• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2000

- Turfgrass insect pests and natura.l enemies for biological control were investigated to develop pest management effectively in golf courses at several golf clubs. Twenty eight insect pest species of 10 families in 6 orders were collected from golf courses. The zoysiagrass mite, Eriophyes zoysiae and root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita were also collected from zoysiagrass. White grubs of several scarab beetles and cutworms (Agrotis spp.) damaged seriously at most surveyed golf clubs. In addition, bluegrass webworm (Crambus sp.), Japanese lawngrass cutworm (Spodoptera depravata), scale insects, Tipula sp., and ants (Camponitus japonicus, Formica japonica, and Lasins japonicus) damaged turfgrasses directly or indirectly in golf courses. The entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp., Steinernema glaseri, and S. longicaudum, entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, and milky disease, Paenibacil/us popil/iae were isolated from white grubs or turfgrass soil as microbial control agents. Besides, dipteran predators, Cophinopoda chinensis, Philonicus albiceps, and Promachus yesonicus and hymenopteran parasitoid, Tiphia sp. were also collected. The P. yesonicus was the most active in golf courses. The root-knot nematode, M. incognita was found from Zoysia japonica, Z. matrella. and Cynodon dactylon.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus, medicinal plant extracts, and plant extracts on growth performance, cecal microflora, relative organ weight, and lymphocyte profile in broiler chickens. One hundred broilers (5 wk old) were used and divided into five (treatment) ${\times}$ two (challenged Salmonella) groups containing 10 broilers. The treatments were as follows: no antibiotics group (NC), antibiotics group (PC), 0.1% lactic acid bacteria group (LB), 100 ppm medicinal plant extract group (MPE), and 100 ppm herb extract group (HE). A basal diet was formulated as 3,100 kcal/kg ME and 20% CP based on corn and soybean meal. Broilers were fed with the experimental diets with no challenge for 1 wk and with challenge of SG for 2 wk. SG were added in water as $1.0{\times}10^6cfu/L$. Final body weight and weight gain were significantly decreased following challenge with SG (P<0.05). However, with the addition of antibiotic alternatives, growth performance was improved and reduction of performance following challenge with SG was lowed compared with that of the NC treatment (P<0.05). Coliform bacteria and Salmonella but not lactic acid bacteria increased with the addition of antibiotic alternatives (P<0.05). Lactobacillus increased significantly with the addition of lactic acid bacteria compared with the NC and PC treatments (P<0.05). The weight of liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius increased with addition of antibiotic alternatives (P<0.05). WBC was highly reduced at 4 days after challenge with SG, but was normally maintained thereafter. There was no significant difference in coliform bacteria, Salmonella, organ weights, or WBC with the addition of antibiotic alternatives. Finally, Lactobacillus, medicinal plant extract, and herb extract can be used as antibiotic alternatives; but one alternative completely can't alternate as antibiotics. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the synergistic effects of two or more antibiotic alternatives.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.880-888
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of inuloprebiotics (INPs), an alternative antibacterial growth promotor, from Jerusalem artichoke extract (Helianthus tuberosus L.) on egg production and quality in Hyline brown laying hens. The hens were divided randomly into four treatment groups and housed in individual cages for 10 weeks: a control group (0 ppm INP) (T1), 450 ppm (T2), 600 ppm (T3), and 750 ppm (T4). Egg production, egg weight, Haugh unit, eggshell thickness, and breaking strength were significantly higher in all of the INP-treated groups compared with the control (p<0.05). Egg cholesterol was highest in the T1 group and decreased with INP addition from 15.04 to 17.98% (p<0.05). Compared with the T1 group, triglycerides in the blood and in total cholesterol decreased significantly in groups T2, T3, and T4 by 21.71-24.07% and 27.17-30.36%, respectively (p<0.05). The growth of cecum Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus was stimulated in groups T2, T3, and T4 compared with T1, whereas the growth of Escherichia and Salmonella was clearly inhibited (p<0.05). The results suggest that the addition of 450 ppm INP to the diet of laying hens can improve egg production and egg quality.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.270-274
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• 2013

The bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, has played an important role as one of the alternative pollinators since the outbreak of honeybee collapse disorder. Recently, pathogens and parasites such as viruses, bacteria and mites, which affect the life span and fecundity of their host, have been discovered in B. terristris. In order to detect the microsporidian pathogen, Nosema spp. in the field populations of B. terristris, we collected adults and isolated their genomic DNA for diagnostic PCR. The PCR primers specific for Nosema spp. were newly designed and applied to gene amplification for cloning. Only small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of N. ceranae was successfully amplified among examined genes and sequenced, which indicates that N. ceranae mainly infects the examined field population of B. terristris. To detect of SSU rRNA gene, two regions of SSU rRNA gene were selected by primary PCR analysis and further analyzed in quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that SSU rRNA of N. ceranae was detected at concentration as low as $0.85ng/{\mu}l$ genomic DNA. This result suggests that the detection via qRT-PCR can be applied for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of N. ceranae infection in the field population as well as risk assessment of B. terristris.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 1994

The genes, trpB, trpA and 3’ trpC(F) of Vibrio metschnikovii strain RH530 were cloned and sequenced. The trpB and trpA genes had open reading frames of 1,173 bp and 804 bp encoding 391 and 268 amino acids, respectively. The trpB and trpA genes had conventional ribosome-binding sequences and overlapped with each other by one nucleotide, suggesting that these two genes are translationally coupled. 115 nucleotide upstream the trpB start codon, tjere was an incomplete open reading frame of the 3’-end of the trpC(F). The amino acid sequences of trpB, trpA and trpC(F) of V. metschnikovii RH530 had identities of 64.2%, 82.4% and 73.7% respectively, for those of V. parahaemolyticus; 58.7%, 72.3% and 54.9%, respectively, for Salmonella typhimurium; and 42.6%. 54.1% and 12.5%, respectively, for brevibacterium lactofermentum. The genetic organization of these genes, especially in the noncoding region between trpC(F) and trpB, was distinct from that of Enterobacteriaceae.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 1993

