• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1230-1242
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• 2018

In the present work, we reviewed feed mycotoxin-related research and provide potential strategies to overcome feed mycotoxin issues. Cereal grains and cereal byproducts are most easily contaminated by fungus. Fungi in feed ingredients produce secondary metabolites such as aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone, which are commonly found in feed ingredients. These mycotoxins in animal feeds and ingredients are regulated in many countries. Dietary mycotoxins have detrimental effects on immune systems and growth performance in pigs. A major harmful effect of dietary mycotoxin is reduced feed intake, resulting in deficient energy and nutrient intake and eventually depressed growth of pigs. The reduced energy and nutrient intake may be overcome possibly by increased energy and nutrient concentrations. Dietary supplementation of some mycotoxin binders may reduce the detrimental effects of mycotoxins. However, the effects of mycotoxin binders especially on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone have been reported to be variable depending on classes and concentration of mycotoxin, environmental condition, and type of mycotoxin binders.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1962

Immune response to two methods of Newcastle disease virus vaccine, one inactivated and the other attenuated was observed and the data presented. (1) Administration of inactivated virus vaccine in an amount of 1.0 ml. by intramuscular route gave an appreciable immunity to Newcastle disease for a period of at least three-and-half months. (2) The chickens given attenuated virus vaccine in the drinking water produced satisfactory immunity as manifested by the fact that immunized birds showed resistance when challenged 105 days after the vaccination and maintained high degree of HI titer for a period of 75 days. (3) Vaccination with the attenuated virus vaccine in drinking water is very simple and time saving in procedure, although the duration of immunity seems to be slightly shorter than that proced by inactivated virus vaccine. The author wishes to express his appreciation, to Drs. Kyu Myung Lee, Chang Koo Lee, and Ryong Sook Kee of their suggestions and help. The author is also indebted to Dr. Chang Hi Lee, Director of Anyang Veterinary Laboratory, who allowed the use of the facilities of the laboratory, whitout which this experiment could not have been undertaken.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.334-342
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• 1992

Background: The activated T lymphocyte by inhalaed mycobacterial antigen may evoke cell-mediated immunity in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. These activated lymphocyte may influence the response of tuberculin-purified protein derivative (PPD) in skin test. But occasionally, anergy to PPD appear in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in spite of active stage. Thus we evaluated the effect of change of subtypes of lymphocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and peripheral blood on anergy to PPD in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Method: We performed tuberculin skin test and flow-cytometry analysis of lymphocytes obtained from BAL fluid and peripheral blood in 11 healthy normal volunteers and 20 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: 1) The composition of lymphocyte significantly increased in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis when compared with that in healthy control ($25.2{\pm}4.8$ vs $6.5{\pm}1.3%$, p<0.01), but composition of monocyte significantly decreased ($69.6{\pm}5.7$ vs $89.2{\pm}1.4%$, p<0.05) in analysis of BAL fluid. 2) There were no differences in compositions of cells in BAL fluid between responders and no-responders to PPD. 3) The compositions of CD3 (+), CD4 (+), CD3 (+) IL-2R (+), CD3 (+) HLA-DR (+) significantly increased in BAL fluid when compared with those in peripheral blood in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. But the composition of CDS (+), CD4/CDS were not different between BAL fluid and peripheral blood. 4) There were no correlations between response to PPD and compositions of cells and lymphocyte subtypes in BAL fluid and peripheral blood in all patients with tuberculosis, responders, and no-responders, respectively. Conclusion: From these results, we suggest no direct relationship between compositions of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and we could not rule out the possibility of compartmentalization of activated lymphocyte involving in anergy to PPD in skin test in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2002

