• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.235-244
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing rate on the physical properties of soybean sprouts to improve the quality of processed soybean sprouts during distribution and storage. Cooked soybean sprouts were frozen by air-blast freezing (ABF) system at $-45^{\circ}C$ or natural air convection freezing (NCF) system at $-24^{\circ}C$, then thawed using microwave oven by varying output power (0, 400, 800 and 1,000 W) until $75^{\circ}C$. The quality of soybean sprouts was measured by the water content, hardness and springiness. In addition, the internal microstructure of soybean sprouts was observed by optical microscope. For results, water content of soybean sprouts thawed by 1,000 W in a microwave showed the lowest value after natural air convection freezing. Springiness of soybean sprouts thawed by all amounts of output power was decreased in comparison with control. Hardness was increased only in soybean sprouts thawed by 1,000 W after air-blast freezing. However the gaps between springiness and hardness were relatively small with control at 1,000 W thawing, after air-blast freezing. Internal microstructure of the soybean sprouts was more damaged as freezing and thawing time were increased. In conclusion, high freezing and thawing rate might improves the quality of soy bean sprout, and IQF freezing and 1,000 W of microwave thawing appears to be the optimum condition for frozen HMR production. From the results freezing and thawing process parameters might can be use as quality control parameters as various type of sprout products processing.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.277-282
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• 2010

The study is to verify non-uniform dose distribution in Field-In-Field (FIF) technique using two-dimensional ionization chamber (MatriXX, Wellhofer Dosimetrie, Germany) for breast tangential irradiation. The MatriXX and an inverse planning system (Eclipse, ver 6.5, Varian, Palo Alto, USA) were used. Hybrid plans were made from the original twenty patients plans. To verify the non-uniform dose distribution in FIF technique, each portal prescribed doses (90 cGy) was delivered to the MatriXX. The measured doses on the MatriXX were compared to the planned doses. The quantitative analyses were done with a commercial analyzing tool (OmniPro IMRT, ver. 1.4, Wellhofer Dosimetrie, Germany). The delivered doses at the normalization points were different to average 1.6% between the calculated and the measured. In analysis of line profiles, there were some differences of 1.3-5.5% (Avg: 2.4%), 0.9-3.9% (Avg: 2.5%) in longitudinal and transverse planes respectively. For the gamma index (criteria: 3 mm, 3%) analyses, there were shown that 90.23-99.69% (avg: 95.11%, std: 2.81) for acceptable range ($\gamma$-index $\geq$ 1) through the twenty patients cases. In conclusion, through our study, we have confirmed the availability of the FIF technique by comparing the calculated with the measured using MatriXX. In the future, various clinical applications of the FIF techniques would be good trials for better treatment results.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

Objectives: We studied to find out the relevant relationship between the type of residence and the level of mental depression among aged people. Methods: The authors surveyed 156 people who are over 65 in a small city. Here are three groups: 50 persons who live in the facility for the aged. 72 persons who live with their family and 34 persons who live alone. We developed the questionnaire and the severity of depressive symptoms was measured using Korean Form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS) score. Results: Positive rate of depressive disorders among the aged people was 43.6%. Positive rate of depressive disorders among the aged who live in the facility for the aged was 42.0% and that persons who live with their family was 9.7%. It's more likely to be their gender, the marital status, schooling, going out and pocket money that affect on their mental depression. According to the multiple logistic regression, the odds ratios of the persons who live in the facility for the aged versus persons who live with their family and pocket money in a month were significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: The research shows that the mental depression in the aged people is more serious in the facility for the aged and also significantly related to their pocket money.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1249-1256
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• 2016

