• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2022

Today, due to the serviceization of the economy, volume and position Global trade in Services have gradually increased. Stable and fair trade can be achieved through solid international trade law. Multilateral discussions on service trade agreement have been stagnant, but have recently shown considerable outcome. Service trade agreement(GATS) deal with various service trade barriers in member countries that hinder free trade in services. Recently, a group of WTO members have established the 「Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation」. The agreement aims to ensure that licensing and qualification requirements and procedures, as well as technical standards do not constitute unnecessary barriers to services trade. This study is to understand the type and statistics of service trade barriers that affect actual service transactions. At the same time, It aims to examine the progress of discussions on multilateral service trade agreement for resolving service trade barriers.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.55-81
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze the main issues and trends of Korean trade, and to draw implications for future research regarding trade rules. A total of 476 academic journal are analyzed using English keyword searched for 'Trade Rules' from 2000 to July 2022 in the Korean Journal Citation Index data base. The analysis methodology includes co-occurrence network and topic trend analysis which is a kind of text mining methods. The results shows that key words representing Korea's trade trend fall into four categories in which the number of research journals has rapidly increased, which are Topic 4 (Investment Treaty), Topic 7 (Trade Security), Topic 8 (China's Protectionism), and Topic 11 (Trade Settlement). The major background for these topics is the tension between the United States and China threatening the existing international trade system. A detailed study for China's protectionism, changes in trade security system, and new investment agreements, and changes in payment methods will be the challenges in near future.

• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.158
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• pp.6-17
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• 2011

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.10
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• pp.513-535
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• 1997

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.93-100
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• 2021

With the spread of digital trade, the share of digital trade under the global trade environment is increasing. However, since there is no international digital trade standard, the discussion to establish a new trade rule has important significance. Countries around the world are implementing digital trade policies in consideration of their own interests, but different regulatory policies are causing trade conflicts. In order to provide safeguards against personal information infringement due to the free movement of data across borders, major countries around the world have taken measures to localize data, and the EU has enacted GDPR. And the United States regards the imposition of the digital tax as a trade barrier, and some countries oppose the implementation of the digital tax for fear of negative impact on their countries. However, discussions on the global digital tax, centered on the OECD and the G20 are making progress. As it is highly likely that a digital tax agreement will be drawn up within this year, countermeasures must also be prepared. Therefore, this study presents implications for the future direction of Korea's trade policy by examining recent trends in digital trade norms and analyzing major issues in digital trade.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.233-241
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• 1996

1) WTO 체제의 정착과 새로운 국제무역질서의 형성 1995년 1월 신 GATT체제라 할 수 있는 WTO가 정식 출범함으로써 새로운 국제무역질서의 기반을 구축하게 되었다. 즉, WTO의 출범으로 세계 경제는 하나의 교역규범 (WTO협정)과 하나의 국제기구 (WTO)를 갖게 되었으며, 이에 따라 지난 1980년대 이후 팽배해 온 세계무역의 신보호무역주의 경향은 다시금 자유무역주의로 복귀되었다. 이러한 WTO출범에 따른 세계자유무역의 확대는 기업의 해외직접투자를 증대시키고 세계경제의 안정성장에 크게 이바지할 것으로 기대된다. (중략)

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.201-221
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• 2022

This study aims to analyze a harmonious approach between trade norms for the protection of human rights and the WTO agreements is increasingly necessary and important. conflicts and harmonization that may occur between major human rights protection trade norms and WTO agreements were comprehensively reviewed. The hard legalization of corporate social responsibility for sustainable development, such as human rights protection, was in conflict with the WTO Agreement, which was based on the principle of non-discrimination. As the currently expanding human rights protection trade norms reflect differences in the positions of developed and developing countries, it was also pointed out that there may be disputes over WTO compatibility and distorted protectionism measures. Accordingly, the applicability of the general exceptions to Article 20 of the GATT were reviewed together, and Article 20(a) of GATT, "necessary to protect public morals" may differ between developed and developing countries, and thus limitations were also considered. At the same time, When it is necessary to take regulatory measures such as prohibition of imports from a specific country for human rights protection, it was reviewed and proposed domestic trade norms revision.

