• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2023

Cobalt can be released into the natural environment as industrial waste from the alloying industry and as acid mine drainage, and it is also a radionuclide (⁶⁰Co) that constitutes high-level radioactive waste. Smectite is a mineral that can be useful for adsorption and isolation of this element. In this study, Cheto-type montmorillonite (Cheto-MM), which is the source clays of The Clay Mineral Society (CMS) and already well-characterized, was used. The effect of the adsorption site affected by the presence of interlayer water on the adsorption of cobalt before and after dehydration by heating was evaluated and the adsorption mechanism of cobalt on Cheto-MM was studied by applying adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm models. The results showed that the adsorption characteristics changed with dehydration and subsequent shrinkage, and cobalt was found to be adsorbed at the edge of Cheto-MM for about 38% and adsorbed at the interlayer site for about 62%, suggesting that the cobalt adsorption of Cheto-MM is significantly influenced by the interlayer. By applying the adsorption kinetic models, the cobalt adsorption kinetics of Cheto-MM is explained by a pseudo-second-order model, and the concentration-dependent adsorption was best described by the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. This study provides basic knowledge on the adsorption characteristic of cobalt on montmorillonite with different adsorption sites and is expected to be useful in predicting the adsorption behavior of smectite in high-level radioactive waste disposal sites in the future.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.113-113
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• 2022

도라지(Platycodon grandiflorum)는 초롱꽃과 도라지속에 속하는 여러해살이풀로 7~8월에 보라색이나 흰색의 꽃을 피우고, 뿌리는 다육질로 원주형 또는 분지형이다. 잎은 거의 엽병이 없는 대생이며, 종자는 난형으로 3개의 모서리가 있다. 항염증 성분인 플라티코딘이 들어있어 편도염을 비롯한 후두염, 폐렴 등에 효과가 있어 우리나라 약용작물 재배면적의 상위를 차지하고 있는 주요 작물이다. 최근, 백수오, 감초 등 심근성 약용작물은 뿌리의 수확 비용 절감을 위해 용기재배가 도입되고 있다. 본 연구는 도라지 용기재배에 적합한 용기의 규격과 고온 경감을 위한 용기 재료 선발을 위해 수행하였다. 도라지 용기재배에 적합한 용기의 규격 선발은 기본 용기로 플라스틱 플륨관을 사용하였고, 높이는 40cm로 고정하여 직경을 10, 20, 30cm로 처리하였다. 2019년 4월 하순에 도라지 종자를 파종하여 용기 규격별로 각각 1주(10cm), 4주(20cm), 8주(30cm)를 남겨 두고 솎음 다음, 2020년 10월 하순에 수확하였다. 도라지의 생육 및 수량성을 조사한 결과, 용기의 직경이 증가함에 따라 근장, 근경, 근중 등 지하부 생육이 우수한 경향이었다. 또한, 10a당 수량은 노지재배 749kg에 비해 직경 10cm 778kg, 20cm 849kg, 30cm 1,156kg로 직경 30cm가 가장 우수하였다. 직경이 증가할수록 수량성이 증가하였으나 직경 30cm 이상의 용기는 수확 시 노동력이 증가하고, 배양토 비용이 증가하여 사용하지 않았다. 고온 경감을 위한 용기 재료 선발은 흰색과 검정색 플라스틱 플륨관을 높이 40cm × 직경 30cm 규격으로 절단하여 2020년 4월에 도라지 종자를 파종하였고, 2021년 10월 하순에 수확하였다. 이 중 검정색 용기는 무처리(대조), 유공, 반유공, 흰색부직포, 반사필름 처리를 하였다. 도라지의 수량성을 조사한 결과, 검정색 용기 중 유공처리가 무처리 대비 수량이 21%(1,080 → 1,304kg/10a) 증가하였다. 위의 결과로 도라지는 직경 30cm의 검정색 유공 용기가 용기재배에 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.38-61
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• 2023

