• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.787-796
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic mixture on fecal ammonia, caecal microorganism, immune response, egg quality and production in layer under heat stress (HS).A total of four hundred 50 week olds Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into four groups of 100 heads each: C (control, room temperature $25^{\circ}C$), HS (heat stress $33^{\circ}C$), PM (HS plus probiotic mixture 500, 750 mg/kg of diets). Egg production, egg quality, spleen weight, blood IgG and lymphocyte concentrations were increased in the PM group compared to the HS group, while mortality, the heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, and corticosterone levelswere significantly decreased. Lactobacillus was increased in the PM group compared to the HS group, but E. coli, coliform bacteria and aerobic bacteria were significantly reduced. Fecal ammonia production was significantly increased in the HS group compared to the PM group. In conclusion, the results of this study that these mixed probiotics can reduce the heat damage of the summer laying hens and can be an effective nutritional strategy to reduce odor generation from feces, and to improve egg quality and laying production through immune response and caecal microbial balance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1307-1315
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• 2012

We evaluated the effect of dietary supplements with benzoic acid on intestinal beneficial bacteria concentration and immune response of weaning pigs. Supplementation with benzoic acid at 0.5% or control diet for 35 days resulted in a higher Lactobacillus casei concentration in the cecum. Supplementation with benzoic acid at 0.5% increased concentration of L. plantarum in the cecum. Pigs with the control diet and 0.5% benzoic acid had significantly increased concentration of B. subtillis in the cecum compared to the antibiotic group, while the concentration of B. subtillis in the rectum increased in pigs given 0.3 and 0.5% benzoic acid (p<0.05). Compared with the control group, the level of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ mRNA showed a significant decrease in the proximal small intestine in pigs fed diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 0.5% or antibiotic. Feeding 0.5% benzoic acid resulted in a marked reduction in the expression of IL-6 mRNA in the middle small intestine (p<0.05). Supplementation with benzoic acid at 0.5% or antibiotic resulted in a lower level of tumor necrosis factor-mRNA in the middle intestine. Up to 0.5% benzoic acid may be included in weaning diets for improvement of intestinal beneficial bacteria, thus modulating genes of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.111-112
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• 2004

참옻나무 추출액이 산란계의 생산성과 계란품질, 장내미생물 변화 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 산란졔 Isa brown 57주령 480수를 공시하여 8주간 케이지에서 사양시험을 실시하였다. 산란율, 산란량 및 사료요구율은 참옻나무 추출액 5000 ppm 급여구가 산란율이 무첨가 대비 유의적으로 향상되었으며, 전반적으로 추출물 급여구의 산란율이 증가하였다. 평균난중과 사료섭취량은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 난각강도, 난각후도는 추출액 급여구가 무첨가 대비 유의적으로 개선되었으며, 난황색 및 Haugh unit은 전 기간에서 추출액 첨가구가 개선되는 경향을 보였다. 맹장내 유산균과 E. coli는 처리간 차이를 보이지 않았으며, Salmonella는 무첨가 대비 추출액 급여구가 약간 낮은 경향을 보였으나 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 영양소 소화율은 옻나무 추출액 급여구가 무첨가 대비 전반적으로 향상되는 결과를 보였다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2016

