• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 2016

Sorbus commixta, a flowering plant in the Rosaceae family, is native to Japan and Ulleung Island, Korea. This plant is also called maga-mok or mai-mok in Korea because the bud of the stem has a similar shape to the teeth of a horse. In this study, hot water extracts from different parts of S. commixta, such as leaf, stem, and immature and mature fruits, were prepared, and their antithrombosis and antioxidant activities were evaluated. The extraction yield and pH of stem extracts were 3.99% and 5.5, respectively. The stem extracts contained 89.2 mg/g of total polyphenols and 28.3 mg/g of total flavonoids. The hot water extracts prepared from the leaf, stem, immature, and mature fruit of S. commixta exhibited no hemolytic activity against human red blood cells, up to a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. In an anticoagulation assay, the stem extracts showed strong extension in thrombin, prothrombin, and activated partial thromboplastin times, whereas the other extracts had no anticoagulation activity. In a platelet aggregation inhibitory activity assay, all the extracts tested had no inhibitory activity against human platelets. With regard to antioxidation activity, the stem extracts showed stronger radical scavenging activity and reducing power activity than the other extracts. The calculated RC₅₀s, the concentration required for 50% radical scavenging activity, for DPPH anions, ABTS cations, and nitrite of the crude stem extracts were 119.7, 53.3, and 117.5 μg/ml, respectively, whereas they were 13.7, 5.2, and 14.9 μg/ml for DPPH anions, ABTS cations, and nitrite, respectively, for vitamin C. The results suggest that the stem extracts of S. commixta have strong potential for use as a novel resource for antithrombosis agents.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.300-311
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• 2013

Subalpine species, Sorbus pohuashanensis in the Korean peninsula, which is assumed to be evolved from hybridization between S. commixta and an unknown species based on the flavonoids data. Morphometric analysis was conducted on the basis of 19 leaf and flower (or fruit) characters. A total of 721 samples in 13 populations of Sorbus pohuashanensis and S. commixta from Korea and additional specimens of S. commixta, S. pohuashanensis, and S. wilsoniana from Japan and China were examined to reveal the hybridization patterns and morphological differences. We found a preliminary evidence where Korean mountain rowan is more related to a Chinese inland taxon, S. wilsoniana, rather than Northeastern Chinese S. pohuashanensis in terms of flavonoids. The current morphological structure of the Korean mountaion rowan, however, which is more similar to S. commixta, was neither associated with that of S. wilsoniana nor that of S. pohuashanensis. This indicates that this morphological variation represents an intermediate of S. commixta and S. wilsoniana via a more ancient hybridization event in terms of qualitative characters, such as stipules, buds, and carpels. These morphometric differences together with other distinguishing characteristics suggest that the Korean mountain rowan should be considered as a conspecific species of S. commixta, although this demonstration of hybridization with the current phenetic species concept contradicts longstanding historical species concept.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1610-1615
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• 2007

Genus Sorbus is a long lived woody species that is primarily distributed throughout Asia and Europe. This species is regarded as very important herbal medicines in Korea and China. Sorbus commixta is primarily distributed throughout Europe. We evaluated a representative sample of the four taxa with nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) to estimate genetic relationships within genus. Aligned nucleotide sequences of the length of ITS1 were nearly constant within genus Sorbus varying from 219 in S. aucuparia to 218 in the rest species. Especially, the 5.8S subunit of all taxa of Sorbus was found to constant of 165 bp nucleotides. However, aligned nucleotide sequences of the length of ITS2 vary from 240 in S. sambucifolia var. pseudogrcilisto 245 in S. aucuparia. Total alignment length is 629 positions, of which 35 are parsimony-informative, 32 variable but parsimony-uninformative, and 552 constant characters. The base furtherance showed the difference to the by a total taxon: an average A and T are 17.7% and G and C are 30.4%, 34.2%, respectively. All the four taxa beginning with conserved base paired triplets emerging from single strand regions (domain I). Noteworthy, in the RNA secondary structure proposed for the three Korean Sorbus taxa RNA transcript ITS2, which shows a remarkedly well-conserved folding (domain II). When compared to the European Sorbus (S. aucuparia) of ITS2. ITS analysis may be useful in germ-plasm classification several taxa of genus Sorbus.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2003

