts of calcium and FOS in dairy products were above 80% compared to their labeled ones and conformed to the Korean official livestock products labeling standard.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2019

An analytical method was developed for the determination of sedaxane in agricultural products using liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and partitioned with dichloromethane to remove the interference, and then purified by using silica SPE cartridges to clean up. The analytes were quantified and confirmed by using LC-MS/MS in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The matrix-matched calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges ($0.001-0.25{\mu}g/mL$) into a blank extract with $r^2$>0.99. For validation, recovery tests were carried out at three different concentration levels (LOQ, 10LOQ, and 50LOQ, n=5) with five replicates performed at each level. The recoveries were ranged between 74.5 to 100.8% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 12.1% for all analytes. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines (CAC/GL 40, 2003) and Food Safety Evaluation Department guidelines (2016). The proposed analytical method was accurate, effective and sensitive for sedaxane determination in agricultural commodities.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.34
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• pp.287-310
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is examining the contents of Mugyeongchilseo researching of Mukwashichwi in early Joseon Dynasty. The conclusions are following in several facts. First, the subjects of test are distinctly divided into 2 different parts. These are martial art test and textbook one. The martial art test was focused on archery and skill of spear. otherwise the text test was consisted of Byeonseo and Saseosamgyeong. Second, Mukwashichwi had 2 different courses Mukwkjo and Dosijo. Each of them also had 3 steps Chosi, Boksi Jeonsi. Regarding text test, the person who applied Mukwjo was able to choose 1 text book of Saseoogyeong, 1 text book of Mugyeongchilseo and 1 text book of "Tonggam", "Byeongyo", "Janggambagui", "Mugyeong", "Sohak" and "Gyeonggukdaejeon". But, the person who applied Dosijo was able to choose 1 text book "Noneo", "Maengja", 1 text book of Ogyeong and 1 book of "Tonggam", "Janggambagui", "Byeongyo", "SunTzu". Third, As the result of examining 42 articles of Mugyeongchilseo in records of Joseon Dynasty. There was unstable stardards in Mukwashichwi at that time. So It needed various texts book to take a test. But, after king Seongjong, "Gyeonggukdaejeon" was completed assigned and the standard text book was set up and applied. Finally, considering important meaning of Mugyeongchilseo, It had been existed as text book of Mukwashichwi for a long time and never deleted like many other books. It had always played critical roles of every types of Mukwa test and had been rules of military appointment.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.115-157
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• 2013

Some contracting States of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (commonly known as the Chicago Convention) issue FAOC(Foreign AOC and/or Operations Specifications) and conduct various safety audits for the foreign operators. These FAOC and safety audits on the foreign operators are being expanded to other parts of the world. While this trend is the strengthening measure of aviation safety resulting in the reduction of aircraft accident, it is the source of concern from the legal as well as economic perspectives. FAOC of the USA doubly burdens the other contracting States to the Chicago Convention because it is the requirement other than that prescribed by the Chicago Convention of which provisions are faithfully observed by almost all the contracting States. The Chicago Convention in its Article 33 stipulates that each contracting State recognize the validity of the certificates of airworthiness and licenses issued by other contracting States as long as they meet the minimum standards of the ICAO. Consequently, it is submitted that the unilateral action of the USA, China, Mongolia, Australia, and the Philippines issuing the FOAC to the aircraft of other States is against the Convention. It is worry some that this breach of international law is likely to be followed by the European Union which is believed to be in preparation for its own unilateral application. The ICAO established by the Chicago Convention to be in charge of safe and orderly development of the international civil aviation has been in hard work to both upgrade and emphasize the safe operation of aircraft. As the result of these endeavors, it prepared a new Annex 19 to the Chicago Convention with the title of "Safety Management" and with the applicable date 14 November 2013. It is this Annex and other ICAO documents relevant to the safety that the contracting States to the Chicago Convention have to observe. Otherwise, it is the economical burden due to probable delay in issuing the FOAC and bureaucracies combined with many different paperworks and regulations depending on where the aircraft is flown. It is exactly to avoid this type of confusion and waste that the Chicago Convention aimed at when it was adopted in 1944. The State of the operator shall establish a system for both the certification and the continued surveillance of the operator in accordance with ICAO SARPs to ensure that the required standards of operations are maintained. Certainly the operator shall meet and maintain the requirements established by the States in which it operate. The authority of a State stops where the authority of another State intervenes or where the former has yielded its power by an international agreement for the sake of international cooperation. Hence, it is not within the realm of the State to issue FAOC towards foreign operators for the reason that these foreign operators are flying in and out of the State. Furthermore, there are other safety audits such as ICAO USOAP, IATA IOSA, FAA IASA, and EU SAFA that assure the safe operation of the aircraft, but within the limit of their power and in compliance with the ICAO SARPs. If the safety level of any operator is not satisfactory, the operator could be banned to operate in the contracting States with watchful eyes until the ICAO SARPs are met. This time-honoured practice has been applied without any serious problems. Besides, we have the new Annex 19 to strengthen and upgrade with easy reference for contracting States. We don't have no reason to introduce additional burden to the States by unilateral actions of some States. These actions have to be corrected. On the other hand, when it comes to the carriage of the Personal or Pilot Log Book, the Korean regulation requiring it is in contrast with other relevant provisions of USA, USOAP, IOSA, and SAFA. The Chicago Convention requires in its Articles 29 and 34 only the carriage of the Journey Log Book and some other certificates, but do not mention the Personal Log Book at all. Paragraph 5.1.1.1 of Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention even makes it clear that the carriage in the aircraft of the Personal Log Book is not required on international flights. The unique Korean regulation in this regards giving the unnecessary burden to the national flag air carriers has to be lifted at once.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2019

Validamycin A is an aminoglycoside fungicide produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus that inhibits trehalase. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for detecting validamycin A in agricultural samples to establish MRL values for use in Korea. The validamycin A residues in samples were extracted using methanol/water (50/50, v/v) and purified with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridges. The analyte was quantified and confirmed by liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Matrix-matched calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges (0.005~0.5 ng) into a blank extract with $R^2$ > 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.005 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. For validation validamycin A, recovery studies were carried out three different concentration levels (LOQ, $LOQ{\times}10$, $LOQ{\times}50$, n = 5) with five replicates at each level. The average recovery range was from 72.5~118.3%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 10.3%. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines (CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) and the NIFDS (National Institute of Food and Drug Safety) guideline (2016). Therefore, the proposed analytical method is accurate, effective and sensitive for validamycin A determination in agricultural commodities.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.124-134
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• 2019

An analytical method was developed for the determination of broflanilide and its metabolites in agricultural products. Sample preparation was conducted using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method and LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer). The analytes were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up using d-SPE (dispersive solid phase extraction) sorbents such as anhydrous magnesium sulfate, primary secondary amine (PSA) and octadecyl ($C_{18}$). The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.004 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery results for broflanilide, DM-8007 and S(PFP-OH)-8007 ranged between 90.7 to 113.7%, 88.2 to 109.7% and 79.8 to 97.8% at different concentration levels (LOQ, 10LOQ, 50LOQ) with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 8.8%. The inter-laboratory study recovery results for broflanilide and DM-8007 and S (PFP-OH)-8007 ranged between 86.3 to 109.1%, 87.8 to 109.7% and 78.8 to 102.1%, and RSD values were also below 21%. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines (CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) and the Food and Drug Safety Evaluation guidelines (2016). Therefore, the proposed analytical method was accurate, effective and sensitive for broflanilide determination in agricultural commodities.