• 한국정책학회보
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.241-264
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• 2012

인간에 대한 신고전파 경제학의 가정을 확장할 경우, 인간은 사회적 선호를 가지고 있고 규범을 사용하며 전통과 관습으로부터 자유롭지 못한 존재라고 볼 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 특히 사회적 규범을 따르는 개인의 행위를 명시적으로 고려하여 내면화된 사회적 규범을 따르는 경우에 얻는 심리적 만족감과 따르지 않을 경우 치러야 하는 심리적 비용을 δ 요인이라고 개념화하였다. 그리고 나서 이러한 δ 요인이 집단행동의 딜레마상황을 해결하는데 어떤 순기능을 발휘하는지, 낮은 행정비용으로 정책의 효과성을 제고하는데 어떻게 기여하는지를 살펴보았다. 또한 이러한 #x03B4; 요인이 정책관련 변수와 상호작용하여 어떻게 정책의 목표를 달성하는데 방해가 될 수 있는지도 들여다 보았다. 이를 위해 다양한 (가상적) 정책사례들을 살펴본 후 정책이 δ 요인과 상호보완적으로 작용하여 정책집행의 성공에 도움이 되는 공통된 조건이 무엇인지를 도출하였다. 사회적 규범을 따르는 개인들의 비율이 클수록, 정책대상이 되는 개인들의 행위에 대한 관측가능성의 정도가 높을수록, 사회규범의 준수가 개인의 이익과 연계될수록, 정책으로 실현하고자 하는 가치와 기존 규범과의 충돌이 최소화될수록, 합리적 이기주의자에 대한 통제가 충분히 이루어질수록 δ 요인은 정책과 보완적 관계가 형성되어 정책집행의 성공가능성을 높이는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.95
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• pp.2-13
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• 2003

WTO는 그간에 계속적으로 진행된 관세장벽인하 등 무역장벽 제거조치로 인하여 국가 간 무역자유화가 상당한 성과를 가져오리라고 기대하였으나 현실적으로는 그러한 결과가 실현되지 않았다. 그 이유로 분석된 것은 민간 분야에서 시장접근을 제한하는 행위들이 아직 남아 있기 때문이라는 것이다. 그 중 대표적인 것이 기업 간 담합행위와 시장 지배적 사업자의 남용행위라고 보고 있다. 시장접근을 제한하는 이러한 반경쟁적인 기업행위들이 상존하는 이유를 WTO에서는 아직도 많은 국가들이 경쟁법을 도입하고 있지 않거나, 각 국 간의 경쟁법이 상이하기 때문이라고 보고 있다. 그러므로 무역자유화 조치의 효과를 제대로 실현시키기 위하여 각 국 간에 공통적으로 적용이 가능하거나 수용할 수 있는 경쟁법 수단을 만들어보자는 것이 WTO 차원의 다자간 경쟁규범 추진의 배경이다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.285-301
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• 2023

The growing impact of cross-border movement of information is increasing interest in information policy through digital trade agreements in major trading countries. Major trading partners are calling for the inclusion of their digital policies in trade agreements to strengthen market dominance and protect personal information. This study analyzes the meaning and disputed settlement cases of the WTO's public policy objectives and examines the tendency of stakeholders to standardize legitimate exceptions to public policy objectives in digital trade. The study also examines the desirable direction of digital trade standardization suitable for the changing international trade environment. There is still debate about the specific objectives that should be included and the extent to which they should be allowed to restrict trade, however this study finds that there is a growing consensus on the need for legitimate public policy objectives to be included in digital trade agreements. The study concludes that the desirable direction of digital trade standardization is to strike a balance between the need to protect legitimate public policy objectives and the need to liberalize digital trade. This balance will need to be adjusted as the international trade environment continues to change.