An Excavation Damaged Zone(EDZ) caused by blasting impact changes rock properties, in situ stress distribution, etc., and its effects are noticeable at around a radioactive waste repository located at deep underground. In particular, the increase in permeability due to the formation of cracks may significantly increase the amount of groundwater inflow and the possibility of radioactive nuclide outflow. In this study, FLAC2D and FLAC3D were used to analyze the mechanical and thermal behaviors for three categories: a)No EDZ, b)Uniform EDZ, and c)Random EDZ. It was found that the tunnel displacement in the Random EDZ case was 423% higher than that in the No EDZ case and was 16% higher than that in the Uniform EDZ case. Tunnel inflow in the Random EDZ was also 17.3% and 10.8% higher than that in the No EDZ and the Uniform EDZ case, respectively. The permeability around the tunnel was increased by up to 10 times in the corner of the tunnel wall and roof due to the stress redistribution after excavation. From the computer simulation, it was found that the permeability around the tunnel wall was partially increased but the overall tunnel inflow was decreased with increase of stress ratio. Mechanical analysis using FLAC 3D showed similar results. Slight difference between 2D and 3D could be explained with the development of plastic zone during the advance of tunnel excavation in 3D.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.29-40
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• 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the swelling behavior characteristics of KJ-II buffer blocks by performing numerical analysis of swelling pressure measurement experiments using the nonlinear elasticity model of COMSOL Multiphysics. The analysis was conducted under boundary conditions that included isotropic constraints and water injection pressure, mirroring the experimental settings. Validation of the numerical model was achieved by comparing its outputs with experimental results. The validated model was then used to simulate swelling deformations under unconfined conditions and to analyze swelling pressure as influenced by dry density and the geometric shape of the buffer material. The results accurately represented the swelling deformation observed during the saturation process and demonstrated that swelling pressure increases with higher dry density. Moreover, simulations concerning the geometric shape of the buffer material indicated a markedly faster rate of pressure increase in U-shaped samples compared to cylindrical ones. Analysis suggested that stress manifested preemptively near the internal edges of U-shaped samples during saturation. To enhance the simulation's fidelity to actual buffer material behavior, further refinement of the analysis model using a nonlinear elasticity model is recommended.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.31
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• pp.71-103
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• 2024

The National Museum of Korea Conservation science division conducted a precise diagnosis and a non-destructive investigation to comprehensively assess the overall damage of the Twin-lion stone lantern from the Godalsa Temple site, Yeoju to be placed on display in the museum's outdoor stone garden, then reviewed the relevant conservation and management plan and applied conservation treatment to the artifact. The museum carried out the treatment in the following order: precise diagnosis; dismantling of the previously-restored part of the roof stone; reinforcement and restoration of the roof structure with new stone; restoration of the previously-restored part of the lantern's support stone (jungseok); surface texture treatment to the restored area; cleaning (basic, laser); and color matching. The previously-restored part of the roof stone was removed and restored with new stone material, based on the results of a safety diagnosis regarding the separation at the said part. Granite from the Sangju area was selected as the material for the restoration in consideration of the results of mineral analysis as well as the surface color and particle size. The new stone was divided into three pieces based on the descending edges of the octagonal roof structure and joined together using epoxy resin. The structure was further strengthened by inserting titanium rods. It is expected that the status diagnosis and conservation treatment of the twin-lion stone lantern from the Godalsa Temple site in Yeoju will be used as a reference for the future conservation and management of outdoor displays of stone cultural heritage.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.137-144
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• 2024

