• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.597-603
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• 2011

The in-vitro whitening and anti-wrinkle effect of ethanol extracts from apple flesh and peel were investigated. The EtOAc fractions from the ethanol extracts of apple flesh and peel showed in-vitro antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner on ABTS radical-scavenging activity and ferric-reducing/antioxidant power, and had the highest total phenolic contents (84.25 and 318.25 mg GAE/g). In addition, the EtOAc fractions generally showed strong UV absorption within the UV-B range. In the cellular system, the melanin synthesis of the B16/F10 melanoma cells was decreased by the EtOAc fractions of apple peel in a concentration-dependent manner. The EtOAc fractions of apple peel also showed a great elastase inhibition of 46.40% at 100 ${\mu}g$/mL, thus showing good in-vitro anti-wrinkle characteristics. These results suggest that the EtOAc fractions from the ethanol extract of apple peel can be used as whitening and anti-wrinkle agents as well as antioxidant resources.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and skin whitening effects of Artemisia iwayomogi extract. Artemisia iwayomogi was extracted with 100% ethanol and water. The antioxidative and skin whitening effects of these extracts were determined with in vitro assays by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method assessing the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Radical scavenging activity of the extracts was tested by DPPH assay which showed a high DPPH radical scavenging activity ($SC_{50}$; 17.1 ppm in EtOH, 198.4 ppm in water). In term of tyrosinase inhibitory activity, Artemisia iwayomogi ethanol extract showed high inhibition activity ($IC_{50}$: 481.8 ppm). In B16 mouse melanoma cells, the ethanol extract significantly inhibited melanin synthesis by 36.8% at a concentration of 50 ppm. These results suggest that Artemisia iwayomogi ethanol extract has significant antioxidant activity and whitening activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 2012

We investigated the in vitro antioxidant and antimelanogenesis effects of ethanol extracts from eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) peels. The total phenolics and chlorogenic acid in ethanol extracts were 2,465 mg/100 g and 2.08 mg/100 g, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay, and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect of the extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the extracts generally showed strong UV absorption in the range of UV-B (290-320 nm). The $IC_{50}$ of mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts from eggplant peels was 870 ${\mu}g/mL$. Importantly, the melanin syntheses of B16/F10 melanoma cells were decreased by extracts in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, these results suggest that eggplant peels can be potentially applied as a anti-melanogenic agent as well as an antioxidant resource.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.750-754
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and skin whitening effects of Rhamnus yoshinoi extracts. Rhamnus yoshinoi was extracted with 100% ethanol and water. The antioxidative and skin whitening effects of extracts were determined by in vitro assays using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and inhibitory effects against tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells. The radical scavenging activities of the Rhamnus yoshinoi extracts were tested by DPPH assay and showed high DPPH radical scavenging activities (SC50; 21.6 ppm in EtOH, 40.5 ppm in water). As for tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the Rhamnus yoshinoi ethanol extract had the highest inhibition activity ($IC_{50}$; 256.3 ppm). In B16F1 mouse melanoma cells, the Rhamnus yoshinoi ethanol extract significantly inhibited melanin synthesis by 53.36% at the concentration of 50 ppm. These results suggest that Rhamnus yoshinoi ethanol extract has significant antioxidant activity and whitening activity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.105-117
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• 2020

Agaricus blazei Murill (Almond mushroom) has many beneficial effects, such as anti-cancer, immuneenhancement, and anti-obesity. Also, its skin benefits have been reported for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and whitening. In order to elucidate these effects, many studies have been conducted. In this study, we reconfirmed the skin efficacy of the extract of the mushrooms mushrooms. The Agaricus blazei extract showed inhibition of melanin synthesis, enhancement of collagen synthesis, and up-regulation of gene expression (hyaluronan syntahase-2, 3 and aquaporin-3) at 100 ㎍/mL. and identified the ingredients from the extract. We further investigated them to find an applicability as cosmetic ingredients. The ingredients were confirmed comparison of their spectroscopic data with literature values. They were identified as being ergosterol (1), 5-dihydroergosterol (2), cerevisterol (3), cerebroside B (4), cerebroside D (5), adenosine (6), and benzoic acid (7). Among these compounds, we evaluated skin efficacy for two cerebrosides and three ergosterol derivatives that have not been reported its efficacy. As a result, 5-dihydroergosterol (2) inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 and promoted collagen biosynthesis in human dermal fibroblast. In addition, cerevisterol (3), cerebroside B (4), and cerebroside D (5) inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 cell. In particular, cerebroside D (5) increased the expression of hyaluronan synthase-2 and aquaporin-3 genes in HaCaT. These results suggest that Agaricus blazei extract and isolated compounds can be used as cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2018

