• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.702-708
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• 1998

The effects of mushrooms such as Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus on anti-cancer activity through in vivo and in vitro experiments were powders of protein-bound polysaccharides in mushrooms were solubilized in 0, 5, 25 mg/kg saline, respectively and were used in vitro experiments. The in vivo experiments were carried out as followed: i) anti-cancer activities on Leukemia $(L_{1210})$, Hepatlicus cancer $(H_{22})$ and Sarcoma180/(S180), and ii) the effect on immune system through changes in intestine weight and the number of hemolytic plague forming cells. Protein-bound polysaccharides of all showed anti-cancer activity on $L_{1210}$ and fruit body of Lentinus edodes 25 mg/kg treatment group showed the highest inhibition rate (86%). Pleurotus ostreatus mycelial in medium of cultivate 25 mg/kg treatment. Fruid body of Lentinus edodes 25 mg/kg treatment group showed the highest inhibition rate (86% and 71%, respectively) on $H_{22}$ among them. The inhibition rates of fruit body and mycelial of Lentinus edodes 25 mg/kg treatment groups on S180 were 33.9% and 30.9%, respectively. Each samples of 50, 100, 200, $400\;{\mu}g/{\mu}L$ on in vitro cell toxicity test did not show significantly different cell death rates at P<0.05. In immune test, weights of liver and spleen were increased according to increase in conc. but were not significantly different at P<0.05. The weights of thymus were heavy in fruit body and mycelial of Lentinus edodes treatment group but were not significantly different at P<0.05. Hemolytic plague forming cells with antibody formation capability were significantly high in fruit body and mycelial of Lentinus edodes treatment samples.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2003

We investigated antitumor activities of the ethanol extract from mushroom Phellinus linteus and Phellinus baumii on mulberry, oak and elm. in vitro test, the ethanol extract of mushroom cultivated on oak of Phellinus linteus showed highest activities about SK-OV-3, HCT15, XF498, SK-MEL-2 and A549. SK-OV-3 cell line showed 100% cytotoxicity in 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and HCT15 (98.39%), XF498 (89.62%), SK-MEL-2 (84.07%) and A549 (79.92%) cytotoxicity respectively. Also $IC_{50}$ showed 3.99 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml to SK-OV-3 cell line and HCT15 (4.37 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml), A549 (5.48 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml), SK-MEL-2 (6.72 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml), XF 498 (6.88 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml). As those results, cultivated oak of Phellinus linteus showed a very low $IC_{50}$ value against SK-OV-3, HCT15, XF498, SK-MEL-2 and A549 cancer cell lines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.633-640
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of the water-extract from Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) compositions containing powdered green tea in HCT-15 human colon carcinoma, AGS human gastric carcinoma and NIH3T3 mouse normal fibroblast cells using viable cell count and MTT assay. The water-extract from Chaga mushroom compositions induced inhibitory effects on proliferation of HCT-15 and AGS cells in the MTT assay and viable cell count. However, mouse normal NIH3T3 cells were exhibited 80% survival under the same condition. Chaga mushroom compositions showed highly antiproliferative effect in human cancer cell line HCT-15 and AGS, but not in mouse normal cell line NIH3T3. These results suggest that Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) compositions containing powdered green tea are the candidate for chemoprevention in colon and gastric cancer.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2020

In this study, we analyzed the effect of media on the production of carotenoids and mycelia by using Perenniporia fraxinea. Malt extract-based medium with less than 0.1% peptone stimulated the production of carotenoids, and the one with more than 0.2% peptone inhibited its production. P. fraxinea grown in medium without malt extract did not produce carotenoids, although a small amount of peptone was added to the medium.After carotenoid production, the culture broth was separated using simple centrifugation and the supernatant was harvested as a carotenoid solution. Ethanol was used to extract carotenoids from mycelia. Carotenoid solution separated or extracted from the culture solution showed DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant carotenoids produced by P. fraxinea are derived from natural products, have no toxicity and side effects, and exhibit excellent antioxidant effects; therefore, they can be effectively used to remove oxides produced by active oxygen.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2005

World production of mushrooms has been increasing 10-20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis are very popular as new mushroom species for cultivation. Two kinds of mushrooms, Gumji (Ganoderma) and Soji, were described in old book of Samguksagi (History of the three kingdoms; 1145) in Koryo-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms were also described in more than 16 kinds of old books during Chosun-dynasty in Korea. One hundred and sixty commercial strains of 25 species in mushrooms were distributed to cultivators. By the way, only 8 varieties of them have registered variety protection. Mushroom industry as important export products developed from 1960 to 1980. Production of mushrooms as food was 181,828 metric tons valued at 800 billion Korean won in 2003. Isolated and identified substances from mushrooms are promising antifungal, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antiviral (anti-HIV), antibacterial & antiparasitic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, kidney tonic, hepatoprotective, nerve tonic, and sexual potentiator. These substances can also be used for blood pressure regulation and effective against cardiovascular disorders, hypocholesterolemia & hyperlipidemia, and chronicbronchitis. Mushroom products including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the markets. Compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest. The mushroom industry is already one of the fastest growing investment sectors in Korea. By the way, there is a need to strain improvement for variety protection, advanced cultivation technology at low cost for growers, and control of demand and supply for marketing in order to more upgrade development of mushroom industry in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2015

