• Title/Summary/Keyword: 무작위성

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Cloning, cSNP Identification, and Genotyping of Pig Complement Factor B(CFB) Gene Located on the SLA Class III Region (SLA Class III 영역의 돼지 Complement Factor B(CFB) 유전자의 Cloning, cSNP 동정 및 유전자형 분석)

  • Kim, Jae-Hwan;Lim, Hyun-Tae;Seo, Bo-Yeong;Zhong, Tao;Yoo, Chae-Kyoung;Jung, Eun-Ji;Jeon, Jin-Tae
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.6
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    • pp.753-762
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    • 2008
  • The primers for RT-PCR and RACE-PCR were designed by aligning the pig genomic sequence and the human complement factor B(CFB) coding sequence(CDS) from the GenBank. Each PCR product was amplified in pig cDNA and sequencing was carried out. The CDS length of pig CFB gene was determined to be 2298 bp. In addition, the pig CDS was more longer than human and mouse orthologs because of insertion and deletion. The identities of porcine nucleotide sequences with those of human and mice were 84% and 80%, and the identities of amino acids were 79% to 77%, respectively. Three complement control protein(CCP) domains, one Von Willebrand factor A(VWFA) domain and a serine protease domain, that are revealed typically in mammals, were found in the pig CFB gene. Based on the CDSs determined, the primers were designed in intron regions for amplification of entire length of exons. In amplification and direct sequencing with genomic DNAs of six pig breeds, three cSNPs(coding single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and verified as missense mutations. Using the Multiplex-ARMS method, we genotyped and verified the mutations identified from direct sequencing. To demonstrate recrudescence, we performed both direct sequencing and Multiplex-ARMS with two randomly selected DNA samples. The genotype of each sample exhibited the same results using both methods. Therefore, three cSNPs were identified from pig CFB gene and that can be used for haplotype analysis of the swine leukocyte antigen(SLA) class III region. Moreover, the results indicate that the Multiplex-ARMS method should be powerful for genotyping of genes in the SLA region.

Status of Health and Safety Management in Occupational Hygiene Laboratories in Korea