This study was conducted to reveal the role of meteorological elements on the habitat characteristics and vegetative structure for S. commixta natural populations at Ulleung Island. Potential Evapotranspiration(PET) by elevation of Ulleung Island was estimated using Thornthwaite's climatology estimating method. Also, Warm Index (WI), Coldness Index (CI) and vegetative composition by elevation were determined. The following results were obtained: The S. commixta trees wire mainly distributed from an elevation of 300 m to 900 m. The WI and CI were about 66.8∼95.0, -21.5∼-7.7, respectively. Water deficit by precipitation and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) mainly occurred from March to October at all elevations. But wafer deficits diminished with increased elevation. The apparent species in S. commixta natural populations at Ulleung Island were: 10 tree layer species, 17 subtree layer species, and 25 species in the shrub layer. In the tree layer, S. commixta was dominant with the highest value of 46.85, then Fagus crenate 13.43, Acer mono and Tilia amurensis 12.41 and 12.03, respectively. In the subtree layer, A. mono was dominant with the highest value of 13.16, then F. crenata 12.68, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and S. commixta 11.37 and 10.76, respectively. Dominant species and IV values in the shrub layer were Sasa borealis (22.09) and Rhododendron brachycarpum (10.51). The S. commixta natural forests were in a relatively stable rendition because of the even distribution of its various indexes: the species diversity index of Shannon, the evenness index and dominance were 0.6199∼1.1390, 0.6199∼0.8825 and 0.1852∼0.3801, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.470-475
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• 2007

Genus Sorbus is a long lived woody species. Plants of this genus are primarily distributed patchy throughout Asia and Europe. Sorbus commixta is primarily distributed throughout Europe. Eastern Asian Sorbus species are regarded as very important herbal medicines in Korea and China. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to investigate the genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of four species of this genus in Korea. Although some Korean populations of these species were isolated and patchily distributed, they exhibited a high level of genetic diversity. Twenty-six primers revealed 205 loci, of which 128 were polymorphic (62.4%). S. commixta showed the highest diversity (0.165), whereas S. aucuparia showed the lowest diversity (0.109). The estimated gene flow (Nm) was low high among intra-species (mean Nm=0.755). A similarity matrix based on the proportion of shared fragments (GS) was used to evaluate relatedness among species. The estimate of GS ranged from 0.786 to 0.963. The molecular data allowed us to resolve well-supported clades in Korean taxa and European species. An addition, especially, species-specific markers for genus Sorbus by RAPD analysis may be useful in germ-plasm classification and agricultural process of several taxa of this genus.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2003

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of Nature Ecosystem Preservation Area, 65 plots(10m$\times$10m) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. five group -Larix leptolepis Community, Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla Community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Quercus mongolica community. Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community, Quercus mongolica community were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations was proved between Quercus mongolica and Sorbus of alnifolia, Acer Mono, Lonicera praeflorens, Sorbus commixta ; Acer mono and Lonicera praeflorens, Sorbus commixta ; Maackia amurensis and Acer triflorum ; Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula davurica ; Lonicera praeflorens and Cornus controversa, Sorbus commixta ; Acer triflorum and Rhamnus toshinoi ; Pyrus ussuriensis and Prunus padus ; Cornuscontroversa, and Sorbus commixta, and high negative corrlations was proved between Quercus mongolica and Larix leptolepis, Carpinus cordata ; Tilia amurensis and Larix leptolepis, Morus bombycis. Species diversity(H' ) of investigated groups were ranged 0.4443~1.2036.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2005

Vegetation composition and structure of Sorbus commixta - native forests of South Korea were studied using phytosociological procedures and its ecological characteristics analyzed with special respect to species correlations, importance values, and constancy classes. Vegetation types were divided (great division) into Tripterygium regelii - Quercus mongolica (Inland high mountain type) and Acer takesimense - Fague crenata var. multinervis (Ulleung Island type) and ten accompanying vegetation units. In between S. commixta and life-farms, 120 correlations were positive with 23 of these having a p-value < 0.01 for trees, 21 for shrubs, 10 for woody vines, and 25 for herbs. In trees, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and A. takesimense and T. insularis on the $1\%$ level. In shrubs, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and Sasa kurilensis, Callicarpa japonica, Ligustrum foliosum on the $5\%$ level. In woody vines, there was a negative correlation between S. commixta and Tripterygium regelii and Actinidia rufa on the $1\%$ level. In herbs, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and Majanthemim dilatatum and Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea on the $1\%$ level.

• Landscaping Tree
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• v.82 no.9_10
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• pp.17-19
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• 2004

• Landscaping Tree
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• v.63 no.7_8
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• pp.20-21
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• 2001

• Landscaping Tree
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• v.76 no.9_10
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• pp.6-8
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• 2003