• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.2 s.171
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• pp.135-142
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• 2005

In order to investigate the contamination level and seasonal variation of heavy metals and evaluate the bioavailability of toxic elements, environmental geochemical survey was undertaken at the Dogok Au-Ag-Cu mine area. The main pollution sources in the area were suggested as tailings, mine waste materials and mine water. Elevated levels of $140{\cal}mg/{\cal}kg{\;}As,{\;}107{\cal}mg/{\cal}kg{\;}Cd,{\;} 3017{\cal}mg/{\cal}kg{\;}Cu,{\;}12926{\cal}mg/{\cal}kg{\;}Pb,{\;}9094{\cal}mg/{\cal}kg$ Zn(before rainy season) were found in mine tailings. Concentrations of heavy metals in farmland soils exceeded normal level in nature soil (Bowen, 1979). The highest level of heavy metals was found in water samples near the mine tailing dumps regarded as a main pollution source of toxic elements in the area. These concentrations decreased to downstream due to the effect of dilution. From the results of sequential extraction analyses for tailings and soils, non-residual forms of heavy metals were found, which indicate the contamination to be progressing by continuing weathering and oxidation. Cadmium and Zn would be of the highest mobility in all samples. The bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Zn and As using SBET analysis from paddy soils was $53.3{\%},{\;}46.5{\%},{\;}41.0{\%}$ and $37.0\%$, respectively. The farmland soil sample(S3) showed the highest total concentration and bioavailability of heavy metals.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.835-848
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• 2015

In the past, Korea had many kinds of jeupjang (succulent jang), a rapidly maturing original Korean jang (fermented soybean paste) of which there is no record in Chinese cookbooks. However, this local delicacy has almost been forgotten. Therefore, we looked for information about jeupjang in cookbooks written prior to the Joseon Dynasty in Korea (1392~1910) and in the 1950s. Among the recipes, there were 34 jeupjangs prepared with vegetables, such as eggplant and cucumber, and 9 without. The main ingredients of jeupjang are soybean, bran (wheat crust), and barley, and wild wheat is also used. Jeupjang is made in small portions to expedite its rapid maturation, but the most common form is egg-shaped, and there is also a flat or round, hilt-shaped version. In most cases, jeupjang consists of a mixture of meju powder (moldy soybean), water, and salt. Other ingredients can include nuruk (moldy bran), bran, wheat flour, an alcoholic beverage, maljang (dried fermented soybeans), ganjang (liquid soy sauce), malt, and takju (Korean murky wine). Jeupjang meju can be fermented in a vessel, most widely in baskets made of straw (sum and dungumi) or willow or interwoven twigs (chirung), but jars can also be used. The leaves of the paper mulberry are generally used for the mat and cover, but straw or leaves of the sumac, mulberry, or pine tree, soy, and fallen leaves are also used. Unlike other jangs, jeupjang is matured at $60^{\circ}C$ to $65^{\circ}C$, using heat emitted from the decomposition of horse dung, haystacks, or manure. Jeupjang became defunct or was transformed into jeomjang, jiraejang, mujang, paggeumjang, makjang, jipjang, and tojang. These jangs differ from jeupjang in that they use rice, malt, or hot pepper powder.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.141-157
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• 2007