Digital advertising, both indoors and outdoors, is evolving from traditional 2D formats to more immersive 3D forms. 3D advertising involves creating 3D content and displaying it through large LED installations on two sides of a building's corner, or using 3D hologram projectors indoors. This study examines the production process of 3D hologram projectors used indoors and LED-based 3D content used outdoors, analyzing potential issues and considerations when creating 3D digital advertising content. The findings reveal that while indoor hologram projector content provides 3D effects, the low resolution of the devices makes it challenging to implement complex content. However, they are cost-effective and easy to operate. On the other hand, LED-based 3D advertising content, produced in high resolution, requires more time for content creation and incurs higher hardware installation costs. Despite this, it effectively represents complex content and maximizes visibility due to its enhanced 3D effects. In conclusion, it is crucial to create tailored content that matches the resolution of the display device to maximize 3D effects in advertising. Specifically, when producing 3D billboard-style outdoor advertising content, the structure of the building on which it will be installed must be carefully considered.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2013

Purpose: Latest linear accelerator and the introduction of new measurement equipment to the agency that the introduction of this equipment in the future, by analyzing the process of confirming the usefulness of the preparation process for applying it in the clinical causes some problems, should be helpful. Materials and Methods: All measurements TrueBEAM STX (Varian, USA) was used, and a file specific to each energy, irradiation conditions, the dose distribution was calculated using a computerized treatment planning equipment (Eclipse ver 10.0.39, Varian, USA). Measuring performance and cause errors in MapCHECK 2 were analyzed and measured against. In order to verify the performance of the MapCHECK 2, 6X, 6X-FFF, 10X, 10X-FFF, 15X field size $10{\times}10$ cm, gantry $0^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$ direction was measured by the energy. IGRT couch of the CT values affect the measurements in order to confirm, CT number values : -800 (Carbon) & -950 (COUCH in the air), -100 & 6X-950 in the state for FFF, 15X of the energy field sizes $10{\times}10$, gantry $180^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, $275^{\circ}$ directionwas measured at, MapPHAN allocated to confirm the value of HU were compared, using the treatment planning computer for, Measurement error problem by the sharp edges MapPHAN Learn gantry direction MapPHAN of dependence was measured in three ways. GANTRY $90^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$ in the direction of the vertically erected settings 6X-FFF, 15X respectively, and Setting the state established as a horizontal field sizes $10{\times}10$, $90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $315^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$ of in the direction of the energy-6X-FFF, 15X, respectively, were measured. Without intensity modulated beam of the third open arc were investigated. Results: Of basic performance MapCHECK confirm the attenuation measured by Couch, measured from the measured HU values that are assigned to the MAP-PHAN, check for calculation accuracy for the angled edge of the MapPHAN all come in a range of valid measurement errors do not affect the could see. three ways for the Gantry direction dependence, the first of the meter built into the value of the Gantry $270^{\circ}$ (relative $0^{\circ}$), $90^{\circ}$ (relative $180^{\circ}$), 6X-FFF, 15X from each -1.51, 0.83% and -0.63, -0.22% was not affected by the AP/PA direction represented. Setting the meter horizontally Gantry $90^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$ from the couch, Energy 6X-FFF 4.37, 2.84%, 15X, -9.63, -13.32% the difference. By-side direction measurements MapPHAN in value is not within the valid range can not, because that could be confirmed as gamma pass rate 3% of the value is greater than the value shown. You can check the Open Arc 6X-FFF, 15X energy, field size $10{\times}10$ cm $360^{\circ}$ rotation of the dose distribution in the state to look at nearly 90% pass rate to emerge. Conclusion: Based on the above results, the MapPHAN gantry direction dependence by side in the direction of the beam relative dose distribution suitable for measuring the gamma value, but accurate measurement of the absolute dose can not be considered is. this paper, a more accurate treatment plan in order to confirm, Reduce the tolerance for VMAT, such as lateral rotation investigation in order to measure accurate absolute isodose using a combination of IMF (Isocentric Mounting Fixture) MapCHEK 2, will be able to minimize the impact due to the angular dependence.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of species by comparing the external shape traits and skull size of Tscherskia triton in Jeju Island from May 2014 to November 2016. Body weight, head-body length, ear length, and hind-foot length were not statistically significant (p>0.05), but tail length was statistically significant in females compared to males (p=0.003). To examine the secondary sexual dimorphism characteristics of the collected T. triton, B_HR, T_HR, E_HR, and H_HR were calculated based on the head-body length, and only T_HR was statistically significant (p=0.003). Because of comparing male and female averages, among the 21 traits, the greatest length of skull (GLS; p=0.020) and occipitonasal length (ONL; p=0.014) were statistically significant and length of incisive foramen (LIF) was statistically significant, when the significance level was 90%. However, the other 18 traits did not show statistically significant differences between males and females (p>0.05). Other than GLS, ONL, interorbital breadth (IB), and breadth of occipital foramen (BOF), there was female-biased SSD. The results of this study are the analysis of external morphology and skull characteristics of T. triton in Jeju Island and will be used as basic data to understand the morphological characteristics of T. triton. In addition, the data can be used as a basic information to compare characteristics of T. triton, which is known as a single species, inhabited in China and Russia. The data will play an important role in biogeography and ecology research of T. triton, based on geographical conditions, climate effects, and habitat environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.38-51
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• 2015