Purpose: As the incidence of non-typhoidal salmonella strains resistant to antibiotics has been increased, we attempted to investigate clinical aspects of non-typhoidal salmonella gastroenteritis and antibiotics resistance. Methods: From January 2000 to June 2002, 99 children with positive stool culture of non-typhoidal salmonella were studied about clinical features, the incidence of antibiotics and multi-drug resistance and the difference of incidence of antibiotics resistance according to immune status. Results: There were 66 males and 33 females. The majority of them were under 5 years of age (71%). 25 children were immunocompromised due to chemotherapy, steroid or immunosuppressive treatment. Serogroup D was the most common isolates (65%) followed by B (16%), C (8%) and E (8%). Resistance rate of 30% to ampicillin, 12% to chloramphenicol, 20% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), 11% to cefotaxime and 8% to cefixime were obtained. All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacine. Resistance rate to cefotaxime and cefixime in immunocompromised patients was 24% and 14.3% respectively, which were significantly higher compared to that in immunocompetent patients (6.8%, 5.6%, p<0.05). 11 isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics. The incidence of multi-drug resistant isolates was significantly higher in immunocompromised patients (24%) than that of immunocompetent patients (6.8%). Conclusion: Because of the high prevalence of non-typhoidal salmonella strains resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and TMP-SMX, third-generation cephalosporin might be the treatment of choice in non-typhoidal salmonella gastroenteritis. In particular, antibiotics should be carefully selected in immunocompromised patients because non-typhoidal salmonellas from them showed the higher incidence of antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 1981

진드기의 흡혈(吸血)에 대對하여 경험(經驗)이 없는 가토(家兎)를 실험숙주(實驗宿主)로하여 Haemaphysalis longicornis 진드기를 부착(附着) 흡혈(吸血)시켰을때 형성(形成)된 교상(咬傷)에 대(對)한 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)를 관찰(觀察)하고, 진드기의 흡혈(吸血)에 경험(經驗)이 있는 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)에 1개월(個月) 간격(間隔)으로 제2차(第二次) 흡혈(吸血)까지 시도(試圖)하여 가토체내(家兎體內)의 획득면역(獲得免疫)의 형성(形成)과 그에 따른 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)를 비교관찰(比較觀察)하여 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. H. longicornis 진드기는 구기(口器)를 사용(使用)하여 가토(家兎) 이부위(耳部位)의 피용(皮庸)를 천자(穿刺)하므로서 교상(咬傷)을 일으키며, 흔히 진드기의 구기주변(口器週邊)에는 진드기의 안전(安全)한 부착(附着)을 기도(企圖)하는 편평원추상(扁平圓錐狀)의 시멘트 물질(物質)이 형성(形成)되었다. 2. 진드기 교상(咬傷)에 대(對)한 주요(主要)한 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)는 국소부위(局所部位)의 출혈성(出血性) 염증성(炎症性) 반응(反應), 광범위(廣範圍)한 부종(浮腫), 백혈구(白血球) 침윤(浸潤), 그리고 세포조직(細胞組織)의 괴사(壞死)로 대징(待徵)지워졌다. 3. 진드기 기생(寄生)의 초기(初期)에 형성(形成)된 병변(病變) 또는 진드기 흡혈(吸血)에 대(對)하여 경험(經驗)이 없는 가토(家兎)의 병변(病變)에서는 호중구(好中球)를 흔히 볼 수 있었으며, 진드기 기생말기(寄生末期) 또는 진드기 흡혈(吸血)에 대(對)하여 경험(經驗)이 있는 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)의 병변(病變)에서는 호산구(好酸球)가 많이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 4. 진드기의 구기(口器)가 창상내(創傷內)에 잔존(殘存)하는 한, 치유(治癒)은 단시일내(短時日內)에 이루어 지지 않았으며, 증상(症狀)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 괴사성(壞死性) 염증성(炎症性) 반응(反應)은 더욱 확대(擴大) 되었는데, 이러한 소견(所見)은 감작(感作)되어 있는 숙주(宿主)에서 더욱 확실(確實)히 관찰(觀察)되었다. 5. 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈(吸血) 시도후(試圖後) 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)에 2차적(二次的)으로 부가흡혈(附加吸血)을 시도(試圖)하였을때 볼수 있는 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)의 저하현상(低下現象)은 숙주체내(宿主體內)의 교상병변(咬傷病變)에서 일어나는 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 소견(所見)과 획득면역(獲得免役)에 깊이 관련(關聯)되어 있는 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.779-788
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• 2013

