• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.529-552
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the matter as to how the meaning of the physical therapeutic landscape by water, which is associated with physical, cultural, spatial, and economical aspects, appears in the space centering on women and is to look into the feminine factors in term of a rest area, consideration, and imagery for women. From a perspective of a rest area for women, the meaning of a physical aspect is remarkable and is materialized in thermal waters and bathing, atmosphere, subsidiary facilities and safe nightlife. According to these phenomena, female visitors are able to feel freedom, power, which can return themselves to the best condition by thermal waters, therapeutic equipments provided in a watering place continuously, safe protection and exchange with strangers with an open mind. And the cultural aspect of the therapeutic landscape by water is discovered in consideration for women. It is the fact that joins the Japanese culture based on consideration towards others to the traditional culture of hot springs by itself. For example, women can feel various pleasure, experience the protection or the support by someone and pursuit not only physical beauty but also mental or spiritual one through welcome bus, service of Okami san and Nakai san, decorations, funny installments and secure of private space. Lastly, the imagery of women can be identified in cultural, spatial, and economical aspects extensively somewhat and is embodied by advertising mediums, signs of hot springs, shrines, objets and products variously. It is made into healthiness, relaxation, comfort, familiarity and image that are realized to love or are connected to a happy marriage life. To sum up the results, the healing or therapeutic elements for women appearing in hot springs are gathered to some abstraction such as freedom, safe, effect beyond the body, pleasure, durability of healing or therapy, beauty and hope; furthermore, if these abstraction are combined each other closely, the effect of healing or therapy, which transforms anxiety into a stable condition, can be exposed externally.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.419-436
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• 2011

Korean farm villages are locked in vicious circle, as lots of their problems related to low income and hollow matters are geared and multiply. To get over those problems, various plans to develop Korean farm villages are being pushed ahead. In addition, since the early of 1990s, Korea has been projects to develop settlement zones and culture villages. It has been also preceeding with a comprehensive development project of farm villages and a new vitalizations project, etc. All of these projects aim to reorganize and expand life environments, industrial bases, and convenience and welfare facilities. The existing studies on a comprehensive project to develop farm villages have been focusing on evaluation indexes, problems, investment priorities, etc. But in fact, studies on a comprehensive development project of farm villages are not thoroughgoing enough in aspects of residents' attitude and their recognition on the influence on tourist development. Thus, this study aims to present strategic schemes to allow residents to actively participate in a stage of promoting a comprehensive development project of farm villages, a stage of making the plan, and a stage of the implementation. For this, this study analyzes a comprehensive development project of farm villages and attempts to figure out which influence the tourist development in farm villages has on residents' attitude and recognition resulting from changes in economic, social cultural, and environmental aspects. Especially, this study previously examines what influential factors there exists are and what influences the development of farm villages has on residents. Based on the results from the above analysis, schemes to enable residents to actively a comprehensive development project of farm villages are presented as follows. First, it is necessary to raise our recognition on tourism and tourism development of farm villages. If the main theme of a comprehensive development project of farm villages intends farm village development, it is required to educate residents and let them clearly raise their recognition on tourism, and the effect of the project is guaranteed. Second, it is highly required to make a plan so that we can feel economic effects of revenues through project promotion and positive effects including the expansion of infrastructures and welfare facilities, etc. Third, it is necessary to bring into relief the positive recognition and attitude of a comprehensive development project of farm villages. As for the negative recognition and attitude, it is very important to change negative residents' recognition to the positive direction and to allow them to participate in and to take an interest in the project, so that the project can be effectively promoted.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.115-134
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• 1997

