• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2005

This study was conducted to find suitable methods for screening organic resources useful for compost. Twenty-seven industrial and domestic sludges were collected from various cities and industrial areas. Contents of organic matters in the sludges were in the range of 79.3-98.0%, and the contents were much higher than the regulation level (60%) for raw materials of compost. Contents of total nitrogen were in the range of 0.8-2.6%. Contents of Fe and Al were very high. Content of HEM was highest in textile sludge ($257mg\;kg^{-1}$) and the contents in the others were in the range of $12.6-90.3mg\;kg^{-1}$. Content of PAHs was lowest in food sludge ($739.1{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ and pulp-mill sludge had the highest PAHs content ($3461.8{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$). $Microtox^{(R)}$ $EC_{50}$ values were higher in the sludges which were classified as a possible material in composting after analysis and investigation. Lettuce root elongation and $EC_{50}$ values were relatively lower in pulp-mill sludge, sewage sludge 3 (Large city), food sludge and leather sludge. Therefore, mineral nutrients, heavy metals, organic compounds (HEM, PAHs, PCBs), and bioassay ($Microtox^{(R)}$ $EC_{50}$, Relative root elongation test) are recommended to be included in the screening system of raw material of compost in addition to the current regulation with organic matter and 8 heavy metals.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-34
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• 2010

Introduction The purpose of this research is to develop overall model which involves the effect of ongoing support services by franchisor on franchisee's relationship quality(trust, satisfaction, and commitment) and business performance(financial and non-financial performance), and to investigate the relationships among trust, satisfaction, commitment, financial and non-financial performance. This study also suggests franchise business or franchise system should be based on long-term orientation between franchisor and franchisee rather than short-term orientation, or transactional relationship, and proposes the most effective way of providing on-going support services by franchisor with franchisee thru symbiotic relationship among franchisor and franchisee Research Model and Hypothesis The research model as Figure 1 shows the variables on-going support services which affect the relationship quality between franchisor and franchisee such as trust, satisfaction, and commitment, and also analyze the effects of relationship quality on business performance including financial and non-financial performance We established 12 hypotheses to test as follows; Relationship between on-going support services and trust H1: On-going support services factors (product category & price, logistics service, promotion, information providing & problem solving capability, supervisor's support, and education & training support) have positive effect on franchisee's trust. Relationship between on-going support services and satisfaction H2: On-going support services factors (product category & price, logistics service, promotion, information providing & problem solving capability, supervisor's support, and education & training support) have positive effect on franchisee's satisfaction. Relationship between on-going support services and commitment H3: On-going support services factors (product category & price, logistics service, promotion, information providing & problem solving capability, supervisor's support, and education & training support) have positive effect on franchisee's commitment. Relationship among relationship quality: trust, satisfaction, and commitment H4: Franchisee's trust has positive effect on franchisee's satisfaction. H5: Franchisee's trust has positive effect on franchisee's commitment. H6: Franchisee's satisfaction has positive effect on franchisee's commitment. Relationship between relationship quality and business performance H7: Franchisee's trust has positive effect on franchisee's financial performance. H8: Franchisee's trust has positive effect on franchisee's non-financial performance. H9: Franchisee's satisfaction has positive effect on franchisee's financial performance. H10: Franchisee's satisfaction has positive effect on franchisee's non-financial performance. H11: Franchisee's commitment has positive effect on franchisee's financial performance. H12: Franchisee's commitment has positive effect on franchisee's non-financial performance. Method The on-going support services were defined as an organized system of continuous supporting services by franchisor for the purpose of satisfying the expectation of franchisee based on long-term orientation and classified into six constructs such as product category & price, logistics service, promotion, providing information & problem solving capability, supervisor's support, and education & training support. The six constructs were measured agreement using a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree)as follows. The product category & price was measured by four items: menu variety, price of food material provided by franchisor, and support for developing new menu. The logistics service was measured by six items: distribution system of franchisor, return policy for provided food materials, timeliness, inventory control level of franchisor, accuracy of order, and flexibility of emergency order. The promotion was measured by five items: differentiated promotion activities, brand image of franchisor, promotion effect such as customer increase, long-term plan of promotion, and micro-marketing concept in promotion. The providing information & problem solving capability was measured by information providing of new products, information of competitors, information of cost reduction, and efforts for solving problems in franchisee's operations. The supervisor's support was measured by supervisor operations, frequency of visiting franchisee, support by data analysis, processing the suggestions by franchisee, diagnosis and solutions for the franchisee's operations, and support for increasing sales in franchisee. Finally, the of education & training support was measured by recipe training by specialist, service training for store people, systemized training program, and tax & human resources support services. Analysis and results The data were analyzed using Amos. Figure 2 and Table 1 present the result of the structural equation model. Implications The results of this research are as follows: Firstly, the factors of product category, information providing and problem solving capacity influence only franchisee's satisfaction and commitment. Secondly, logistic services and supervising factors influence only trust and satisfaction. Thirdly, continuing education and training factors influence only franchisee's trust and commitment. Fourthly, sales promotion factor influences all the relationship quality representing trust, satisfaction, and commitment. Fifthly, regarding relationship among relationship quality, trust positively influences satisfaction, however, does not directly influence commitment, but satisfaction positively affects commitment. Therefore, satisfaction plays a mediating role between trust and commitment. Sixthly, trust positively influence only financial performance, and satisfaction and commitment influence positively both financial and non-financial performance.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2017