  • Yang, Hyukseung;Choi, Jaewook;Yoon, Seokjoon;FARR, Terry
    • Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.53-62
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    • 2007
  • 목적: 1990년대 초반부터 시작된 우리나라의 산업 보건에 대한 사회적 관심의 증대와 시장의 요구에 따라 산업위생기관의 양적인 팽창이 이루어지긴 하였으나 실험실 관련 안전보건규정이 미비한 상태에서 추진되어 산업위생 실험실에서 다양한 유해 위험성 인자를 취급함에도 불구하고 사용되는 량이 소규모로 인해 안전보건과 관련된 사항은 대부분 간과하고 있으며, 산업위생 실험실의 안전보건관리 실태는 선진외국에 비해 상당히 낙후되어 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 우리나라 산업위생 실험실과 관련한 안전보건관리 실태를 평가함으로써 향후 실험실의 안전보건관리 수준을 향상 시키는데 효과적인 자료로 활용하는데 기여하고자 한다. 방법: 산업위생실험실의 안전보건 실태를 파악하기 위해 설문조사를 수행하였으며, 설문은 실험실의 전반적인 안전보건, 화학물질 저장 및 용기, 가연성 및 인화성 화학물질, 가스 실린더, 의사전달, 응급처치 및 비상사태 장비, 정리정돈, 소방안전, 전기안전, 개인보호구, 흄후드 및 환기, 및 이황화탄소 취급 사례로서 12개 영역으로 구성되었다. 연구대상은 2001년 한국산업안전공단 정도관리프로그램에 참여한 기관으로서 총 대상은 119개 기관이었다. 연구기간은 2002년 7월 01일부터 8월 30일까지 약 60일 이었다. 설문은 반송봉투에 넣어 설문완성 후 연구자에게 보낼 수 있도록 배려하였으며, 1차 설문을 보낸 후 2주 후에 설문 참여를 독려하기 위해 엽서를 발송하였고, 다시 2주 후에 각 산업위생기관에 개별 전화 연락을 취하였다. 그 결과 63% (75개 기관)의 완성된 설문을 얻을 수 있었다. 설문의 총 조사항목은 79문항으로 구성되어 있으며, 산업위생실험실의 안전보건 수준을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 안전보건 매뉴얼, 교육훈련프로그램 및 한국산업안전공단 실험실 지침서를 보유한 기관과 그렇지 않은 기관간의 차이는 선별된 67문항에 대해 각 문항에 합당하거나 적절할 경우 1점을 부여하는 방식으로 점수화하였다. 이들의 관련성을 파악하기 위하여 Microsoft-Excel 2000 프로그램을 이용하여 two-tailed t-test 분석을 실시하였다. 결과 1. 산업위생실험실 운영과 관련한 67개 항목(항목별로 각 1점 부여)에 대한 안전보건 성과지수화 (100점으로 점수 환산) 결과 안전보건 매뉴얼을 보유한 기관은 $42.98{\pm}13.36$(p<0.001)점, 교육훈련프로그램을 보유한 기관은 $50.75{\pm}14.12$(p<0.01)점, 한국산업안전공단 실험실 지침서를 보유한 기관은 $43.58{\pm}11.92$(p<0.01)점으로 그렇지 않은 기관에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 점수분포를 보였다. 2. 화학물질 보관 캐비닛이 있는 기관 중 64.8%의 기관은 화학물질을 알파벳 순으로, 27.8%는 분류 기준에 따라, 그리고 7.4%는 무작위로 보관하고 있었다. 3. 단지 8.0% (6개)의 기관만이 실험실내에 눈세정 분수(2 개), 샤워기(3개) 및 눈세정물병(3개, 2개 중복 응답 기관)과 같은 응급처치 장치 및 물품을 갖추고 있었다. 4. 89.0%의 기관이 흄후드내에 화학물질을 보관하고 있었다. 5. 물질안전보건자료, 흄후드 기록지, 비상사태 절차서 및 한국산업안전공단 실험실 지침서와 같은 문서관리는 부적절하게 관리 및 기록되고 있었다. 6. 대부분의 산업위생 실험실은 응급처치 장비, 화학물질 또는 가스용기 보관실과 같은 실험실 안전설비가 부족할 뿐만 아니라 정리정돈, 화학물질 저장 캐비닛, 안전보호구 및 흄후드와 같은 관리가 미비하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과에 근거하여 기관장은 실험실의 안전보건관리를 위하여 문서관리체계를 제공하고, 모든 실험실 종사자가 적절한 개인보호구를 착용할 수 있도록 하며, 비상 장비를 설치하고, 실험실과 관련한 적절한 규정을 제정하며, 교육훈련 프로그램을 제공하여야 한다. 또한 실험실 종사자는 실험 중 적절한 개인보호구의 착용하고, 비상장비 이용에 대한 교육훈련에 참여하며, 적절한 실험실 운영관리에 대한 책임감을 가져야 한다. 위의 권고사항 이행을 위해서 KOSHA는 KQCP 프로그램에 실험실 안전보건관리 항목을 삽입하여 주기적인 평가를 수행할 필요가 있다. 우리나라 실험실의 특성을 고려할 때 본 연구결과는 일반 실험실에도 적용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Comparison of Reliability and Validity of Three Korean Versions of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20의 한국판 3종간의 신뢰도 및 타당도 비교)

