• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the development of UV protection products using natural materials. The research method is investigation and analyzation of the current status of the domestic and foreign industries, natural material research trends, and patent status of skin care-related sunscreen. As the result of the study, the U.S. market for sunscreen is the largest one, accounting for about 21% of the world, and the Chinese market is rapidly growing. The top four major types of functional cosmetics in Korea are complex functional products, followed by wrinkle improvement, sunscreen and whitening, and both the global and domestic markets continue to grow continuously. Over the past decade, research trends in natural sunscreen materials have shown that Scutellaria baicalensis, Humulus lupulus L., licorice, Finger root, Green tea, lespedeza cuneata extracts are effective, and in addition, they are also effective in photo-aging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, whitening, and wrinkle improvement. The patent registration status is on the rise and the ingredients were secured from plants and seaweeds. As the conclusion of this research, It is expected that natural UV protection material will be able to be used as multi-functional cosmetics material by developing safe and proven natural materials in line with future global trends.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2023

Aggregate is used to produce stable materials like concrete and asphalt and is fundamental to meet the social needs of housing, industry, road, energy and health. A total of 42.35 billion tons of aggregate were produced in 2021 worldwide, an increase of 0.91% compared to the previous year. Among them, 2 billion tons were produced in China, India, European Union and United States, making up to 71.75% of the share. South Korea has witnessed a constant increase in aggregate production, overtaking Mexico and Japan for seventh place with 390 million tons and 0.85% of the share. The industrial sand and gravel produced globally amounted to 352.66 million tons. The top seven countries with the highest production were China, United States, Netherlands, Italy, India, Turkey and France, and their production exceeded 10 million tons and held a share of 74.69%. Exports of natural rock recorded $21.68 billion in 2021, increased by $2.3 billion compared to the previous year, while exports of artificial rock increased by $2.66 billion to $13.59 billion. Exports of sand reached $1.71 billion with United States, Netherlands, Germany and Belgium being the four countries with the highest exports of sand. The four countries exported more than $100 million in sand and took up 57.70% of the total amount. Exports of gravel totaled $2.75 billion, with China, Norway, Germany, Belgium, France and Austria in the lead, making up to 48.30% of the total share. The aggregate quarry started to surge in the 1950s due to the change in people's lifestyle such as population growth, urbanization and infrastructure delvelopment. Demand for aggregate is also skyrocketing to prevent land reclamation and flood caused by sea-level rise. Demand for aggregate, which was around 24 gigatons in 2011, is expected to double to 55 gigatons in 2060. However, it is likely that aggregate extraction will heavily damage the ecosystem and the world will eventually face a shortage of aggregate followed by tense social conflict.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.34
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• pp.317-344
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• 2014

Perspectives on the basis of arts and cultural management, this study intends to suggest improvements in core curriculums that are required in order for South Korea, a country that has initiated into the animation industry through outsourcing from big-budget animation production countries such as America and Japan, to develop its own strong base in creative animation industry. The perspectives of arts management in this context means an integration nexus between human studies, social science and management, and suggestions are as follow: First, it is crucial to understand the current trend of animation industry structure across the globe, as well as to develop the ability of co-production. Animation industry often requires technical skills, capital strength and human resources, each having equal importance. Therefore, thorough analysis of the three components in worldwide animation industry must be preceded for animation production services. To do so, collaboration with major animation creation countries is the best option and is highly encouraged, so that the national animation curriculum shall be enhanced to meet such demands and hence develop various abilities. The second is a good understanding of new-media and new-platforms. Not only the traditional distributor of animation such as television and theater, the distribution system expands its scope to a variety of online sources including pod-casts and the Internet. Under these circumstances, a deep understanding towards animation distribution system and an analysis of the new consumer channel are also of paramount importance for animation production. Third, a possibility of animation supply chain through diversified routes and media have paved the way for a possible animation production services and distribution without a mega-budget. Thus, new curriculum shall need to reinforce marketing and management aspects that will in turn help individuals to establish a self-employed creative business. Last but not least, this study further includes illustration of current curriculum of animation studies in national universities, followed by detailed suggestions for the curriculum improvements based on the above mentioned three factors. It was observed that the current curriculums have been solely focused on practical works and technical skills of animation and art studies; a four-year-course colleges that provide animation courses usually lack components of human studies, social science and management. Thus, this study proposes essential contexts of management studies that are needed for individual business and also curriculum improvements that are derived from the analysis of the current industry and the new media.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.33-62
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• 2020