This study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet on macrophage immunocompetence in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 male mice (4 weeks aged, n=16) were divided into two groups. HD groups fed high-fat diet (45% of fat) and ND groups fed chow diet (10% of fat). Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from each mouse intra-peritoneal by sterile lavage method. Macrophage were stimulated with $1{\mu}g/ml$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hr. Body weight was significantly increased by high-fat diet. Macrophage phagocytosis of HD was significantly lower than that of ND. After 24 hr of LPS stimulation, NO, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ production of HD were significantly lower than those of ND. There were no significant differences in the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-12 between HD and ND. These findings suggest that high fat diet-induced obesity is associated with decreased Immunocompetence and antigen-stimulated sensitivity of peritoneal macrophage, and lower production of NO, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ may contribute to these changes.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2011

Benzylideneacetone (BZA) is a compound derived from culture broth of an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila (Xn). Its immunosuppressive activity is caused by its inhibitory activity against eicosanoid biosynthesis. This BZA is being developed as an additive to enhance control efficacy of other commercial microbial insecticides. This study was focused on the enhancement of the immunosuppressive activity of BZA by generating its chemical derivatives toward decrease of its hydrophobicity. Two hydroxylated BZA and one sugar-conjugated BZA were chemically synthesized. All derivatives had the inhibitory activities of BZA against phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$) and phenoloxidase (PO) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, but BZA was the most potent. Mixtures of any BZA derivative with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) significantly increased pathogenicity of Bt. BZA also inhibited colony growth of four plant pathogenic fungi. However, BZA derivatives (especially the sugar-conjugated BZA) lost the antifungal activity. These results indicated that BZA and its derivatives inhibited catalytic activities of two immune-associated enzymes ($PLA_2$ and PO) of P. xylostella and enhanced Bt pathogenicity. We suggest its use to control plant pathogenic fungi.

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2001

난소화성전분(resistant starch, RS)는 건강한 사람의 소장에서 흡수되지 않는 전분과 분해된 전분의 산물을 총칭하는데. 대장에서 발효와 미생물성장, 식후 혈당, 변부피, 장통과시간, 식품의 열량가 등에 영향을 미치므로 생리적인 이점을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 고지방식이와 콜레스테롤을 섭취란 흰쥐에서 제조과정이 다른 RS의 섭취가 저 열량원으로서 체중감소나 혈액내 지방성분을 낮추는 효과가 있는지를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구방법으로 실험동물은 생후 4주된 Sprague-Dawl ey계 수컷 흰쥐로, 지방을 식이 무게의 20%, 콜레스테롤이 식이 무게의 1%로 첨가 된 고지방식이로 6주를 사육시켜 비만과 고콜레스테롤증을 유발시켰다. 고콜레스테롤이 유발된 실험동물은 섭취하는 전분의 형태가 다른 실험식이로 4주간을 더 사육하였고 사육기간이 끝난 실험동물들은 희생하여 생화학적인 실험- 혈액과 간의 총지방양, 중성지방양, 콜레스테롤양을 측정하였고, 면역능력으로 비장세포 증식, 혈장내 IgG, $C_3$양을 측정하였고. 혈장내 leptin 양을 측정하였다. 실험결과는 체중과 체내 저장지방무게가 난소화성전분 혼합군(RSNE)에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈장내 지방성분을 보면, 총 지방의 경우 고지방대조군(HC)이 저지방 대조군(LC)에 비래 유의적으로 높았으며, RS를 섭취하면 유의적으로 낮아지는 경향을 보여 저지방을 섭취한 LC군에 비해서 낮은 수치를 나타내고 있다. 혈장 중성지방은 저지방 즉 고 탄수화물식이를 섭취하는 LC군이 유의적으로 높았으며 고지방을 섭취하는 경우는 실험군에 차이가 없었다. 혈장 총 콜레스테롤은 LC군에 비해 고지방과 콜레스테롤을 섭취하는 HC군이 유의적으로 높았으며. RSNE군에서는 유의적인 감소를 보였다. HDL-콜레스테롤에서는 실험군간에 차이가 없었다. 간내 총지방과 콜레스테롤량, 중성지방량은 LC군이 다른 군에 비해 유의적으로 적었으며 고지방섭취군들은 섭취하는 전분의 종류에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 면역능력을담당하는 체내 기관인 비장세포의 중식능력은 실험군간에 유의적인 차이가 없으나 혈장의 Ig G 양은 RSNE군이 유의적으로 높고, $C_3$ 양은 난소화성 전분 추출군(RSEX)에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 혈장에서의 leptin 농도는 고지방 대조군인 HC군이 유의적으로 높았으며, RSNE군이 LC군과 같이 유의적으로 낮았다. 결론으로 난소화성 전분(RS)를 식이무게의 10%로 첨가하는 수준에서 순수한 RS보다는 RS제조과정 중 순수한 RS를 분리하기 전 단계인 RS를 포함한 전분이 체중감소, 체내 저장지방감소, 혈액 내 콜레스테롤을 저하시키는 효과를 보였다. 그러므로 RS의 섭취는 섭취형태에 따라 저 열량원으로, 혈액 내 지방성분을 낮추는 효과를 가진 기능성 식품소재로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2020

