• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.11-17
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• 2005

Characteristics of phenanthrene removal in the Electrokinetic (EK)-Fenton process were investigated in a 2-dimensional test cell in a viewpoint of the effect of gravity and electrosmotic flow (EOF). When the constant voltage of 100 V was applied to this system, the current decreased from 1,000 to 290 mA after 28 days, because soil resistance increased due to the exhaustion of ions in soil by electroosmosis and electromigration. Accumulated EOF in two cathode reservoirs was 10.3 L and the EOF rate was kept constant for 28 days. At the end of operation, the concentration of phenanthrene was observed to be very low near the anode and increased in the cathode region because hydrogen peroxide was supplied from anode to cathode region following the direction of EOP. Additionally, the concentration of phenanthrene decreased at the bottom of the test cell because the electrolyte solution containing hydrogen peroxide was largely transported toward the bottom due to a low capillary action in the soil with high porosity. Average removal efficiency of phenanthrene by EK-Fenton process was 81.4% for 28 days. In-situ EK-Fenton process would overcome the limitations of conventional remediation technologies and effectively remediate the contaminated sites.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.410-414
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• 2013

Styela (S.) clava (Korean name: miduduk) tunic is produced as a by-product after processing of S. clava. For utilizing this tunic, a konjac containing the tunic extracts was prepared and the qualities evaluated for their color, textural properties, and sensory attributes. The tunic extract was prepared by boiling tunic with water, followed by filtration through filter paper. Significant 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity was found in the tunic extract. Increasing the concentration of tunic extract in the konjac tended to decrease lightness (L) and increase the redness (a) and the yellowness (b) of the konjac. The strength and hardness of the konjac increased with increasing concentrations of the tunic extract. All test samples with a 3 mm thickness had good flexibility and did not break even after 4 times folds. In sensory evaluations, the konjac containing 25% S. clava tunic extracts acquired a relatively higher score. The results suggest that S. clava tunic can be applied to konjac products to improve their quality and functionality.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.563-570
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• 2016

Onion vinegar has an undesirable flavor and taste that results from alcohol and acetic acid production from fermentation. In this study, we have used onion vinegar to develop an onion vinegar beverage with better sensory quality. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum blending ratio by using response surface methods to produce an onion vinegar beverage containing Yuza (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka). The optimal formula for a fermented onion beverage was determined using a central composite design by the response surface methodology. The independent variables were obtained by regression analysis of the reaction surface of brown sugar, apple extracts and Yuza extracts. The optimum mixing ratio for onion vinegar:water:brown sugar:apple extracts:Yuza extracts was 6.0:77.6:4.9:9.2:2.3 (w/w). The actual overall acceptance was 7.08 under optimum conditions, which was close to the maximum predicted value of 6.96. The concentration of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and quercetin present in the onion vinegar beverage was 14.8 mg/100 g, 2.6 mg/100 g and 1.4 mg/100 g, respectively. The onion vinegar beverage showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Enterobacter aerogenes. It also showed antioxidant effects, with a DPPH radical inhibition rate of 18.2% and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of 11.5%. In conclusion, the onion vinegar beverage described here seems to have nutritional value and potential biological activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.167-172
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• 1997

Effect of combined preparation (DWP715) containing Alaska pollack extract, maltol, ascorbic acid and nicotinamide on decreasing of blood alcohol was evaluated in human blood. Treatment of DWP715 prior to administration of 25% alcohol (100 mL) decreased alcohol concentration in blood and showed significant difference after 2 hours. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), $C_{max},\;T_{max}\;and\;T_{1/2}$ were also decreased and delayed when compared with control values. Effects of DWP715 on anti-fatigue and anti-oxidation activities were also studied in the restraint stress model using various parameters (GOT, GPT, LDH values and organ weights) on mild condition and examined through the content of lipid peroxide induced by 2% $CCl_4$ in mouse livers. While GPT level, thymus and adrenal weight were not influenced by DWP715 dosing, LDH, GOT level and spleen weight used as a parameter against fatigue and stress states were recovered almost to the nomal level. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation due to $CCl_4$ was significantly inhibited by DWP715 treatment. These results suggest that DWP715 seems to metabolize the blood alcohol rapidly and to restore the damaged liver and fatigue conditions which was caused by alcohol metabolism to normal condition.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.123-135
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• 2014

The effects of pH, saturated oxygen, and back-flushing media were investigated in hybrid process of tubular ceramic microfiltration and $TiO_2$ photocatalyst-loaded PES (polyethersulfone) beads for advanced drinking water treatment, and compared results of water, nitrogen, or oxygen back-flushing in the viewpoints of membrane fouling resistance ($R_f$), permeate flux (J) and total treated water ($V_T$). $R_f$ decreased, and J and $V_T$ increased as decreasing pH. Turbidity treatment efficiencies were similar at water or nitrogen back-flushing independent of pH, but DOM (dissolved organic matter) treatment efficiency did not have a trend at water back-flushing. $R_f$ at NBF (no back-flushing) with SO (saturated oxygen) was the lower than that at NBF without SO. Also, the DOM treatment efficiency at NBF with SO was the lower than that at NBF without SO. It happened because OH radicals produced by reaction of SO and photocatalyst could dilute with water inside the module. The DOM treatment efficiency of gas back-flushing showed the larger than that of water back-flushing at back-flushig period 10 min. It proved that the adsorption or photo-oxidation of PES beads could be activated by the more effective bead-cleaning of gas back-flushing than water back-flushing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.453-461
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• 2000