  • Chung, Un-Sun;Rim, Hyo-Deog;Lee, Yang-Hyun;Kim, Sang-Heon
    • Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.77-88
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    • 2003
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare reliability and validity of three Korean versions of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia scale and to confirm the most reliable and validated Korean translation of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale for both clinical and research purpose in Korea. The first one was a Korean version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale developed by Lee YH et al in 1996 which was designated as TAS-20K(1996) in this study. This scale had a problem with one item due to the cultural difference regarding the word 'analyzing' between western culture and Korean culture. The second one was the revised version of TAS-20K(1996) on that point by Lee YH et al in 1996 without validation which was designated as TAS-20K(2003) in this study. The third one was a 23-item Korean version developed by Sin HG and Won HT in 1997, which was somewhat different from the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS-20) in the number of total item, the content of some items and the scoring method. This scale was designated as S-TAS here. Methods: 408 medical students were tested with one scale composed of all the different items randomly arranged from the three versions. We evaluated goodness-of-fit and Cronbach $\alpha$ coefficients of three scales for reliability. We used confirmatory factor analysis to compare validity. Results: TAS-20K(2003) showed that it had better internal consistency than TAS-20K(1996), which implied that the cultural difference should be considered in the Korean translation. Both TAS-20K(2003) and S-TAS replicated three-factor structures and had adequacy of fit, good internal consistency and acceptable validity. However, S-TAS had one item with poor item-factor correlation and didn't show high correlation between item 2 and factor 1 as before in 1997. Conclusion: Although S-TAS had added 3 items and changed the content of two items, it didn't show better reliability and validity than TAS-20K(2003). Therefore it is proposed to use TAS-20K (2003) as the Korean version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS-20K) for international communication of results of Alexithymia research. It has good internal consistency and validity and maintains original items, the same construct and scoring method as the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale.

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Effect of Probiotics on Risk Factors for Human Disease: A Review (인간 질병의 위험 요인에 대한 Probiotics의 효과: 총설)

  • Chon, Jung-Whan;Kim, Dong-Hyeon;Kim, Hyun-Sook;Kim, Hong-Seok;Hwang, Dae-Geun;Song, Kwang-Young;Yim, Jin-Hyuk;Choi, Dasom;Lim, Jong-Soo;Seo, Kun-Ho
    • Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.17-29
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    • 2014
  • GRAS probiotics can be used to modulate intestinal microbiota and to alleviate various gastrointestinal disorders. In several recent studies, researchers have explored the potential expansion and usability of probiotics to reduce the risk factors associated with diseases, including obesity, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, and oxidative stress. In this review, our aim was to clarify the mechanism underlying interactions between hosts (animal or human) and probiotics and the beneficial effects of probiotics on human health.

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The Efficacy of Nebulized 3 Percent Hypertonic Saline Solution and Fenoterol in Infants with Bronchiolitis (영아 세기관지염에서 3% 고장성 식염액과 Fenoterol 병용흡입 치료의 효과)

  • Park, Joon Young;Jeong, Young Mi;Jeong, Soo Jin;Seo, Son Sang
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.48 no.5
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    • pp.518-522
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : To evaluate the effect of inhaled hypertonic saline solution in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. Methods : A randomized double blind trial was performed from October 2003 to May 2004. A total of eighty patients <1 year of age with a clinical diagnosis of acute viral bronchiolitis were enrolled and assigned to receive either of the following : inhalation of 2 mL(0.5 mg) fenoterol added to 2 mL of 0.9 percent saline solution(group 1; n=40) or 2 mL(0.5 mg) fenoterol added to 2 mL of 3 percent saline solution(group 2; n=40). This therapy was repeated at six hours interval after admission. They were evaluated daily just before and 20 minutes after nebulization. The outcome measures included changes in clinical severity score(based on respiratory rate, presence of wheezing, retraction, and general condition) after nebulization and duration of hospitalization. Results : In the clinical severity score, a significant improvement was observed during the 72 hours of hospitalization in both groups(P<0.05). The basic clinical severity scores before inhalation were decreased significantly faster in group 2 as compared to group 1 on each day of treatment(P<0.05). The mean duration of hospital stay was significantly reduced in group 2 than group 1($5.9{\pm}1.9days$ versus $7.4{\pm}2.0days$, P<0.05). No adverse effects were associated with inhaled therapy. Conclusion : These results suggest that a nebulized 3 percent saline solution plus 0.5 mg fenoterol may be more effective than a 0.9 percent saline solution plus 0.5 mg fenoterol in accelerating the clinical recovery of infants with viral bronchiolitis.