This study examined the improving effect of DFA IV obtained from bacterial fermentation on the gut health. The effects of the dietary DFA IV on the intestinal mass, short chain fatty acids production and pH were evaluated in vivo. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the 0% (control) or 1% DFA IV supplemented diets for 3 weeks. Supplementation of DFA IV resulted in a significant increase in cecal tissue and wall weights. Together with the lowering of the cecal and colonic pH, the amount of acetate and butyrate increased by 1.6 and 3.2 fold of the control group in the cecum, respectively, in the rats fed DFA IV diets. The DFA IV diet also significantly increased the cecal lactate 1.5 fold compared to the control diet, indicating that dietary DFA IV stimulated the growth of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in the intestine. Based on the above results, it is concluded that the dietary DFA IV may be used as a putative prebiotic supplement.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains as probiotics. Two strains were isolated from healthy chicken cecum and their acid and bile tolerance, residual organic acids, antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, and immunomodulation activity were measured. Identification of the isolated strains was performed using the API 50CHL system and phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequencing. The isolates were determined to be Lactobacillus sakei strains. The acid tolerance of strains L2 and L8 was high enough that 75% of the inoculum survived in pH 2 for 2 h. The bile tolerance of both strains was observed at a 1% Oxgall concentration in MRS broth. The production of organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid) and pH changes during growth were monitored and the maximum concentrations were obtained after 48 h of incubation. Culture supernatants of the two LAB strains showed strong antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The heat-killed LAB cells also induced high levels of immune cell proliferation compared with the control, and stimulated IL-6 and TNF-α production in mouse macrophages. Therefore, L. sakei strains L2 and L8 can be considered suitable probiotic bacteria.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.111-112
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• 2003

스테비오사이드를 추출하고 폐기되는 스테비아 부산물의 사료적 가치를 구명하기 위하여 육계사료에 수준별로 급여하여 육계의 생산성, 혈중 콜레스테롤, 장내 미생물 및 계육의 지방산에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다 사료내 영양소 함량은 사육 전기와 후기에 각각 CP 21.5 ％, ME 3,100 kca1/kg와 CP 19 ％, ME 3,100 kcal/kg 수준으로 급여하였다. 처리구는 스테비아 부산물 0, 2, 4, 8 ％ 수준으로 하였고, 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 16수로 총 256수를 공시하였다. 본 시험의 결과, 사육 전기 3주간의 증체량은 스테비아 부산물 8 ％ 급여구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 감소하였으나 후기 2주간에는 차이가 없었다. 또한 전체 사육기간의 증체량에서도 스테비아 8 ％ 급여구는 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 총 사료섭취량과 사료요구율은 스테비아 부산물 급여구와 대조구 사이에서 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 스테비아 부산물의 급여가 장내 미생물의 변화에 미치는 영향은 대조구와 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 맹장의 Salmonella, E coli는 감소하고 Lactobacillus 및 Yeast는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 혈중 총 콜레스테롤, HDL 콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤 및 중성지방에서도 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 또한 스테비아 부산물을 급여하여 생산된 가슴육의 지방산 함량에서도 차이가 없었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1693-1699
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• 2008

Recent studies have suggested that inulin might be utilized as a prebiotics for the promotion of antimicrobial growth, but a major obstacle to the use of inulin has been its low bifidogenic effects, which were initially observed in the ceca of broiler chickens. Inulin has some problems with related to denaturation in air and lowering passage rate from upper digestive tract to caecum. To solve this problems, a newly developed compound derived by microencapsulation, inuloprebiotics, was hypothesized to enrich cecal bifidobacterial populations and reduce the colonization levels of Salmonella in the ceca of broiler chickens. The in vitro growth of intestinal beneficial bacteria including Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei grew effectively on the medium containing inulin, whereas the growth of Streptococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens was not differences among the treatment groups. Broiler chickens consumed chow diets containing 0.5%, 0.7% or 1.0% inuloprebiotics, or a control diet without inuloprebiotics supplementation. The chickens on the inuloprebioticssupplemented diets evidenced significantly higher cecal levels of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species as compared with the chickens on the control diet. The population of cecal E. coli and Salmonella was specifically reduced as the result of treatment with inuloprebiotics. However, we noted no significant differences in Bifidobacterium species, E. coli and Salmonella counts among the inuloprebiotics treatment groups. The inuloprebiotics-supplemented diets induced an increase in the serum IgG concentration. The thymus index was significantly increased in the broiler chickens that consumed diets containing 0.7% or 1.0% inuloprebiotics, with the exception of the chickens consuming the diet supplemented with 0.5% inuloprebiotics. These results indicate that the inuloprebiotic preparations exerted an immune system-promoting effect or selectively enriched the cecal Bifidobacterium species populations in the broiler chickens, and also suggest that inuloprebiotics may prove useful as a stable natural antimicrobial agent.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of organic acid mixture on growth performance, cecal microflora, blood characteristics and immune response in broiler chicks and to prove the possibility of organic acid mixture as an alternative to antibiotics growth promotor. A total of four hundred eighty, 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross$\times$Ross 308) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds each. The treatments were NC (free antibiotics), PC (basal diet with virginiamycin 10 ppm and salinomycin 60 ppm), 0.3% organic acid, and 0.5% organic acid. The final body weight and body weight gain were significantly higher in organic acid 0.5% than NC (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in all treated groups were significantly improved as compared to that of NC (P<0.05). The carcass rate and relative organs weight were not significantly difference among the groups. The relative weight and length of small intestine in PC were significantly decreased than the other groups. The numbers of cecal coliform bacteria and Salmonella in all treated groups were significantly lower than NC (P<0.05). The number of cecal lactic acid bacteria was not different among the groups. No significant differences among the groups were observed in the contents of total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in blood serum. The contents of total protein and globulin in blood serum of PC and organic acid treated groups were significantly increased as compared to those of NC (P<0.05). Therefore, albumin:globulin ratio of PC and organic acid treated groups was significantly lower than NC (P<0.05). The total white blood cell (WBC), heterophil, lymphocyte, and stress indicator (heterophil:lymphocyte ratio) were not significantly different among the groups. No significant difference was observed on the expression rate of splenic cytokines mRNA in organic acid treated groups compared to the control. Consequently, supplemental organic acid mixture improved the growth performance, and influenced positive effects on the intestinal microflora by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria without any adverse effects on relative weights of organs and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2003

A feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding Lactobacillus reuteri culture(LRC) on the performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, serum metabolites, ammonia generation and litter dampness in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty, one day old male chicks were fed into none, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of LRC supplementation fer seven weeks. Basal diets excluded antibiotics contained ME 3,100, 3,100 kcal/kg, and CP 22.0, 20.0% for starter and grower, respectively. Weight gain of chicks fed LRC was significantly higher than no supplemental group in overall period(P<0.05). Feed intake was the highest in the 0.1% LRC, but not statistically different from other treatments. Feed conversion showed no significance among treatments. Viable Lactobacillus spp. number of chicks fed 0.2 and 0.4% LRC was significantly higher in cecum at seven weeks of age compared to the none(P<0.05). The tendency of anaerobes number was similar to Lactobacillus spp in ileum and cecum. Total number of E. coli and Salmonella were no difference in all treatments. In serum metabolites, feeding LRC increased triglyceride, and inorganic phosphorus, but no different total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, glucose, blood urea nitrogen and Ca. Nutrients digestibility improved significantly in 0.4% LRC compared to that of none(P<0.05). Fecal NH$_3$, gas generation was greatly decreased in the LRC supplemental groups(P<0.05). Moisture contents of bedding was also significantly decreased in LRC feeding group. It was concluded from the present study that feeding Lactobacillus reuteri culture improved the growth performance and nutrients digestibility of broiler chicks and minimize the fecal noxious gas emission.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.341-347
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FVM) on broiler chick performance, pathogenic bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella) counts in caecal contents and amount of $NH_3$ in excreta. Ninety-six broiler chicks (HanHyup No. 3, Korea) were divided into four groups: 1) Control (basal diet), 2) T1 (supplemented with 1% FVM), 3) T2 (3% FVM), and T3 (5% FVM), and rose for 7 weeks. In results, there were no significant differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass yield. However, giblets were significantly increased in FVM treatments compared with control group (p<0.05). The number of Salmonella in caecum was significantly decreased in FVM treatments compared with control group (p<0.05). The number of E. coli was decreased in T2 but increased in T1 and T3 compared with control group. The emission of fecal $NH_3$ gas was significantly decreased in accordance with increasing the feeding level of FVM (p<0.05). In conclusion, our data indicated that the supplementation of high level of FVM could inhibit the Salmonella in caecum and reduce the emission of fecal $NH_3$ gas. Therefore, FVM at 5% level could be added in the diet of broiler chicks.