In the maps of the period, there were three large ponds called Dongji(東池), Seoji(西池) and Namji(南池) in Hanyang, the capital of Joseon Dynasty. They were different than the ponds found in the palace, civic buildings, and private dwellings. Dongji, Seoji and Namji were ponds relating to Fortress wall of Seoul, and all had lotuses cultivated in them. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the locational and spatial characteristics of these ponds and to detail the construction and reconstruction process and management conditions through maps, drawings, illustrations, historical records and literary works from the urban environmental perspective. The results are as follows. First, Seoji and Namji were intended for Bibo(裨補) which redeemed the geographical weaknesses of Hanyang, securement of bright court water(明堂水), supplement for fire energy(火氣), fire preventive water and waterscape facilities, while Dongji was emphasized on protecting water mouth(水口) besides Bibo and securement of bright court water. Second, Seoji was connected to mountain streams and Dongji and Namji were to ditches. The ponds connected to ditches had been difficult to fill and maintain. Third, Seoji and Namji were in urban areas, whereas Dongji was in farmlands, and these locational differences had an influence on the use of ponds. Fourth, the shapes of ponds, in contrast to the ponds in palace and civic buildings, which were perfectly square, were either freeform or square with rounded edges. Fifth, lotus ponds could be maintained by continuous management polices, earth filling and reconstructing process were repeated during the Joseon Dynasty. The lotus ponds of Fortress Wall of Seoul which had managed over 500 years, were built in, in accordance with the tenets of Bibo pungsu geomancy; however as time passed, they were maintained not only as public open spaces, but also a cultural attraction for residents and visitors.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.6 s.175
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• pp.689-697
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• 2005

Mineralogical composition, $^{137}Cs$ activity, total organic carbon (TOC), and particle size of marine sediments near Wuljin Nuclear Powerplant were analyzed and the relationships among those components were investigated. The particle sizes of sediments were equivalent to sand size and in the range of $-0.48\~3.6\;Md\phi$. TOC contents and $^{137}Cs$ activities were in the range of $0.06\~1.75\%$ and minimum detectable activity (MDA) $\~4.0Bq/kg-dry$ with the average value of $1.15{\pm}0.62$ Bq/kg-dry, respectively. The sediments in study area were characterized by large particle size and small TOC contents, and $^{137}Cs$ activity compared with other marine sediments. The main mineral components were quartz and feldspar (albite, microcline, and small amount of orthoclase) with small amount of pyroxene, calcite, hornblende. Minerals with $10{\AA}$ XRD peak (mainly biotite) and chlorite were also identified. Among those minerals, biotite shows the linear relationship with $^{137}Cs$ content probably due to the frayed edge site (FES) on biotite or small amount of mixed illite. However, TOC content shows most linear relationship with $^{137}Cs$ content because no significant amount of clay minerals, which can adsorb significant amount of Cs, were observed in the study area, indicating that the distribution of $^{137}Cs$ in this study area was more significantly affected by the TOC content than mineral composition.