Montelukast as an add-on therapy in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (기관지폐 이형성증의 추가 치료제로서의 Montelukast)

  • Kim, He Min;Song, Ji Eun;Lee, Soon Min;Park, Min Soo;Park, Kook In;Namgung, Ran;Lee, Chul
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.52 no.2
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    • pp.181-186
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    • 2009
  • Purpose : Inflammation plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Strategies for preventing BPD include respiratory management, antioxidants, nutritional treatment, and others such as anti-inflammatory agents. We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of montelukast (MK), a cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor antagonist, as an add-on therapy in BPD. Methods : In addition to currently available standard measures such as oxygen supplementation, bronchodilators, nutritional support, and/or diuretics, montelukast was administered to 15 preterm infants with BPD. MK was given orally (1 mg/kg/d) for a mean period of 12 weeks. We compared safety and efficacy parameters with historical controls. Results : All 15 patients survived, and no differences were found in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups. The ventilation index was significantly improved after 2 weeks in MK group compared with historical controls. There were no significant differences in other respiratory parameters (MAP, oxygen dependency, and ventilator dependency) between the groups, but the MK group showed trends of greater improvement. Conclusion : Administration of MK 1 mg/kg/d was well tolerated in preterm BPD patients as an add-on therapy. We demonstrated that after 2 weeks of MK administration of 1 mg/kg/d, MK had beneficial therapeutic effects on BPD patients as an add-on to the standard therapy. Further multicenter randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of MK as a useful supplement to standard therapy for BPD patients.

Retentive bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite posts cemented with different surface treatments (Fiber reinforced composite post의 표면 처리에 따른 접착 강도)

  • Roh, Hyunsik;Noh, Kwantae;Woo, Yi-Hyung;Pae, Ahran
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.52 no.2
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    • pp.113-120
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    • 2014
  • This study will evaluate the effectiveness of various pretreatments when fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) post is bonded to endodontically treated tooth with resin cement. Materials and methods: Canal shaping of FRC post (DT Light post, Size 3, Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) was performed on endodontically treated premolars at 1.5 cm from CEJ. Samples were divided into 6 groups of surface treatment after conventional washing and drying to the canal. Total of 24 FRC posts were randomly divided into 6 groups of surface treatment as follows: Group C: control - no surface treatment, Group A: airborne-particle abrasion (Cojet sand, 3M ESPE), Group S: silanization (Bis-silane, Bisco Inc.), Group M: universal primer (Monobond-plus primer, Ivoclar Vivadent Inc.), Group AS: silanization after airborne-particle abrasion, Group AM: universal primer treatment after airborne-particle abrasion. Pretreated fiber posts were cemented with resin-based luting material and photo-polymerized and cut to the thickness of 1 mm. Push-out test using a universal testing machine was performed. Bonding failure strength of post dislodgement was measured and the type of bonding failure was classified. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple comparison groups were performed using Tukey HSD value of rank test (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Group AS showed significantly highest bonding strength. Group S, group AM, group A, and group M showed lower bonding strength in order. The control group showed the lowest bonding strength. Conclusion: Surface treatment with silane showed to be the most effective of the surface pretreatment methods for cementation of FRC post. Surface treatment with universal primer showed no significant difference compared with no surface treatment group as for bonding strength.

The pharmacological treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome: oral ibuprofen vs. indomethacin (호흡곤란 증후군 미숙아에서 동맥관 개존증의 약물 치료 : 경구용 ibuprofen과 indomethacin의 비교)

  • Lee, Soo Jin;Kim, Ji Young;Park, Eun Ae;Sohn, Sejung
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.51 no.9
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    • pp.956-963
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    • 2008
  • Purpose : Indomethacin is widely used for the prophylaxis and treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA); however, it is associated with side effects such as renal failure, intraventricular hemorrhage, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Intravenous ibuprofen has been shown to be as effective as indomethacin in prompting PDA closure. If treatment with oral ibuprofen is as effective as indomethacin, it would have the advantages of greater availability, simpler administration, and lower cost. We conducted this study to compare the efficacy and side effects of indomethacin with those of oral ibuprofen, vis-$\grave{a}$-vis on the pharmacological closure of PDA. Methods : As a randomized double-blind study, 34 preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome and hemodynamically significant PDA were treated with either intravenous indomethacin or oral ibuprofen. Echocardiography was performed by one cardiologist who was blind to the treatment that any given infant received. The rate of ductal closure, the need for additional drug treatment or surgical ligation, clinical outcome, and the side effects of drug treatment were compared. Results : Ductal closure occurred in 16 of 18 patients (88.9%) from the indomethacin group and in 14 of 16 patients (87.5%) from the ibuprofen group (P>0.05). Three patients in the indomethacin group and four in the ibuprofen group required a second drug treatment (P>0.05). Three patients (i.e., one patient in the indomethacin group and two in the ibuprofen group) underwent surgical ligation (P>0.05). Between the two groups, there was no significant difference vis-$\grave{a}$-vis in side effects or clinical outcome. Conclusion : Compared to indomethacin, oral ibuprofen has the advantages of simpler administration and lower cost, while being as effective; in addition, there are no differences between the two drug treatments with regards to side effects or clinical outcomes. Therefore, the widespread use of oral ibuprofen should be considered in treating PDA in preterm infants.