In this study, portective effect on DNA damage several mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes) according to cooking methods was investigated using Comet assay. Three edible mushrooms were cooked by grilling, blanching, pan-frying, or by preparing 'Jeon' (traditional Korean pancake). Cells were incubated in medium with 4 kinds of samples for 48 h ($37^{\circ}C$) were further treated with hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) for 5 min as an oxidative stimulus. Oxidative damage was evaluated by single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and quantified by tail DNA% (TD), tail length (TL), tail moment (TM). Though oxidative DNA damages expressed as TD, TL, TM of 4 cooked samples were higher than raw sample, which means lower protective activities, all samples including raw sample had significantly higher protective effects than the positive control (p<0.05). The protective effect on DNA damage of cooked samples decreased much more when soybean oil added, likely due to the thermal oxidation of oil during cooking. Although heat treatment could degrade protective effect on DNA damage of mushrooms, the cooked mushroom had significant effect on oxidative stress. In conclusion, grilling and blanching were the most advantageous cooking methods to protect oxidative DNA damage induced by $H_2O_2$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.717-719
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• 2006

A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled human intervention study involving 62 healthy volunteers was performed to investigate the effects of Keumsa sangwhang (Phellinus linteus) mushroom extracts (KPLE) on natural killer (NK) cell activity in peripheral blood. The volunteers were randomly distributed into two groups, one receiving KPLE (3.3 g/day) and the other a placebo by oral administration for 8 weeks. In this study, the number of NK cells did not increase with KPLE administration, however the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against the Jurkat leukemia cell line increased significantly. This result suggests that administration of KPLE induces cell-mediated immunity by increasing NK cell activity in humans.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2011

Agaricus brasiliensis, one of edible mushroom belonging to Basidiomycota, has been used for curing gastric ulcer and stomach cancer of human beings and also known to have good inhibitory effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were prepared from fruiting body of the mushroom. ${\beta}$-glucan and total protein contents were identify from fractions of edible mushrooms extract. The ${\beta}$-glucan and protein contents of all fractions of the mushrooms ranged from 21.54~32.31% and 0.16~9.34%, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HT-29, NIH3T3 and RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 10~2000 ${\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of 18.8~50.6% in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. HW increased the numbers of spleen cell by 1.2 fold at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ compared with control. Fr. MeOH and Na improved the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 1.6 fold compared with control at the concentration of 50~500 ${\mu}g/ml$. Fr. Na generated 15.9 ${\mu}M$ of nitric oxide (NO) when cultured with RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, while lipopolysaccharide, a positive control, produced 3.7 ${\mu}M$. The Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH increased the secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, Il-2 and IL-6 by 2.2 times compared with the control group. Fr. Na increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells by 4 folds at the concentration of 50mg/kg compared with control. Circulating leukocytes increased by 2.7 folds when Fr. HW from A. brasiliensis was inoculated at the concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight. The hematological and blood chemical analysis of the 3 fractions did not show any difference in blood compositions and enzyme activities compared with the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, the experimental results suggested that crude polysaccharides extracted from A. brasiliensis contain antitumor and immuno-potentiating activities against Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1333-1339
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• 2011

After mulberry (Morus alba) leaves were fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium by solid-state culture to enhance physiological activity, fermented mulberry leaves (MA-HE) was extracted by hot-water (MA-HEHW) and ethanol (MA-HE-E). MA-HE-HW showed enhanced mitogenic and intestinal immune system modulating activities (1.41 and 1.52 fold of saline control, respectively) compared to hot-water extracts of non-fermented mulberry leaves (MA-HW) and H. erinaceum mycelium (HE-HW) at $100\;{\mu}g$/mL. Meanwhile, when we tested the inhibitory effects of extracts on nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production, MA-HE-E significantly inhibited these pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (45.1, 41.3, 70.2, and 55.7% inhibition of LPS control at $1,000\;{\mu}g$/mL). In addition, MA-HE-HW and MA-HE-E did not show any cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells at $1,000\;{\mu}g$/mL whereas HE-E and MA-E indicated cytotoxicity (80.1 and 30.7% cell viability of saline control). These results suggest that mulberry leaves fermented with H. erinaceum by solid-state culture might have enhanced immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects compared to non-fermented mulberry leaves, resulting in ingredients biotransformed for fermentation with H. erinaceum mycelium.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate effects of Ramaria botrytis methanol extract on liver damage in benzo$({\alpha})$pyrene(B$({\alpha})$P)-treated mice. The activities of serum amminotransferase, cytochrome P-450, aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and hepatic content of lipid peroxide after B$({\alpha})$P-treatment were increased than control, but those levels were significantly decreased by the treatment of Ramaria botrytis methanol extract. Whereas, the hepatic glutathione content and activities of glutathionie S-transferase and r-glutamylcysteine syntherase were increased by the treatment of Ramaria botrytis methanol extract. In addition, cytochrome P-450 1A1 izozyme protein level, remarkably increased by B$({\alpha})$P-treatment was decreased by the treatment with methanol extract of Ramaria botrytis. These results suggest that the protective effect of methanol extract of Ramaria botrytis on liver injury in B$({\alpha})$P-treated mice may be due to reduction of oxygen free radical.