China has achieved rapid economic growth in the late 1970s with economic reform and open-door policy. China's economic growth began initially in the eastern coastal areas and from the 2000s expanded to the western and northeastern regions where the economy was relatively underdeveloped. In particular, in 2013 'One-Belt One Road' initiative proposed by Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China is not only a key strategy for China's advancement into the world and also provides important opportunities for the development of these backward regions. Inland Port is the inland logistics hub and plays a crucial role in enhancing access to maritime ports as well as access to adjacent inland countries. Therefore, a number of inland ports have been developed and operated in order to enter into overseas markets and secure resources in the northeastern and western regions of China. This study aims to examine the role and development of inland port in 'One-Belt One Road' scheme. In conclusion, 'One-Belt One Road' will further increase the role of inland port, and in response, the development of inland port will play a pivotal role in one belt one road initiative. In this respect, Korean companies need to consider plans to participate in the development and operation of inland ports in China, which would provide opportunities to spread Northern markets including China, Russia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.7-18
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• 2001

This study represents a first attempt in Korea to develop the simultaneous freight supply-demand model which considers the relationship between freight supply and demand. As the existing study was limited in one area, or the supply and the demand was separated and assumed not to affect each other, this study take it into consideration the fact that the demand affects supply and simultaneously vice versa. This approach allows us to diagnose a policy carried on and helps us to make a resonable alternative for the effectiveness of freight transportation system. To find a relationship between them, we use a method of econometrics. a structural equation theory and two stage least-squares(2SLS) estimation technique, to get rid of bias which involves two successive applications of OLS. Based on the domestic freight data, this study consider as explanatory variables a number of population(P), industry(IN), the amount of production of the mining and manufacturing industries(MMI), the rate of the effectiveness of freight capacity(LE) and the distance of an empty carriage operation(VC). This study describes well the simultaneous process of freight supply-demand system in that the increase of VC from the decrease of VC raises the cargo capacity and cargo capacity also augments VC. By the way. it is analyzed that the increment of VC due to the increase of the cargo capacity is larger than the reduction of VC owing to the increase of the quantify of goods. Therefore an alternative policy is needed in a short and long run point of view. That is to say, to promote the effectiveness of the freight transportation system, a short term supply control and a long run logistic infrastructure are urgent based on the restoration of market economy by successive deregulation. So we are able to conclude that gradual deregulation is more desirable to build effective freight market.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.35-45
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• 2004

This paper analyzes the differences in the service quality priorities of air cargo service providers and customers. After having identified what constitutes the decisive factors with regards to air cargo service quslity, research was carried out to evaluate the differences in the service quality priorities of air cargo service providers and customers. Moreover, this paper analyzes these differences by separating air cargo service providers into Korean and international air cargo service providers. In order to attain the objectives of this research, the air cargo service sectors were divided into three general categories: supply capability(H/W), service accountability, and competitiveness of service fees and management capability(S/W). The researchers then placed 6 different criteria into each service category, for a total of 18. The evaluation of the service quality priorities of air cargo service providers and customers revealed very little difference between these two groups. With regards to the service criteria found in each service category, our research found marked differences between the service quality priorities of providers and customers in only three of the 18 criteria. However, we found marked differences in service quality priorities in 7 of the 18 criteria when the air cargo service providers were divided into Korean and international air cargo providers. While domestic air cargo service providers evaluated management's capability to handle cargo accidents and incidents as the most important priority, international air cargo service providers placed the highest priority on the cargo rate system. The results of this research imply that in order to properly evaluate the differences between the service quality priorities of air cargo service providers and customers, the air cargo service providers itself should be separated between the Korean air cargo service providers and the foreign providers because of their respective inherent perception on service quality.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.677-693
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• 2016

