• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.299-320
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• 2009

한중 맥진기 관련 학술 교류와 맥진기 수출을 위한 전략으로 중국의 광주중의약대학 중의사를 대상으로 맥진과 맥진기에 대한 인식을 조사하여 보고하는 바이다. 임상에서 가장 중요하게 생각하고 활용도가 높은 전통적인 병증으로 장부병증과 팔강병증으로 나타났으며, 한방 진단방법 중 가장 중요하게 생각하고 활용하는 방법으로 문진과 맥진으로서, 그 이유는 진단 효율성과 환자와의 상담으로 나타났다. 또한 임상에서 한방 진단기기의 중요한 이유로는 측정기술과 데이터의 신뢰를 들었으며, 중요하지 않다고 생각하는 이유로는 측정기술과 데이터의 신뢰성 부족과 전통적인 진단법을 보조하기엔 적합하지 못함을 들었다. 진단방법 중에서 맥진의 중요도와 활용도는 75%가 가장 높게 나타났고, 맥진법 중에서 가장 잘 활용하는 부위는 촌구맥진법으로 나타났다. 촌구 맥진시 가장 중요하게 생각하는 요소는 환자의 자세와 손목 높이와 촌관척 부위였으며, 단안(單按)과 총안(總按)의 순서는 총안(總按)후 단안(單按)이 단연 우수하였다. 임상의 중요 맥상으로는 부침(浮沈)을 들었으며, 맥상 형성 기전과 표준화 연구에 가장 적합한 연구 방법론은 위수형세론에 입각한 문헌 연구와 병증별 맥상에 대한 임상 데이터 구축으로 나타났다. 그리고 대표적인 노인 특유의 맥상은 미세약맥이었으며, 그 이유는 노화로 인한 체력저하와 기혈부족을 들었다. 그리고 맥진기와 연계하는 만성 생활습관병 병증지표 연구개발에 가장 적합하다고 판단되는 병증 체계는 장부병증이었으며, 질병은 고혈압과 동맥경화증으로 나타났다. 또한 임상에서의 활용도와 유의성이 높은 맥진기로써의 주된 기능으로는 오장육부 상태 진단을 들었으며, 맥진기의 임상적인 활용도를 높일 수 있는 현대적인 임상 분야는 심혈관 질환이 가장 높게 나타났다. 맥진기 개발에 선행되어야 할 기반연구로는 촌관척 부위 찾기의 기준 확립과 임상 변증과의 관계 확립으로 나타났으며, 제공 받고자 하는 맥상 정보구성은 환자의 맥상명과 맥상 정도와 환자의 맥상에 따른 병증명 제시로 나타났으며, 제공되는 병증 서비스로는 장부병증이 가장 높게 나타났다.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 1998

Self-potential, VLF-EM and dipole-dipole resistivity methods have been widely used for exploration of conductive sulfide ore deposit, because of the convenience and low cost of field work and the reliability of their results. The geophysical responses for vein-type sulfide outcrop of Changkoom mine located in Bukwi-Myon, Jinan-Gun, Chollabuk-Do were investigated and compared with its drilling results. The geology around the survey area is composed of acidic volcanics and sediments of Yuchon Group. And sulfides bearing pyrite, pyrrotite, galena etc. are deposited in disseminated or vein type within acidic volcanics. Typical geophysical responses were detected from the above vein type ore body, respectively. From the shape and extent of S.P. anomaly, ore body is dipping westward and extending about 50 m. It is detected that the VLF EM response matching the outline of ore zone is considered as indication of dyke dipping westward. And also resistivity response indicating conductive dipping dyke is detected. From drilling results for outcrop and geophysical anomalies, the shape of ore body is vein type dipping about $70^{\circ}W$ and extending about 50 m.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2022