Aquatic humic substance (AHS) was extracted from Soyang lake water using XAD-8 resin. and its concentration distribution in the lake from May to October. 1997 was determined. Ozonation characteristics of the AHS were studied as factors of pH, carbonate ion concentration. and the biodegradability and structural changes of the AHS were also investigated after ozonaticn. DOC distribution in Soyang Lake water was 1~3 mg/L. and the concentrations of AHS ranged between 0.2~0.8 mg/L. which was corresponding to 20~30% of DOC. AHS was composed of around 20% of HA and 80% of FA. The optimum pH value for AHS ozonation was in range of pH 7~9. When carbonate ions were added for AHS ozonation as a ladical scavenger. it was found that DOC removals were decreased. and the absorbance decreases were increased slightly. Biodegradability of the ozonized AHS was 50% higher than that of unozonated AHS. $^{13}C-NMR$ analysis showed that the aromatic compounds of AHS, after ozonation, were decreased from 49% to 17%. and the aliphatic and carboxylic compounds were increased from 34% to 51% and from 17% to 32%. respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.140-145
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• 2017

Pinus koraiensis cone (PKC) extract was prepared by mixing PKC with sugar at a weight ratio of 1:1 and then removing PKC after incubating the mixture at room temperature for 100 days. The resulting PKC extract was examined for its physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities using Prunus mume fruit extract, which is similar to PKC extract in terms of preparation procedure and product usage, as a control. PKC extract consisted mainly of moisture (21.76%) and sugar (70.03%), leading to high viscosity. PKC extract was apparently yellowish, and therefore its browning index and color intensity were appreciably lower than the control (P=0.0000), indicating that Maillard reaction was not facilitated during fermentation. Compared with the control, PKC extract was not appreciably different in terms of total flavonoid content, whereas its organic acid content and total reducing capacity were significantly lower. Nevertheless, its metal-chelating activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity were comparable to those of the control. In addition, SOD-like activity of PKC extract was 2-fold higher than that of 6.6 mM quercetin, which had a higher total flavonoid content than PKC extract. This indicates that PKC extract contains certain flavonoids with higher antioxidant activities than quercetin. The results show that PKC extract provides antioxidant activity as well as characteristically different sensory properties due to its higher sugar and lower organic acid contents compared with Prunus mume fruit extract.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.319-324
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• 2016

In this study, pitch-based carbon fibers in the acid were radiated with an electron beam to modify their surface, and surface changes were investigated according to each treatment conditions. Nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide were used as a drenched acidic solution and an electron beam dose was set to 200 and 400 kGy. The use of nitric acid introduced more oxygen functional groups on carbon fiber surfaces than that of using hydrogen peroxide, and also introduced nitrogen functional groups into the carbon fiber surface. In addition, oxygen functional groups introduced on carbon fiber surface increased as the electron beam dose increased due to the fact that the oxidizing material can be easily formed by e-beam radiation in nitric acid than the hydrogen peroxide, and also the higher energy electron beam dose can help forming more oxidizing materials. Moreover, the generation of C=O functional groups was favorable when using nitric acid because oxidizing C-OH functional groups to the C=O functional groups mainly occurred by $NO_2$ radicals generated by the electron beam radiation in a nitric acid solution.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.169-176
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• 2015

Objectives : This study is to investigate the effects of Rhizoma drynariae aqueous extract(RDA) on cell cytotoxicity, Nitric Oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ production and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl ghdrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging capability. Methods : Cell cytotoxicity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. The production of NO was measured by Griess assay. The production of $PGE_2$ was measured by immunoassay. And, the anti-oxidant activity was measured by the DPPH method. Results : Cell cytotoxicity in 50, 100, 200 and $400{\mu}g/ml$ RDA did not increase significantly compared to the RDA untreated group. RDA($200{\mu}g/ml$ and $400{\mu}g/ml$) inhibited NO and $PGE_2$ production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. RDA had high DPPH free radical scavenging capability. Conclusions : This study indicates that RDA inhibits NO and $PGE_2$ production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and improve DPPH free radical scavenging capability. RDA may have an anti-inflammation effect and an anti-oxidant activity.

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.294-301
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• 2017

Air pollution associated with the $NO_x$ emission from the ship engines is becoming one of the major environmental concerns these days. As the regulations on ship pollutants are strengthened, the wet absorption method, for controlling complex pollutants in a confined space, has the advantage of simultaneously removing various pollutants, but the low solubility of nitrogen monoxide is drawback. In this study, for improving existing denitrification scrubber system, NO oxidation process by hydroxyl radical produced from irradiating UV light on $H_2O_2$ is suggested and the $H_2O_2$ decomposition rates and hydroxyl radical quantum yields were measured to find the optimum condition of $H_2O_2$ photolysis reaction. As a result, the optimum quantum yield and photolysis rate of $H_2O_2$ were 0.8798, $0.6mol\;h^{-1}$ at 8 W, 2 M condition, and oxidation efficiency of 1000 ppm NO gas was 40%. In batch system, NO removal efficiency has a range of 65.0 ~ 67.3% according to input gas concentration of 100 ~ 1500 ppm. This results indicate that the scrubber system using hydrogen peroxide photolysis can be applied as air pollution prevention facility of ship engines.