Black ginseng (BG) obtained by a 9-fold steaming process of Panax ginseng has been reported to have anti-oxidative, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetes effects. The current study evaluated the protective effect of BG by steaming time in an HCl/ethanol-induced acute gastritis model. BG was divided into four samples according to steaming-drying processing (Gin1, Gin3, Gin6, and BG). High performance liquid chromatography analysis, free radical scavenging activity, and total phenol and flavonoid contents were examined in ginseng and four BG samples. Compared with ginseng, BG showed a stronger radical scavenging effect and higher contents of total phenol and flavonoids. To evaluate the anti-gastritic effect of BG, mice were distributed into five groups: normal mice (N), acute gastritic mice with distilled water (CON), acute gastritic mice with 100 mg/kg of ginseng (Gin0), acute gastritic mice with 100 mg/kg of BG (BG), and acute gastritic mice with 10 mg/kg of sucralfate (SC). After 1 hour of pre-treatment with water, extracts (Gin0 and BG), or drug (SC), experimental groups except for N were orally administered 0.5 mL of 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol (v/v) mixture. Blood was collected 1 hour later from the heart, and gastric tissue was harvested. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured in serum, and related protein expression was examined by Western blot assay. In HCl/ethanol-induced acute gastritic mice, treatment with ginseng or BG improved mucosal damage in the histological evaluation. The serum ROS level significantly decreased in the BG-treated group compared with the CON group. Furthermore, expression of inflammatory cytokines significantly decreased in the BG-treated group compared with the CON group. Based on these results, antioxidant and anti-gastritic activities of ginseng were enhanced by streaming-drying processing, in part due to an increase in biological active compounds.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.24-44
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• 2003

The purposes of this study was to identify and propose the expected role of the oncology nurse specialist by embodying role theory to oncology nurse specialist. The subjects of this study were 149 persons in 14 hospitals, who were classified to 4 groups, oncology nurse specialists(ONS) group, head nurses and charge nurses(HN & CN) group in hemato-oncology ward, registered nurses(RN) group in hemato-oncology ward, and hematologists & oncologists(H&O) group. The questionnaire which was consisted of 89 items for role of oncology nurse specialist, was made by researcher with a field study and literature review about role of oncology nurse specialist and verified by matrix delphi technique about content validity and construct validity. The data were collected from October 22, 2002 to November 5, 2002. All 4 groups proposed that ONS should perform an expert practitioner role first of all. But ONS group, RN group and H&O group proposed orderly expert practitioner, educator, researcher, consultant, and administrator & change agent, but HN & CN group did expert practitioner, educator, consultant, researcher, administrator & change agent. Expert practitioner had the most highest necessary degree in all groups and most highest performance degree in ONS group. That was consistent with results that all groups proposed role of expert practitioner at first. 4 items out of 20 items showed the meaningful differences between groups. For role of educator, oncology nurse specialist group proposed necessary degrees over 4.0 point out of 5.0 in all items. 4 items out of 18 items showed the meaningful differences between groups. For role of researcher, 3 nurses groups proposed a high necessary degree, but performance of ONS group was most lowest among 5 roles. 6 items out of 14 items showed the meaningful differences between groups. The role of consultant had high necessary degree in some items related to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2 items out of 17 items showed the meaningful differences between groups. In nursing behaviors of administrator & change agent, those items about enacting principle, cost development and participation of professional academy had a high necessary degree. 