The Gasado Au-Ag deposit is located within the south-western margin of the Hanam-Jindo basin. The geology of the Gasado is composed of the late Cretaceous volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and acidic or intermediate igneous rocks. Within the deposit area, there are a number of hydrothermal quartz and calcite veins, formed by narrow open space filling along subparallel fractures in the late Cretaceous volcaniclastic sedimentary rock. Vein mineralization at the Gasado is characterized by several textural varieties such as chalcedony, drusy, comb, bladed, crustiform and colloform. The textures have been used as exploring indicators of the epithermal deposit. Mineral paragenesis can be divided into two stages (stage I, ore-bearing quartz veins; stage II, barren carbonate veins) considering major tectonic fracturing event. Stage I, at which the precipitation of Au-Ag bearing minerals occurred, is further divided into three substages (early, middle and late) with paragenetic time based on minor fractures and discernible mineral assemblages: early, marked by deposition of pyrite and pyrrhotite with minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite and electrum; middle, characterized by introduction of electrum and base-metal sulfides with minor argentite; late, marked by argentite and native silver. Au-Ag-bearing mineralization at the Gasado deposit occurred under the condition between initial high temperatures (≥290℃) and later lower temperatures (≤130℃). Changes in stage I vein mineralogy reflect decreasing temperature and fugacity of sulfur (≈10^-10.1 to ≤10^-18.5atm) by evolution of the Gasado hydrothermal system with increasing paragenetic time. The Gasado deposit may represents an epithermal gold-silver deposit which was formed near paleo-surface.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.118-126
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• 2000

동양의학에서 인체의 주된 생리 정보는 체질과 맥진에서 얻어질 수 있다 체질은 선천적인 오장 육부 기능에 대한 정보를 제공한다. 체질에 대한 판단은 얼굴형상, 맥진, 사주 등의 방법에 의한다. 반면에 진맥은 현재의 오장육부의 건강 상태를 나타낸다. 오장육부의 생체정보는 인체경락의 전기 전도도를 측정하는 방법에 의해서도 얻어질 수 있으나 본 논문에서는 진맥에의한 방법만을 토론한다. 체질과 진맥 정보는 치병에 있어서 처방의 기간과 강도를 결정 할 수 있는 결정적인 변수이다. 이 두가지 정보 중에서 하나라도 결핍될 경우 병에 대한 효율적인 대응이 어려워진다. 그 이유는 처방의 강약 조절이 어렵고 그 결과 다른 부작용 유발가능성이 크다. 본 논문에서는 진맥이론의 일반적 전개를 위하여 음양오행 성질의 과학적인 정의를 기초로 하였다. 구체적인 맥상의 판단에는 (1) 음의 맥과 양의 맥의 절대적 크기와 상대적 비(즉 음양의 강도와 비), (2) 오행의 성질에 기초한 맥의 형상, 그리고 (3) 맥의 느낌이나 성질등 3가지 정보를 종합한 방법으로 맥상을 파악한다. 이러한 맥진기술 이론은 분류방법이 간단할 뿐만아니라 이론이 일반적이다. 그래서 한의학의 전문가는 물론이고 일반인 모두 쉽게 익혀 덜인의 건강상태를 스스로 파악하는 것이 가능하다. 진맥기 제작의 기년 이론으로서 역할을 할 수 있다. 오행이론에 기초 할 경우 맥상은 5가지 대표적인 맥으로 분류된다. 맥의 이름은 황제내경에 제시된 한의학적인 이름과 함께 맥상을 쉽게 유추 할 수 있는 실생활적인 이름을 병용하였다. 예를 들어 위장이 약할 때 나타나는 홍맥을 진빵같이 부드러운 맥으로, 폐가 나쁠 때 나오는 흩어지는 모맥을 도우너츠형 연기맥으로, 신장이 나쁠 때 나오는 단단한 석맥을 고구마형상의 돌덩어리맥으로, 간이 나쁠 때 나오는 긴장된 현맥을 팽팽한 고무줄맥으로 그리고 심장이 나쁠 때 나오는 작고 연한 구맥을 튀어오르는 물방울맥으로 명명하였다. 이외에 진맥에 의하여 인체의 한열이나 지삭 부침등의 정보가 가능하며, 이러한 정보는 고혈압이나 중풍 확률, 비만 가능성 지수, 골다공증 선행지수 그리고 심장기능 파악(불전맥이나 대맥) 등 다양한 인체 정보를 파악하는 데 응용될 수 있음을 강조한다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2015