Purpose: Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a common pathogen in pediatric patients and often causes acute pharyngotonsillitis and skin and soft tissue infections. In addition, bacteremia with significant morbidity and mortality can also occur. This study was conducted to describe the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of pediatric GAS bacteremia patients in Korea. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study. From January 2000 to December 2016, pediatric patients aged ≤18 years with GAS bacteremia were studied. Clinical manifestations, underlying diseases, intensive care unit stay, and antibiotic susceptibility were evaluated. Results: During the study period, 19 patients had GAS bacteremia. Ten (53%) were male, and the median age was 7.4 years (range, 0.3-17.4 years). Fourteen (74%) had chronic underlying diseases. Five (26%) were immunocompromised (leukemia and chronic kidney disease). Eight (42%) had lymphatic or vascular malformations, of which seven had lesions with signs of inflammation. Three (16%) developed pneumonia, and two of them received ventilator care. The 30-day mortality rate was 6% (1/19), and the cause of death was bacteremic pneumonia. All GAS isolates were sensitive to penicillin. Fifteen (79%) were sensitive to both erythromycin and clindamycin. Conclusions: This study identified various clinical manifestations of GAS bacteremia. GAS should be considered as a potential pathogen that can cause bacteremia and result in a serious clinical course.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2013

All tested Korean populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, are known to be resistant especially against pyrethroid insecticides by mutation in its molecular target, para-sodium channel. Moreover, P. xylostella is able to develop resistance against most commercial insecticides. This study was performed to develop an efficient control technique against P. xylostella by a combined treatment of an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, and a microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis. To investigate any parasitism preference of C. plutellae against susceptible and resistant P. xylostella, five different populations of P. xylostella were compared in insecticide susceptibilities and parasitism by C. plutellae. These five P. xylostella populations showed a significant variation against three commercial insecticides including pyrethroid, organophosphate, neonicotinoid, and insect growth regulator. However, there were no significant differences among five P. xylostella populations in their parasitic rates by C. plutellae. Moreover, parasitized larvae of P. xylostella showed significantly higher susceptibility to B. thuringiensis. As an immunosuppressive agent, viral ankyrin genes (vankyrins) encoded in C. plutellae were transiently expressed in nonparasitized larvae. Expression of vankyrins significantly enhanced the efficacy of B. thuringiensis against the third instar larvae of P. xylostella. Thus an immunosuppression induced by C. plutellae enhanced the insecticidal efficacy of B. thuringiensis. These results suggest that a combined treatment of C. plutellae and B. thuringiensis may effectively control the insecticide-resistant populations of P. xylostella.