In order to determine the optimum operational paramsters in cow manure composting, 4 laboratory scale composters were established. The cow manure was mixed with certain amount of saw dust to adjust the initial C/N ratio to 24, initial pH to 6.9 and composting was performed with varying operational conditions. It was found that the optimum aeration rate was 1000 ml/min kg. VS, the optimum moisture content 50% and no significant difference was found with different initial pH condition. Microorganisms were counted under the optimum conditions determined in this study. At the end of the experimental period, the number of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi was $1.5{\times}10^9$ cells, $1.1{\times}10^8$ cells and $3.0{\times}10^8$ cells/g dry compost, respectively. At day 0, the number of coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci was $3.1{\times}10^3$ cells, $7.5{\times}10^2$ cells and $5.6{\times}103$ cells/g dry composting material, respectively. Their population was decreased with time lapse, However, their survival time was longer than those reported by other researchers. Microorganisms were identified at the end of the experiment. Genus Bacillus was the most dominant comprising 89.3% of the total population. Among the Genus Bacillus, B. circulans compoex was the most abundant, followed by B. Stearothermophilus, B. Sphericus, B. licheniformis and B, brevis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.435-441
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• 2017

Perchlorate ($ClO_4^-$) is an emerging contaminant detected in soil, groundwater, and surface water. Previous study revealed bacterial community in the enrichment culture tdegraded perchlorate using elemental sulfur as an electron donor. Quantitative and qualitative molecular methods were employed in this study to investigate archaeal community in the enrichment culture. Real-time qPCR showed that archaeal 16S rRNA gene copy number in the culture was about 1.5% of bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy number. This suggested that less archaea were adapted to the environment of the enrichment culture and bacteria were dominant. DGGE banding pattern revealed that archaeal community profile of the enrichment culture was different from that of the activated sludge used as an inoculum for the enrichment culture. The most dominant DGGE band of the enrichment culture was affiliated with Methanococci. Further research is necessary to investigate metabolic role of the dominant archaeal population to better understand microbial community in the perchlorate-reducing enrichment culture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2007

The Bio Best Bacillus(B3) and Rotating Activated Bacillus Contactor(RABC) processes, in which Bacillus strains are predominating, are reported to remove nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic matter effectively. Nevertheless the nutrient removal characteristics of the Bacillus strains have not been studied in detail so far. This study investigated the organic and nutrient removal by Bacillus strains, Bacillus megaterium(KCTC 3007), Paenibacillus polymyxa(KCTC 3627), and Bacillus sp. A12, C21, F12, and L1(isolated from a B3 process), by incubating the strains in 0.2% nutrient broth at $30^{\circ}C$. Burkholderia cepacia(KCTC 2966), a common activated sludge organism, was used as a reference species for comparison. Although the degradation rate was affected by the population sire, the specific removal rates of organic matter by Bacillus strains were greater by $2\sim5$ times than that of Burkholderia. In particular, the culture bottles inoculated with the endospores of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus sp. C21, F12, and N12 showed significantly higher degradation rate than those of vegetative cells.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2018

The epidermis which is stratified by epithelial tissue renewal based on keratinocyte differentiation protects the organism from various environmental insults by forming a physical barrier. Autophagy is a mechanism which mediates lysosomal delivery and degradation of protein aggregates, damaged organelles and intracellular microorganisms. Recent reports have shown that autophagy has critical roles for proper terminal differentiation to stratum corneum via removing metabolic organelles and nuclei. However, whether increasing autophagy can activate epidermal differentiation is unknown. Here, we screened a library of natural single compounds and discovered that betaine specifically increased the LC3 positive cytosolic punctate vesicles and LC3-I to LC3-II conversion in HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line, indicating increased autophagy flux. mTOR pathway, which negatively regulates autophagy, was not affected by betaine treatment, suggesting betaine-induced autophagy through an mTOR-independent pathway. Betaine-induced autophagy was also observed in primary human keratinocyte and skin equivalent. Furthermore, epidermal thickness was increased in skin equivalent under betaine treatment. Overall, our finding suggests that betaine as a novel regulator of autophagy may induce epidermal turnover and improve the skin barrier abnormality of the aged epidermis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.872-877
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• 2011

Cultivation of Korea ginseng in newly reclaimed and paddy-converted fields has been increasing, and evaluation of organic amendment effectiveness is needed in the two soil types. Soil organisms influence organic matter decomposition, and their responses to applications of organic matter were studied. De-oiled cake and compost were applied at $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $40Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in both soil types. Changes in microflora were assessed by analyzing phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA). The abundance of nematodes and microarthropods was measured. Microbial PLFA indicators for microorganisms and microarthropod abundance were greater in reclaimed upland than in paddy-converted soil. There were few differences in the microflora and fauna of reclaimed uplands, regardless of treatment. In paddy-converted soil, the abundance of Oribatida was increased by the application of compost at $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and was correlated with PLFA indicators of fungi. The results suggested a minimal influence of organic amendments in reclaimed upland, because the organic matter content and abundance of soil organisms are low in mineral soils. In paddy-converted soil, the effects of organic amendment differ among different soil organisms, and soil properties are important mediators of the effect.