We now live in the new era of globalization which implies the functional integration or increase of inter-dependency between internationally dispersed economic activities. As globalization impacts our various activities and daily lives, social sciences, including, geography, attempt to approach social phenomena from a global perspective. From this point of view. new regional geography, which has been articulated in recent social theory since the 1980s, also must adjust to these new world realities. This paper aims to search for a suitable methodology or approach to area study or regional geography in the era of globalization and to suggest the field of area study that Korean geographers should be concerned with in the future. This paper has reviewed the existing various methodologies of regional geography such as the ecological approach, the landscape approach. the areal differentiation approach, the system approach, the structuration theory, the spatial division of labour, and the world-system, which have deviced in the traditional and new regional geography. Peter Taylor's regional geography of world systems among them has an appropriate rationale of area study in the globalization era, because world-systems theory explains well globalization. However the regional geography of world-systems must be revised to become more suitable to the area-study approach in the globalization era. Firstly, the regional geography of world-systems explains that regions(historical regions) are made by general mechanisms of the capitalist world-economy that operate through social, economic, and political agents within regions such as individuals, households, social classes, economic enterprises, states, political movements, and many other organizations. But these mechanisms can also act through other regional agents of geographical location, natural conditions, and cultural characteristics. Therefore, the generating process of regions needs to be explained by locational, natural, and cultural elements in addition to social, economic, and political elements within regions. Secondly, Taylor's world-systems approach does not express composite characteristics of regions, because it focuses on the economic characteristics or position of regions within the world-economy. Regions incorporated into world-economy systems are not only changed economically, but also changed spatially, socially, culturally, and politically. Hence the world-systems approach must try to analyze these composite characteristics and their change of regions. Thirdly, The world-system approach proposed that the geography of regions within world-systems could be divided and analyzed as three regional types at the geographical scale such as international regions, state regions, and intra-state regions. However such a regionalization is usually not identified distinctly, because the geographical range of regions in world-systems shaped by economic boundaries of the general mechanisms of the world-economy is fluid and also occasionally overlaps with other political regions. Hence I propose that the world-systems approach should choose political boundaries of states and local autonomies in addition to economic boundaries for objective regionalization and systematic areal study. The revised regional geography of world-systems that I have suggested in this paper can be more effectively and properly applied to regional geography or area study in the globalization era. Globalization intensifies competition between states and also between local autonomies in the world. Therefore we must make efforts to study such areas or regions through the revised regional geography of world-system.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.411-428
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• 1995

Intercountry adoption, one type of forced migration, has increased significantly in recent decades. The adoption of Korea-born children by Americans has been the strongest intercountry adoption linkage in the world. The intercountry adoption stream was strongly influenced by intercountry adoption policies, and socio-cultural settings in both South Korea and the United States. Socio-cultural factors in South Korea made local adoption undesirable and helped for abandoned children to be adopted by Americans, while socio-cultural factors in the United States had reduced the number of locally available infants for adoption, and increased the demand for infants from abroad. Distribution of Korea-born adoptees shows concentration in the Pacific Northwest, Upper Midwest and Northeast areas which have not attracted Korean immigrants so generally. The trend of concentration shows some increased importances in the outlying states in the northern United States. The location and activity of agencies shaped the spatial distribution of Korea-born adoptees in the United States.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.353-368
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• 2016

The importance of Gotjawal located in the mid-mountain area of Jeju Island has been emphasized in various aspects. This study aims to identify the value of Gotjawal as a life-cultural space. This will be illustrated by tracing the locals' previous pasturing activities and the management of village common pastures. Cheongsu Village Common Pasture and Jeoji Village Common Pasture in Cheongsu-Jeoji Gotjawal area, which are the study areas, have been actively used by local farmhouses since the establishment of the pastures in 1930's. In particular cattle were significant means for agriculture and transportation methods in 1960's and 1970's. The farmhouses were needed to breed cattle as one of the main economic means. Pasturing cattle on the village common pastures has developed a unique ranching culture. Furthermore, cooperative work of these farmhouses were performed. These include the establishment of ponds for water supply and the preparation of hay. Ranching facilities for pasturing were built on village common pastures and still remain in Gotjawal area. This has been used in the understanding of the locals' lives in the mid-mountain area of Jeju Island.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.307-330
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• 2016