Using Social Network Analysis and Trade in Value Added Database(TiVA), this paper examines the world trade network. Main findings are as follows. Firstly, there are three types of industries, which have dominant status in the world value added trade network. Those are the manufacturing industries in the developing countries such as China's electronics industry, the service industries in the developed countries such as U.S. R&D, and the manufacturing industries in the developed countries such as German motor vehicle industry. Secondly, the major hub industries in the world trade network have their own specific types in the brokerage roles. Most interestingly, U.S. service industries such as the R&D, the logistics industry, and the whole sale and retail industry reveal itinerant and liaison brokerage roles. Thirdly, Korean industries have been dominated by Chinese industries. However, the financial industry and the R&D industry could have revealed superior status as the brokerage role of itinerant. This implies Korean industries could sustain their competitiveness of the hubness status only by openness policy in the service industry.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.2 no.2 s.6
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• pp.47-58
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• 2001

Of all the site logistics technologies in high-rise building construction, both vertical and horizontal move plan, are the most imperative factors. And the horizontal plan follows lift-up plan as of the vertical plan. However though it may be, temporary lifts on site are numbered by heuristic formulas. The quantity of finishing material cannot be converted into lift-up load per finishing material. The lift-up plan cannot be evaluated the feasibility for finishing material move plan by a reasonable evaluation methodology. The horizontal plan is far from the vertical one. And the information as an input data for the horizontal plan is devoid of package unit size, length, and volume per finishing material. These can hardly result in reasonable and detail decision on how much to use temporary lifts, how long to use these, and where to deposit each finishing material. Therefore, this study is to suggest a decision-making model that can integrate vertical and horizontal material move plan in high-rise building construction and make a decision the plans systematically. And the study is to explain the concept, methodology, and contents of the model applied to a virtual project, named as MT 130 (Millennium Tower 130). By the model, the planner can shift his/her thinking framework on site logistics management products-oriented Into process-oriented. He/she can manage a project by the framework as system thinking, evaluate the feasibility of a lift-up plan, and decide the horizontal plan integrated with the lift-up.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.387-407
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• 2005

Thanks to the developments of IT technologies, such critical infrastructures as fundamental structures of energies, material circulations, monetary circulations, and living necessaries are intertwined as well as mutually dependent. In this respect, the fact that national infrastructures are closely related to IT infrastructures implies not only expected benefits to provide diverse information-based services, but also anticipated costs to bring about new dangers. However, in spite of these threats, traditional researchers have not put enough interests in these indirect danger, which yield the damages in broad areas through paralyzing risk management systems, although they have investigated such direct threats as nuclear accidents, conflagrations, traffic troubles, and gasoline accidents. Considering that the tendency to depend on electricity, so-called electrification, which is caused by automation and informationalization, is intensified in all parts of society, the breakout problem as a factor to inhibit securities in information-oriented society is significant. Thus, the problems of large-scale power blackout should be treated as national crises. Also, preparation systems for large-scale power blackout have to be provided quickly. In this paper, with analyzing various cases of large-scale power blackout and investigation the causes of them, researches on the blackout management systems of Korea are to be present, on the basis of national crisis management states which are comprised of protection (mitigating and preparing), responding, and recovering(rewarding).

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2015

In order to minimize regional disparities between the North and the South, it is very important to reduce shortages of food and energy in North Korea in the short and mid-term. In the long term, it is important to reduce not only regional disparities between two Koreas but also regional disparities in North Korea. It is important to consider national policies of the North, the South and other countries in Northeast Asia in the process of building regional development policies for North Korea because the future of regional development in North Korea depends on policies of stakeholder in Northeast Asia. This study suggest some policy directions for regional development in North Korea. At first, building new industries, such as hi-tech industries and MICE, is important for regional development potentials in North Korea. Also, we should take some special development strategies according to regional potentials in North Korea. For example, Nampo region should be specialized through hi-tech industries. Wonsan region should be specialized through MICE. Finally, this study suggests some policy issues to the South Korean government. Financial support from South Korean government about inter-Korean economic cooperation should have priorities on the regions where have potentials of hi-tech industries and MICE. Also, we should implement inter-Korean economic cooperation policies under consideration about spatial aspects.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.43-69
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• 2008

The labor contract Law has been prepared as an important solution for social stability. After long disputes around the orientations of the law, On June 29, 2007, the new Chinese labor contract law is passed. This law reflects the changing labor relations because of economic reforms like restructuring of the state-owned enterprises and so on. This law contains more market-oriented clauses that are supplemented by corporatist scheme supported by trade unions than the first draft. This law emphasize labor's rights and interests to remove prior labor contract problem. So Chines government see this law as standard law to restructure social relationship and also require firms to corporate social responsibility. Therefore, implementation of the new Chinese labor contract law bring about increasing labor cost, infringement of autonomy for human resource management, rigidity of industrial relations. Under these situation, Korean shipping and port logistics companies need to introduce management system of minimized employment, prepare human resource management in response to long-term employment, maintain favor relationship with trade union, and set up counteiplan about risk of a labor dispute.