• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2021

본 논문은 말 명료도 기준의 마비말장애 중증도 자동 분류 문제에 초점을 둔다. 말 명료도는 호흡, 발성, 공명, 조음, 운율 등 다양한 말 기능 특징의 영향을 받는다. 그러나 대부분의 선행연구는 한 개의 말 기능 특징만을 중증도 자동분류에 사용하였다. 본 논문에서는 음성의 장애 특성을 효과적으로 포착하기 위해 마비말장애 중증도 자동 분류에서 음질, 운율, 발음의 다양한 말 기능 특징을 반영하고자 하였다. 음질은 jitter, shimmer, HNR, voice breaks 개수, voice breaks 정도로 구성된다. 운율은 발화 속도(전체 길이, 말 길이, 말 속도, 조음 속도), 음높이(F0 평균, 표준편차, 최솟값, 최댓값, 중간값, 25 사분위값, 75 사분위값), 그리고 리듬(% V, deltas, Varcos, rPVIs, nPVIs)을 포함한다. 발음에는 음소 정확도(자음 정확도, 모음 정확도, 전체 음소 정확도)와 모음 왜곡도[VSA(vowel space area), FCR (formant centralized ratio), VAI(vowel articulatory index), F2 비율]가 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 특징 조합을 사용하여 중증도 자동 분류를 시행하였다. 실험 결과, 음질, 운율, 발음 특징 세 가지 말 기능 특징 모두를 분류에 사용했을 때 F1-score 80.15%로 가장 높은 성능이 나타났다. 이는 마비말장애 중증도 자동 분류에는 음질, 운율, 발음 특징이 모두 함께 고려되어야 함을 시사한다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

This study compared the aerodynamic multiparameters of whispers and phonation in patients with muscle misuse dysphonia(MMD) to evaluate the voice aerodynamic analysis for discrimination between whispers and phonation. Eleven patients with muscle misuse dysphonia were examined. Whispers were shorter with a maximum phonation time(MPT; p<.01), a lower phonatory sound pressure level(SPLp; p<.01), a higher phonatory flow rate (PFR; p<01), lower phonatory efficiency(PE; p<.01), and a lower phonatory resistance (PR; p<.05) than phonation. The subglottal pressure level was not significantly different between whispers and phonation. (Psub; p>.05). The ROC analysis showed that the threshold of 23.83 ppm for PE achieved a good classification for whispers, with the perfect sensitivity(100%) and specificity(100%). Those results indicate PE reliably distinguished between whispers and phonation. The results also suggest that PE may provide a useful tool for studying the laryngeal source.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to analyze consonant articulation errors produced by 90 speakers with cerebral palsy (CP). Phonetic transcriptions were made for 37 single-word utterances containing 70 phonemes: 48 initial consonants and 22 final consonants. Errors of substitution, omission, and distortion were analyzed using a confusion matrix paradigm showing the visualization of error patterns. Results showed that substitution errors in initial and final consonants were most frequent, followed by omission and distortion. Consonant omission occurred more frequently on final consonants. In both initial and final consonants, the within-place errors were more prominent than the within-manner errors. The current results suggest that consonant confusion matrices for dysarthric speech may provide useful information for evaluating speech intelligibility and developing automatic speech recognition system of adults with CP associated dysarthria.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2016

This study investigates the acoustic-phonetic features and speech intelligibility of Lombard speech in children with intellectual disability, by examining the effect of Lombard speech at 3 levels of non-noise, 55dB, and 65dB. Eight children with intellectual disability read sentences and played speaking games, and their speech were analyzed in terms of intensity, pitch, vowel space of /a/, /i/, and /u/, VAI(3), articulation rate and speech intelligibility. Results showed, first, that intensity and pitch increased as noise level increased; second, that VAI(3) increased as the noise level increased; third, that articulation rate decreased as noise intensity increased; finally, that speech intelligibility increased as noise intensity increased. The Lombard speech changed the VAI(3), vowel space, articulation rate, speech intelligibility of the children with intellectual disability as well. This study suggests that the Lombard speech will be clinically useful for the persons who have intellectual disability and difficulties in self-control.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제51호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2004