This article aims to explain how Gangnam, as a model and standard of compressed urbanization in South Korea, was created. Gangnam and Gangnam-style urbanization need attention not only because they contrast with Korea's urbanization in the past as well as urbanization in the West but also they provide an important model in contemporary Korea's politics, economy and culture. However, there are little studies of how Gangnam's peculiar urbanism was created. To fill this gap, this article will first capture Gangnam's peculiar urbanism as a material landscape and sociocultural lifestyle. Gangnam-style urbanism is (a) materially characterized by high-rise apartment complexes owned by the middle and upper class for dwelling and asset growth and (b) socio-culturally characterized by political conservatism, public indifference, competition over academic performance, appearance, and fashion, and nightlife. Then it will show Gangnam's archetype was created in a spatially and temporally compressed way in and through the spatial selectivity of Korean anti-communist authoritarian developmental state strategies: (1) anti-communism led to the diffusion and accommodation of the population through apartments in Gangnam in the context of its confrontation with North Korea and the fast-growing population of Seoul; (2) military authoritarianism excluded the low-income class and the urban poor from urban development; and (3) the developmental state adopted selective housing policy which treated construction companies and the middle class preferentially through exceptional zoning and price distortions, promoting the construction of apartment in Gangnam and its resultant uneven development.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.763-773
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• 2009

This study is the basic data to design development directions and development standards of resources and facilities for establishing provision-oriented marine tourism development plans, and it aims to help develop provision-oriented marine tourism by drawing planning index and considering its priority necessary for provision-oriented marine tourism development. The findings of the study are as follows. As the result of analysis on four aspects, specific standards and plans for marine tourism development index, it showed environmental aspect, socio-cultural aspect, management aspect, and economic aspect in order. According to the result, the environmental aspect is considered important as the plan to solve problems working as inhibition factors instead of local development, due to local culture and environment disruption. Besides, as the result of iult of iuland priority of 13 items w of iure specific factors and specific plans, durability of resource use, iulroveand envisurrf rdings, receptive culacity, conservesidesand transmissidesnvicultures, and iulroveand ein the quality of life, stability of resource use, quality management of tourist attractions, competency intensificesidesof residents, income increase of residents, PR marketing, role of public sectors, increase in the local industry, and increase in employment were shown in order. Software-oriented plans should be made to preserve overall nature of local areas rather than hardware-oriented plans and development of environmental aspect that merely considers preventing environment destruction.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.551-556
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• 1997

Defining sustainable development as the challenge of continuously balanving economic, social and ecological values, a European research project sought lessons from experiences of a forty year period to frame criteria of appropriate scale for contextually-sensitive environmental policy. A network of case studies conducted by partner teams in Gemany, lreland, the Netherlands and Sweden examined changes of scale in the territorial, functional and socio-political contexts of life and landscape between 1950-1990. Themes central to the project included landscape transformations, tensions among area-and sector-based ways of life [genres de vie], and changing horizons of discretionary reach. With illustrations drawn mainly from the lrish case studies in Tipperary, this lecture outlines some regional differences in response to externa-policy and market-driven-influences. Implications for cross-cultural research and the framing of contextually-sensitive environmental policy are outlined, and suggestions made for their modulation through European Union, national, regional, and local levels.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.171-187
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• 2008

Islands are vulnerable to outer influences due to their small size and isolation. Tourism often becomes an important development focus because of their unique culture and nature. Jeju-do, as well as other islands, has experienced such development mostly led by central government, and the regional change was understood as the outcome of global influences without much concern with the local response or strategy. Thus, vulnerability has been the key theme in island development studies. This paper examines the current state of island development as an outcome of locals' alternating strategy in which the islanders accept the central government's plan, but express their demands to modify them. It is reflected in the electoral preference for ruling or oppositional parties, local movements against central government's development plans, and the spatial organization of tourism sites from a few growth centers to more dispersed, balanced development. These suggest that the current state of island development is not derived from unidirectional global forces, even if islands are peripheral. Rather, it is the outcome of an alternating strategy of Jeju locals accepting the central government development plans while managing them for local benefits.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.391-408
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• 2004

Modernism is understood as a process of differentiation. Postmodernism or postmodernity, by contrast, involves de-differentiation. There is a breakdown in the distinctiveness of each of spheres of social activities. It is important to explain an examination of the relationships between the de-differentiation and a wide variety of contemporary tourism, expecially postmodern tourism. Also, de-differentiation between the tourism and the social spheres lead to the spatial reflection. Aim of this paper is to examine the processes of de-differentiation between the tourism and the social spheres, which comes out spatially in Jeju island. Especially, location of destinations is concentrated on the coastline in the period of modem tourism. On the contrary, the postmodern tourism shows that the location of destinations are wide spread diffusion its vertically and horizontally. It means that there are to appear a breakdown of distinctiveness between the conventional tourism destinations and the regional person's space.