The current air transportation industry is facing a lot of changes not only in the quantitative growth of the market, but also in the legal aspects. For many years, the Warsaw Convention has contributed to the uniform discipline of civil carriers' legal liabilities arising from international aviation accident and has fulfilled the duties of legal guardians for the development of the air transport industry. In the process, however, the consumer interests of the air transport industry did not have much protection compared to other industries. In response, the Montreal Convention has effected for protecting the interests of aviation consumers, and there are numerous legal changes around the world to protect aviation consumers like passengers. The mental damages of airline passengers arising from the accident can also be understood as part of the protection of air consumers. Considering that the US Federal Court has dealt with the recognition of mental damages for air passengers since the early 1990s. However, Korean judicial precedent still excludes mental anguishes from the scope of damage compensation. From this point of view, it is considered academically meaningful to analyze the latest case of the US federal court. Recently, the United States Court of Appeal for the Sixth Circuit in Doe v Etihad Airways applied a different interpretation against the traditional opinion: passengers could not recover for mental distress unless that mental distress resulted from a bodily injury sustained in an airplane accident. The background of the court's conclusions can be explained in many ways, among other things, unlike the Warsaw Convention the new international rule, Montreal Convention is recognizing the importance of ensuring protection of the interests of consumers in international carriage by air and the need for equitable compensation based on the principle of restitution.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.809-814
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• 2016

A standard procedure for determining water-steam properties has been established through an international collaboration in addition to a domestic effort. The current accepted international standard for industrial application is based on the IAPWS-IF97 (International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam-Industrial Formation 97). Based on this standard, the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)/NIST (National Institute of Standard and Technology) developed the REPROP program in the USA, and the JSME (Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers) developed the steam table and calculation code. Upon applying this standard procedure, modified procedures were proposed for computational convenience, particularly in the supercritical pressure region where non-smooth variations of water-steam properties were distinctively observed. In this paper, the internationally adopted procedures and the progress of related activities are briefly summarized. Some practical considerations are presented for the efficient execution of computational code.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 2009

In this paper, the electrostatic charging and discharging mechanism, and its effects in space plasma environment are reviewed and the system design control documents, ESD analysis tools and modelling techniques, and the SPIS program in Europe are introduced. A design of the satellite system against the electrostatic discharge (ESD) effects in space plasma environments is carefully taken into account at the early stage of development. In a view of the space system design, it really depended on the mission of system, electrical and mechanical configuration, system operation, and orbit condition. Behavior of the electrons and the ions in those environments may be occurred the sever problem to the satellite operation. So it is carefully understood for implementation of the satellite system. By this reason, the space environments and its effects have been comprehensively studied in U.S.A and Europe.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2014

Unconventional resources are natural resources which require greater than industry-standard levels of technology or investment to exploit the commercial development. The key point is that unconventional resources are lower quality fuel sources and are not as economically viable as crude oil and conventional gas. Over the past 100 years, Conventional oil and gas has been satisfied with the energy demands. But developing countries such as China and India, the introduction of the developed countries and the surge of energy due to the depletion of unconventional energy resources will be the limelight. According to be analyzed in the academic literature to unconventional gas and oil(2000~2012) by the program of 'web of science', the research activities 402 papers in unconventional gas and 1,581 papers in unconventional oil.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.72-81
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• 2009

The demand for platinum group metals for various advanced industries has been growing due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Since the deposit of platinum minerals are restricted to few countries, their recovery from various secondary resources has becomes an important issue to related industries for keeping the supply reliably. In this paper, patents on the metallurgical technologies for the platinum group metals were analyzed. The search of patent was limited to the open patents of USA (US), European Union (EP), Japan (IP), and Korea (KR) from 1986 to 2006. Patents were surveyed using key-words searching and selected by filtering criteria. The trend of patents was analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.3-10
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• 2008

Lee, Myung-bak Administration comprises the plan to foster the Universities as a world's research and development point, and to strengthen the Institute-Academia Collaboration for the knowledge based economy in the new plan of science and technology. In addition, by participating Universities into the medium-and long-term research business of government-supported institute, it is expected to strengthen the basic initiative research, revitalize the joint study conducted by the universities and government-supported institute, and to reshuffle the statutes to promote personnel exchanges between the universities and government-supported institute. Universities role as a principle of innovation in the field of Aerospace is getting its weight so that the necessity of the institute-academia collaboration is increasing. Types of the Institute-Academia Collaboration can be categorized into the Joint-Study, internships for the students in Masters and Ph. D. programs, Professor-Researcher Exchange, Joint Research Lab, and Joint Postgraduate Course, and those are the cases from the U.S., Brazil, Germany, France, Japan, and Korea. High mutual reliance on the research subject, mutual trust on the research capability, and abundant and flexible capabilities in sources are required to make a success in Institute-Academia Collaboration.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2011

Space debris is the collection of objects in orbit around Earth that were created by humans but no longer serve any useful purpose. Since plenty of spacecrafts were launched in space after 1957, the number of space debris has been increased. According to USSTRATCOM, the number of space debris which are bigger than 10cm is more than 15,000. Recently two critical events were occurred. Which one was that China shot down their satellite using missile and the other was that t o satellite, Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251, collided in space. Space debris environment in which KOMPSAT-2 is operating has been severe. This paper presents the status of space debris and international activity, and the comparison of conjunction assessment process between Korea Aerospace Research Institute and abroad satellite operation center.