Objectives: Despite a rise of an interest in tooth whitening, diverse problems are being caused in case of hydrogen peroxide that is being used as a tooth bleaching agent. Thus, the aim was to examine tooth whitening effectiveness using natural products as a plan for supplementing this. Methods: As a result of having measured a tooth color through using VITA Easyshade V after having developed toothpaste with the application of extracts such as Citrus Peels, Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Root Bark, strawberry, and lemon, and then having used it for 10 weeks, they are as follows. Both upper and lower 6 anteriors mostly got brighter. Results: A statistically significant difference was shown especially in the right canine (p=0.015), in the right central incisor (p=0.007), and in the left central incisor (p<0.001). In consequence of having measured a color change, the tooth got brighter gradually in the higher extract content and in the lengthier use time. In case of canine, it got less bright compared to other teeth. In the outcome of evaluating sensuality, most of the questions were indicated to be high in case of using a whitening toothpaste for 10 weeks. But in what "there is no stickiness in the mouth, the stickiness was more felt in the use up to 5 weeks, but was improved in 10 weeks. Conclusions: The bleaching effectiveness was proved by developing a toothpaste with the application of natural extracts. A short-term effect cannot be seen like a whitening agent of using hydrogen peroxide. But there is a continuous effect in consideration of tooth-brushing more than 3 times a day.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.477-482
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• 2009

Inhibitory effect of skin and seed of three species grape cultivated in Korea on melanogenesis was investigated. Melanin generation was examined in $\alpha$-Melanin Stimulating Hormone-stimulated B16 cell, mouse melanoma, in the presence of samples. All skin sample did not show the inhibitory effect. Seed extract of Campbell early and Neo Muscat had negative effect on cell viability. When $50{\mu}g/ml$ seed extract of Muscat Bailey A was treated, amount of generated melanin and cell viability were $51.6{\pm}20.5%$ and $90.4{\pm}11.3%$ compared to control, respectively. Seed extract of Muscat Bailey A reduced the tyrosinase protein induced by $\alpha$-Melanin Stimulating Hormone, which suggests that inhibitory effect of seed extract of Muscat Bailey A on melanin is partly due to suppression of tyrosinase that is responsible for melanin production.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 2018

In this study, we verified the 1-1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenge, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenge, elastase, tyrosinase inhibitory effect by using the solvent fractions of Maekmoondong-tang hot water extract. As a result, the ethyl acetate fraction (MW-EA) showed the highest inhibitory activity. In cell-based assays, MW-EA treatment confirmed a 34% ($100{\mu}g/mL$) efficacy in reactive oxygen species inhibitory activity, and at the same concentration, MMPs showed more than 50% inhibition and tyrosinase inhibited 25% ($50{\mu}g/mL$). Therefore Maekmoondong-tang is considered high development potential as a material to improve the skin.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.71-78
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• 2017

Objectives : The various grape extracts derived from grape pulp, seed and skin, containing various types of polyphenols and flavonoids, have been known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and improve cardiovascular condition as well as sun's damaging effects. However, there have been rare reports of various beneficial effects of grape fruit stem extract (GFSE), one of the waste products of grapes. We investigated anti-inflammatory and melanogenesis inhibitory effects of GFSE. Methods : One-hundred gram of grape fruit stem was extracted with 80% ethanol at room temperature for 3 days. After filtration, the ethanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then lyophilized to obtain the dry extract which was stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until used. NO levels were measured by using Greiss reagent. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production was measured by ELISA assay. The expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TRP-1 and TRP-2 were evaluated by western blot analysis. Results : GFSE reduced the level of nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production in a dose-dependent manner, compared to control. Expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein were also effectively inhibited by the GFSE. In a tyrosinase inhibitory activity, GFSE significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity and melanin content in a dose dependent manner, compared to control. GFSE also decreased the expression of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), known as a melanocyte-specific gene product involved in melanin synthesis. Conclusions : Therefore, these results indicated that GFSE had powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic effects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.428-433
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• 2020

In this study, we created pupal stage extracts of Apis mellifera L. drones for use in cosmetic materials. The effect of the drone pupae extract (DPE) on HDF cells was assessed for analysis of anti-wrinkle activity by collagen or collagenase gene expression, and the skin-lightening effect was studied by in vitro tyrosinase inhibition and B16F10 melanoma assay; the two cells were found to be non-cellular when the concentration of DPE was 100 ㎍/ml. Albutin concentration (positive control) in the whitening test was set at a capacity of 100 ug/ml and m-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). A melanin-producing induction material was set at a concentration of 100 nM, and the expression of collagen type I and MMP1 collagenase was measured using HDF cells. MMP1 expression was seen to reduce in a concentration-dependent manner in treatment with DPE. Inhibiting melanin generation with B16F12 cells indicated a tendency to decrease in the DPE treatment group. Both L-Tyrosine and L-DOPA as DPE were used in an in vitro tyrosinase induction test to demonstrate the effects of tyrosinase suppression on concentrations. The higher the concentration of DPE, the greater the wrinkle reduction and whitening effect. In conclusion, it was found that DPE is an effective smoothing and whitening material by increasing collagen generation and inhibiting collagenase expression and reducing melanin production.