Comprehension monitoring is a process of message evaluation and a very important skill of communication. Comprehension monitoring is a necessary language skill in classroom, as it is important for children to assess their own understanding of task instructions and teaching content. The present study investigated comprehension monitoring skill of children with Specific Language Impairment(SLI) compared to age-matched children and language-matched children. 18 vignettes and 6 displays were constructed. Children were asked to choose one object or 'DK' card from a display after the children listened to the vignettes. The results showed that children with SLI didn't have problem in comprehending unambiguous utterance and using prior statement. However, they had problem in monitoring comprehending ambiguous utterance compared age-matched children. Their performance were similar to language matched younger children. With respect to their performance, several possible explanations were discussed.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제51호
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• pp.39-55
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• 2004

Working memory is the term used to refer to the mental workplace in which information can be temporarily stored and manipulated during complex everyday activities such as understanding language. The studies on language and working memory are based on Baddeley's phonological working memory and Daneman and Carpenter's functional working memory. This article reviews two working memory models and the studies on language and working memory based on each model. These are described in the implication of working memory in language development and specific language impairment-evaluation and treatment.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제65호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2008

The purposes of this experiment were to compare and analyze some voice parameters of the hearing impaired male adults and to suggest a basic data on the speech intervention for the hearing impaired. Voice analysis of four sustained vowels(/a/, /i/, /${\partial}$/, /u/, fundamental Sequency(F0), jitter percent, shimmer percent, and Noise to Harmonic Ratio(NHR) was conducted for the deaf young male adults using a sign laguage(N=5, aged 16-20) and the normal hearing young male adults(N=10, aged 18-20) by using MDVP(Multi-Dimensional Voice Program) in CSL. F0, jitter, and shimmer in the deaf group were significantly higher than those in the normal hearing group. The average of F0 was 151 Hz, which was lower than the results of the previous studies, and there were no significant differences among the sustained vowels. In both groups, the values of the voice parameters were stable on the /a/ or /${\partial}$/, those closed to the standard scores.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제56호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

This study examined the speech intelligibility of one-syllable words with phonetic contrasts and analyzed segmental factors that can predict the overall speech intelligibility in hearing-impaired adults. To identify the speech error characteristics, a Korean word list was audio-recorded by 7 hearing-impaired adults, and 35 listeners selected the heard word out of 5 choices. Based in part on previous studies of speech of the hearing impaired, the word list consisted of monosyllabic consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) real word pairs. Stimulus words included 77 phonetic contrast pairs. The results showed that the percentage of errors in final position (coda) contrast was higher than in any other position in syllable. And the intelligibility deficit factors of phonetic contrast in the hearing-impaired were analyzed through stepwise regression analysis. The overall intelligibility was predicted by the error rate of manner contrast at coda, voicing contrast (homorganic triplets) at onset and high-low contrast at nucleus.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제56호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2005

This paper analyzes the vocal tract area estimation algorithm used as a part of a speech analysis program to help deaf children correct their pronunciations by comparing their vocal tract shape with normal children's. Assuming that a vocal tract is a concatenation of cylinder tubes with a different cross section, we compute the relative vocal tract area of each tube using the reflection coefficients obtained from linear predictive coding. Then, we obtain the absolute vocal tract area by computing the height of lip opening with a formula modified for children's speech. Using the speech data for five Korean vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/), we investigate the effects of the sampling frequency, frame size, and model order on the estimated vocal tract shape. We compare the vocal tract shapes obtained from deaf and normal children's speech.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제39호
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• pp.53-71
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• 2000

With the 130 patients who were diagnosed as functional articulation disorders with no physical problems, a statistical study was performed to investigate their background information and phonological processes of errors. The results are as follows: (1) Males showed higher prevalence than females, and 5-year-old-patients showed the highest in age. (2) Most patients showed errors of 2~5 phonemes (3) The most frequent errors were found in plosives and alveolar sounds, and the most frequent phonological process of errors in the aspects of manner and place of articulation were stop-assimilations and alveolar assimilations, respectively.