Extensive base-metal and/or gold bearing ore mineralizations occur in the Pacitan mineralized district of the south western portions in the East Java, Indonesia. Metallic ore bodies in the Pacitan mineralized district are classified into two major types: 1) skarn type replacement ore bodies, 2) fissure filling hydrothermal ore bodies. Skarn type replacement ore bodies are developed typically along bedding planes of limestone as wall rock around the quartz porphyry and are composed mineralogically of skarn minerals, magnetite, and base metal sulfides. Hydrothermal ore bodies differ mineralogically in relation to distance from the quartz porphyry as source igneous rock. Hydrothermal ore bodies in the district are porphyry style Cu-Zn-bearing stockworks as proximal ore mineralization and Pb-Zn(-Au)-bearing fissure filling hydrothermal veins as distal ore mineralization. Sulfur isotope compositions in the sulfides from skarn and hydrothermal ore bodies range from 6.7 to 8.2‰ and from 0.1 to 7.9‰, respectively. The calculated ${\delta}^{34}S$ values of $H_2S$ in skarn-forming and hydrothermal fluids are 0.9 to 7.1‰ (5.6-7.1‰ for skarn-hosted sulfides and 0.9-6.8‰ for sulfides from hydrothermal deposits). The change from skarn to hydrothermal mineralization would have resulted in increased $SO_4/H_2S$ ratios and corresponding decreases in ${\delta}^{34}S$ values of $H_2S$. The calculated ${\delta}^{18}O$ water values are: skarn magnetite, 9.6 and 9.7‰; skarn quartz, 6.3-9.6‰; skarn calcite, 4.7 and 5.8‰; stockwork quartz, 3.0-7.7‰; stockwork calcite, 1.2 and 2.0‰; vein quartz, -3.9 - 6.7‰. The calculated ${\delta}^{18}O_{water}$ values decrease progressively with variety of deposit types (from skarn through stockwork to vein), increasing paragenetic time and decreasing temperature. This indicates the progressively increasing involvement of isotopically less-evolved meteoric waters in the Pacitan hydrothermal system. The ranges of ${\delta}D_{water}$ values are from -65 to -88‰: skarn, -67 to -84‰; stockwork, -65 and -76‰; vein, -66 to -88‰. The isotopic compositions of fluids in the Pacitan hydrothermal system show a progressive shift from magmatic hydrothermal dominance in the skarn and early hydrothermal ore mineralization periods toward meteoric hydrothermal dominance in the late ore mineralization periods.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2021

The Geumhwa Au-Ag deposit is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang basin. Mineral paragenesis can be divided into two stages (stage I and II) by major tectonic fracturing. Stage II is economically barren. Stage I, at which the precipitation of major ore minerals occurred, is further divided into three substages(early, middle and late) with paragenetic time based on minor fractures and discernible mineral assemblages: early substage, marked by deposition of pyrite with minor wolframite; middle substage, characterized by introduction of electrum and base-metal sulfides with Cu-As and/or Cu-Sb sulfosalts; late substage, marked by hematite and Bi-sulfosalts with secondary minerals. Changes in vein mineralogy reflect decreases in temperature and sulfur fugacity with a concomitant increase in oxygen fugacity. Fluid inclusion data indicate progressive decreases in temperature and salinity within each substage with increasing paragenetic time. During the early portion of stage I, high-temperature (≥410℃), high-salinity fluids (up to ≈44 equiv. wt. % NaCl) formed by condensation during decompression of a magmatic vapor phase. During waning of early substage, high-temperature, high-salinity fluids gave way to progressively cooler, more dilute fluids associated with main Au-Ag mineralization (middle) and finally to ≈180℃ and ≥0.7 equiv. wt. % NaCl fluids associated with hematite and sulfosalts (± secondary) mineralization (late substage). These trends are interpreted to indicate progressive mixing of high- and medium to low-salinity hydrothermal fluids with cooler, more dilute, oxidizing meteoric waters. The Geumhwa Au-Ag deposit may represent a vein-type system transitional between porphyry-type and epithermal-type.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2022

The Geochang Au-Ag deposit is located within the Yeongnam Massif. Within the area a number of hydrothermal quartz and calcite veins were formed by narrow open-space filling of parallel and subparallel fractures in the granitic gneiss and/or gneissic granite. Mineral paragenesis can be divided into two stages (stage I, ore-bearing quartz vein; stage II, barren calcite vein) by major tectonic fracturing. Stage I, at which the precipitation of major ore minerals occurred, is further divided into three substages (early, middle and late) with paragenetic time based on minor fractures and discernible mineral assemblages: early, marked by deposition of pyrite with minor pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite; middle, characterized by introduction of electrum and base-metal sulfides with minor sulfosalts; late, marked by hematite with base-metal sulfides. Fluid inclusion data show that stage I ore mineralization was deposited between initial high temperatures (≥380℃ ) and later lower temperatures (≤210℃ ) from H₂O-CO₂-NaCl fluids with salinities between 7.0 to 0.7 equiv. wt. % NaCl of Geochang hydrothermal system. The relationship between salinity and homogenization temperature indicates a complex history of boiling, fluid unmixing (CO₂ effervescence), cooling and dilution via influx of cooler, more dilute meteoric waters over the temperature range ≥380℃ to ≤210℃. Changes in stage I vein mineralogy reflect decreasing temperature and fugacity of sulfur by evolution of the Geochang hydrothermal system with increasing paragenetic time. The Geochang deposit may represents a mesothermal gold-silver deposit.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.689-699
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• 2022