4 items out of 18 items showed the meaningful differences between groups. Oncology nurse specialists group performed 5 roles orderly, expert practitioner, consultant, educator, administrator & change agent, researcher. This result was different from expected role of themselves as well as the other groups. There was a different necessary degree between role and embodied nursing behaviors of role. ONS group and RN group proposed orderly educator, researcher, administrator & change agent, expert practitioner, consultant, but the other groups did educator, expert practitioner, researcher, consultant, administrator & change agent. The expected standards of oncology nurse specialist in this study were usually master's degree, total career of 5-7 years, oncology career of 3-5 years and certification. But for the post, qualification and qualification institution, various opinions were suggested. In the conclusion, there was a different necessary degree between role and embodied nursing behaviors of role. All groups proposed expert practitioner at first in abstract role, but educator at first in embodied nursing behaviors of role. So we have to consider this difference carefully in the future research. ONS acted the role of expert practitioner first of all, but we should develope and expand the roles of researcher, and administrator & change agent. We should enact roles by role behaviors induced from mutual agreements in necessary degree and performance degree, and bargain the role behaviors that showed the meaningful differences between groups But, we should consider carefully which group's opinion we have to select. I suggested 36 items out of 89 items, in which ONS proposed necessary degree over 4.0 out of 5.0 and half of them performed as the nursing behaviors of oncology nurse specialist that did not induce role stress. For the future, We should role bargain the role with other groups based on these items.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.560-571
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine composition of food groups appropriate for the evaluation of the quality of total diet or food guide, using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of total 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13 - 19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS), intake patterns of food group, mean index of nutritional quality (mINQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR). Considering Korean food pattern different from the Americans, this study is to check if Korean 5 food groups with both of oil & sugar group and vegetable & fruit group, and a minimum amount of 30 g in grain group and 15 g in meat group modified from Kant's minimum amount, 15 g in grain and 30 g in meat, could also be appropriate for the diet evaluation of Korean adolescents. Combination of food group and minimum food intake per each food group used in the first trial were categorized into 6 kinds of types: 1) American 5 food groups with Kant's minimum amount as control or 2) American 5 food groups with modified Kant's minimum amount 3) Korean 5 food groups excluded by sugar with the modified amount 4) Korean 5 food groups with modified amount 5) American food groups added oil group with the modified amount 6) American food groups added oil & sugar group with the modified amount. In case of oil group or oil and sugar group, 5 g was quoted for the minimum amount. Correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality in each type of food group composition were analyzed and the best food group composition was traced by comparing the correlation coefficients of DDS and mINQ or MARs at ${\alpha}\;<\;0.01$. There was no meaningful difference in weight length index of the subjects of eating or not-eating oil or oil & sugar, while the values of mINQ showed higher in the subjects eating oil but no difference in the subjects eating oil & sugar, compared to the group not-eating, respectively. In comparison of type 1 and type 2, correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality showed higher in type 1 using Kant's amount. And comparing the type of a combined group of fruit & vegetable (type 3 and 4) and the type of separated group of fruit and vegetable (type 5 and 6). six groups of separated vegetable and fruit showed the higher correlation of DDSs and indices of diet quality. In case of being classified into six groups with oil, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.293 with INQ. While, being classified into six groups with oil & sugar instead of oil only, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.249 with INQ. Accordingly the type 5 with oil is regarded as the better food group type than the type 6 with oil & sugar. Since better result was shown in the composition of six groups with Kant's minimum amount, the comparative analysis on both of type1 with oil and oil & sugar was finally performed. Then oil added type 1 showed higher correlation of DDS and indices of diet quality. These result indicated that it would be more appropriate to use six food groups with separate vegetable and fruit including oil group (oil-added type 1) rather than oil & sugar group for evaluation of dietary quality of Korean adolescents using DDS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 1994