A Study on Serum Leptin Values by Elisa Method in Children (ELISA법으로 측정한 소아 혈중 LEPTIN 치에 관한 연구)

  • Song, Soo-Ho;Chung, Young-Hun
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.175-180
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    • 2000
  • Purpose: Leptin is an adipocyte-derived blood-borne satiety factor that acts on its cognate leptin receptor in the hypothalamus, thereby regulating food intake and energy expenditure. We measured the leptin concentrations in serum of normal and obese children with human leptin ELISA kit, unlike previous study with leptin RIA kit and investigated the relationship between leptin concentrations and body mass index, gender, and age. Methods: We measured serum concentrations of leptin in 67 children who were visited to the Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital during the period of 5 months from February, 1999 to June, 1999. Height, weight, obesity index, and body mass index were measured in 67 subjects. Leptin values in serum were measured by sandwich ELISA method. Data analysis was done according to the obesity, body mass index, gender and age. Results: The mean concentration of leptin was $7.69{\pm}8.83\;ng/ml$ in normal children group and $36.34{\pm}18.57\;ng/ml$ in obese group. Serum leptin concentrations were significant correlation with the body mass index (p<0.01). Serum leptin concentration was significant higher in the group of over 10 years of age (p<0.01). Leptin levels showed no significant difference by gender. Conclusion: Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in obesity group than in control one, and they were correlated with body mass index and age. Measurements of leptin value by sandwich ELISA method are very useful and easily applicable to determine obesity.

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Evaluation of Laying Performances in Laying Hens Molted by Dietary Induction (산란계의 유도 환우에 있어서 급이환우 방법의 평가)

  • Hong, E.C.;Na, J.C.;Chung, I.B.;Choi, Y.H.;Park, H.D.;Chung, W.T.;Lee, H.J.;You, D.C.;Kim, H.K.;HwangBo, J.
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.15-20
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    • 2008
  • This study aimed at evaluating the effects of a molting diet method in molt induction and post-molt performance of laying hens. Eighty-one ISA Brown hens at 62 wk of age were randomly divided into three groups. After a 4-wk preliminary period, a control group was fed a corn-soybean-based layer diet, and for the other groups, molting was induced by starvation (MS) or feeding a molting diet (MD). For the MS group, feed was withdrawn for 2 wk; this was followed by feeding a layer diet every other day for 1 wk and then the control diet. The MD group was fed a molting diet containing low-protein and low-energy diet based for 4 wk; this was followed by feeding a layer diet. They had a free access to their diet and water. Egg production, egg quality, feed intake, and ovary and oviduct weights were measured throughout the experimental period. During molting, the feed intake in the MD group was lower than that of the control. Body weight of the molted groups was significantly reduced. The MS group feeding totally ceased egg production within 4d; after the initiation of feeding and decreased; in the MD group, egg production to 9.3% by d 10. On d 14, the ovaries and oviducts of the molted groups were distinctly lighter than those of the control. Throughout the post-molt period, egg production and egg shell thickness of the molted group improved; but there were no significant differences. Eggs from the MD-fed or control group were heavier than those of the MS-fed or control group. Finally, feeding of a low-protein and low-energy diet effectively induces molting and increase post-molt production, but further research will be conducted to determine the effects of the molt diet with other ingredients and to reduce the energy level of the molt diet for maximizing molt induction and post-molt egg quality.