The Ssangjeon tungsten deposit is located within the Yeongnam Massif. Within the area a number of hydrothermal quartz veins were formed by narrow open-space filling of parallel and subparallel fractures in the metasedimentary rocks as Wonnam formation, Buncheon granite gneiss, amphibolite and/or pegmatite. Mineral paragenesis can be divided into two stages (stage I, ore-bearing quartz vein; stage II, barren quartz vein) by major tectonic fracturing. Stage I, at which the precipitation of major ore minerals occurred, is further divided into three substages (early, middle and late) with paragenetic time based on minor fractures and discernible mineral assemblages: early, marked by deposition of arsenopyrite with pyrite; middle, characterized by introduction of wolframite and scheelite with Ti-Fe-bearing oxides and base-metal sulfides; late, marked by Bi-sulfides. Fluid inclusion data show that stage I ore mineralization was deposited between initial high temperatures (≥370℃) and later lower temperatures (≈170℃) from H₂O-CO₂-NaCl fluids with salinities between 18.5 to 0.2 equiv. wt. % NaCl of Ssangjeon hydrothermal system. The relationship between salinity and homogenization temperature indicates a complex history of boiling, fluid unmixing (CO₂ effervescence), cooling and dilution via influx of cooler, more dilute meteoric waters over the temperature range ≥370℃ to ≈170℃. Changes in stage I vein mineralogy reflect decreasing temperature and fugacity of sulfur by evolution of the Ssangjeon hydrothermal system with increasing paragenetic time.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.435-443
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• 2017

The Hanae deposit is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin. The Cu-bearing hydrothermal quartz vein formed by narrow open-space filling along fracture in the sedimentary rocks as Jindong Formation. The Hanae Cu-bearing hydrothermal deposit shows a paragenetic sequence of pyrrhotite-pyrite $\rightarrow$ pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite(${\pm}$Bi-bearing tellurides) $\rightarrow$ Ag-bearing telluride mineralization $\rightarrow$ secondary mineralization. Fluid inclusion data indicate that the Hanae Cu-bearing hydrothermal mineralization occurred from dominantly aqueous fluids at temperatures of $400^{\circ}C-200^{\circ}C$. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation of the mineral paragenesis and assemblages combined with fluid inclusion data indicate that early main Cu-bearing ore mineralization in the vein starts at about $350^{\circ}C$ which corresponds to sulfur fugacity from about $10^{-9.2}$ to $10^{-8.7}bar$ with oxygen fugacity of about $10^{-32.1}$ to $10^{-29.8}bar$. Late main Cu-bearing ore mineralization in the vein occurs at about $250^{\circ}C$ which corresponds to sulfur fugacity from about $10^{-13.5}$ to $10^{-11.7}bar$ with oxygen fugacity of about $10^{-38.4}$ to $10^{-35.2}bar$. The late Ag-bearing telluride mineralization in the Hanae hydrothermal system occurs at about $200^{\circ}C$ which corresponds to minium Tellirium fugacity value of about $10^{-18}bar$ with sulfur fugacity of about $10^{-14.0}$ to $10^{-10.9}bar$.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.103-116
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• 2010

"Maekgyung(脈經)" was the first book for diagnostic method in traditional Chinese medicine history, but it couldn't be spreaded widely. After that, "Maekgyeol(脈訣)" was widely spreaded for centuries, because it was more concise and easier to memorize than "Maekgyung". But as time went by, people got to know that "Maekgyeol" had many errors. After "Maekgyeolganoh(脈訣刊誤)" corrected the errors of "Maekgyeol", "Maekgyeol" came to lose its reputation and people began to study "Binhomaekhak(瀕湖脈學)" instead of "Maekgyeol". We got to wonder why "Maekgyeol" was criticized by many people, so we decided to compare the definitions of pulses(脈象) in "Maekgyung" and "Maekgyeol" and "Maekgyeolganoh". Both "Maekgyung" and "Maekgyeol" have 24 kinds of pulses, but 22 kinds are in common. In 22 kinds of pulses, only 2 kinds of definitions are similar and the others are different. And "Maekgyeolganoh" criticized errors of "Maekgyeol" and corrected the definitions by that of "Maekgyung". In conclusion, we come to know that "Maekgyeol" was rejected by people because it defined most of pulses different from "Maekgyung".