As a vegetative propagation method for ash species, which is a dioecism and a long cycle of fructification, cut-stem was soaked in water to induce adventitious sprouts, and 2-year-old ash seedling was cut in a nursery to induce adventitious sprouts. We obtained the 1,019 adventitious sprouts from branches of 101 plus trees througout the country. The mean ortet-age is 48. There is not a correlation between ortet ages and production of adventitious sprouts. These sprouts were placed in a cutting bed for rooting. Root ability varied with environmental factors of cuttings. The best rooting(87%) resulted from cutting performed in a vinyl-plastic greenhouse. Rooting was better on perlite+peat moss(2 : 1) medium than other media tested. The rooting ability was generally higher in 2-year-old ortet than plus tree ortet. In the root development of cuttings the non-container cuttings was better than container cuttings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1492-1503
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• 2015

This study evaluated the combination effect of various freezing and thawing techniques on the quality and nutritional aspects of onions. Onions were frozen by natural air convection freezing (NCF), air blast freezing (ABF), and liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF). Onions were frozen for 76 min by NCF, 9 min by ABF, and 9 min by LNF. The freezing treatment was stopped when the core temperature reached $-12^{\circ}C$ for NCF and ABF, and $-120^{\circ}C$ for LNF. Frozen samples were thawed through natural air convection thawing, running water thawing, sonication thawing (ST), or microwave thawing. The quality and nutritional aspects of frozen-thawed onions were evaluated by measuring thawing loss, pH, texture, water content, color, and SEM image. ST was found to cause the least loss in onion sample among the tested thawing methods, whereas the freezing methods did not cause any significant loss. In our experiment, thawing is found to be a more critical technique when compared to that of freezing. There were no clear quantifications or trends of pH and water content among different freezing and thawing techniques. The highest total color difference (${\Delta}E$) was observed in the NCF sample. For morphological observation, ABF gave the smallest ice crystal size, as well as minimum cell collapse. Loss of vitamin C, free sugar, and organic acid content was lower in the ABF and ST sample, when compared to other trials. In our study, we found that combination of ABF and ST could preserve the quality and nutritional aspects of frozen-thawed onions better than other methods.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the detector dependency in the various collimator size for Stereotactic Radiosugery (SRS). Materials and Methods: This study was performed with 6 MV photon beam (Varian 21EX, Varian, US) and the measurement detectors are used by ion chamber CC01, CC13 (Wellhofer, Germany) and stereotactic diode detector (SFD, Wellhofer, Germany). SRS collimator size was used by ${\varphi}$5, 10, 20, 30 mm (Brain Lab, Germany). Percentage depth dose (PDD) was measured at SSD 100 cm and field size 10×10 cm from individual detectors. Ouput factor was measured by using same setup of PDD and with maximum dose depth. Data was normalized at field size $10{\times}10\;cm$. Beam profile was measured at SSD 100 cm in SRS collimator ${\varphi}$10, 30 mm and field $10{\times}10\;cm$ and a comparison of FWHM (full width half maximum), penumbra width (20~80%). Results: The CC13 detector was overestimated 16% than other detectors from the PDD in the 5 mm collimator. Output factors were underestimated CC01 28%, CC13 72% in the 5 mm collimator and CC01 9.6%, CC13 25% in the 10 mm collimator than the SFD. Maximum difference was 3% at the FWHM of the dose profile in the 10 mm collimator and difference of the 30 mm collimator was 0% at the FWHM. Penumbra width was increased CC01 122%, CC13 194% in the 10 mm collimator and CC01 68%, CC13 185% in the 30 mm collimator than the SFD. Conclusion: It is very important for accurate dosimetry to select a detector in small field. The SFD was considered with the most accurate dosimeter for small collimator dosimetry in this study.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2011

The aim of the study is to analyze the dose delivery error depending on the depth variation according to target positions and arc trajectories by comparing the simulated treatment planning with the actual dose delivery in conformal arc therapy. We simulated the conformal arc treatment planning with the three target positions (center, 2.5 cm, and 5 cm in the phantom). For the experiments, IMRT body phantom (I’mRT Phantom, Wellhofer Dosimetry, Germany) was used for treatment planning with CT (Computed Tomography, Light speed 16, GE, USA). The simulated treatment plans were established by three different target positions using treatment planning system (Eclipse, ver. 6.5, VMS, Palo Alto, USA). The radiochromic film (Gafchromic EBT2, ISP, Wayne, USA) and dose analysis software (OmniPro-IMRT, ver. 1.4, Wellhofer Dosimetry, Germany) were used for the measurement of the planned arc delivery using 6 MV photon beam from linear accelerator (CL21EX, VMS, Palo Alto, USA). Gamma index (DD: 3%, DTA: 2 mm) histogram and dose profile were evaluated for a quantitative analysis. The dose distributions surrounded by targets were also compared with each plans and measurements by conformity index (CI), and homogeneity index (HI). The area covered by 100% isodose line was compared to the whole target area. The results for the 5 cm-shifted target plan show that 23.8%, 35.6%, and 37% for multiple conformal arc therapy (MCAT), single conformal arc therapy (SCAT), and multiple static beam therapy, respectively. In the 2.5 cm-shifted target plan, it was shown that 61%, 21.5%, and 14.2%, while in case of center-located target, 70.5%, 14.1%, and 36.3% for MCAT, SCAT, and multiple static beam therapy, respectively. The values were resulted by most superior in the MCAT, except the case of the 5 cm-shifted target. In the analysis of gamma index histogram, it was resulted of 37.1, 27.3, 29.2 in the SCAT, while 9.2, 8.4, 10.3 in the MCAT, for the target positions of center, shifted 2.5 cm and 5 cm, respectively. The fail proportions of the SCAT were 2.8 to 4 times as compared to those of the MCAT. In conclusion, dose delivery error could be occurred depending on the target positions and arc trajectories. Hence, if the target were located in the biased position, the accurate dose delivery could be performed through the optimization of depth according to arc trajectory.