This paper evaluates the effects of privatization and deregulation on the firm-specific efficiency and total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the Korean and Japanese railways. Using a stochastic frontier approach and a generalized translog functional form, the paper specifies the equation system consisting of a multiproduct variable cost function and input share equations which is estimated with Zellner's iterative seemingly unrelated regression and the corrected least squares method. The Korean and Japanese railway firms are assumed to produce three outputs (Shinkansen passenger-kilometers, incumbent railway passenger-kilometers, ton-kilometers of freight) using three input factors (labor, fuel, maintenance and rolling stock). A monetary value of the ways and fixed installations held by the railroad firm is also included as a quasi-fixed input. The empirical results indicate that the average estimate of cost inefficiency is 2.57% for the total sample and on the average, JNR and JR Kyushu are found to be worst efficient while the most efficient railway firm in the sample is JR West. Also the cost efficiency levels of seven JRs have been improved after the reform and privatization of JNR. The findings also indicate that TFP growth of the privately-owned JRs are higher than those of the government-owned KNR and JNR. Three-island JRs and JR Freight have slightly higher TFP growth than Honshu JRs as well. Thus, the results suggest that managerial autonomy and increased competition via deregulation have improved efficiency and TFP growth.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.150-157
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose a person tracking based multi-channel audio panning system for multi-view broadcasting services. Multi-view broadcasting is to render the video sequences that are captured from a set of cameras based on different viewpoints, and multi-channel audio panning techniques are necessary for audio rendering in these services. In order to apply such a realistic audio technique to this multi-view broadcasting service, person tracking techniques which are to estimate the position of users are also necessary. For these reasons, proposed methods are composed of two parts. The first part is a person tracking method by using ultrasonic satellites and receiver. We could obtain user's coordinates of high resolution and short duration about 10 mm and 150 ms. The second part is MPEG Surround parameter-based multi-channel audio panning method. It is a method to obtain panned multi-channel audio by controlling the MPEG Surround spatial parameters. A MUSHRA test is conducted to objectively evaluate the perceptual quality and measure localization performance using a dummy head. From the experiments, it is shown that the proposed method provides better perceptual quality and localization performance than the conventional parameter-based audio panning method. In addition, we implement the prototype of person tracking based multi-view broadcasting system by integrating proposed methods with multi-view display system.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.209-227
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• 1998

This study examines the relation between accruals components of earnings and stock return. Earnings are decomposed into four components: discretionary accruals, nondiscretionary accruals, nondiscretionary income and cash flow from operations. Because reported earnings in financial statement consist of cash flow from operations plus total accruals. We decompose total accruals into a discretionary accruals and a nondiscretionary accruals separately, This paper examines the incremental informational content of discretionary accruals and nondiscretionary accruals components of net income by regressing return on earnings'components in multivariate models. The empirical analysis is conducted on a sample of 1,580 firm-years comprising 158 firms during 1984-1995. Discretionary accruals are obtained by decomposing total accruals into discretionary and nondiscretionary accruals components, using a pooled variation of the Jones model(1991). These findings suggest that the discretionary accruals(measured using a variation the Jones model) is priced by the stock market. Specifically, the discretionary accruals and cash flow from operations are positively associated with the stock return, and also nondiscretionary income, discretionary accruals are positively associated with the stock return. While this result is consistent with the market prices the discretionary accruals because it captures value-relevant information. Additional test report evidence consistent with nondiscretionary accruals conveying information about the stock return.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.129-152
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• 2006

The purpose in this study is to analyze the effect of expected public pension assets (or social security wealth) and retirement incentives on retirement behaviors of two wage earners households. For the purpose of the study, an empirical analysis was conducted. In the empirical step, it was found that the empirical results were significant for men, but not for women namely, statistically asymmetric if behaviors of two couples are interdependent. The cause for the statistically asymmetric results were then determined. The Bivariate Probit model was used for estimation in the first step and the KLIPS(Korean Labor and Income Panel Study) was used as data for estimation. According to the empirical analysis, the results showed statistically significant asymmetry for men, however not for women, in expected public pension assets and other retirement incentives, non-wage assets, age difference, spouse's health status, spouse's monthly wages per hour and aging of their spouse In this study, cause of statistically asymmetric result in asymmetric complementarities of leisure of couples were found, then explained through different methods of comparison from the most recent studies. First, spouse's cross wage elasticity of self leisure demand(retirement) was calculated and determined whether complementarities of leisure of couples is positive or negative. Then, the degree of complementarities of leisure was distinguished in comparison with the relative size of two cross elasticities. Thus, men have relatively strong complementarities of leisure. But for women, it may roughly cancel out due to the substitution effect and the income effect. Therefore, women have relatively weak complementarities of leisure.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.3900-3914
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• 2012

This study examined the background of the recent global financial crisis and the concept of one of the financial derivatives such as the credit default swap(CDS) or synthetic CDO(collateral debt obligations), given the rapid growing and changing the over-the-counter derivative markets in their volume and structures. In comparison with the previous literature such as the study of Park & Kim (2011), this research empirically performed more thorough and comprehensive investigations to find any financial characteristics or attributes to determine the CDS spreads. Regarding the results obtained from the multiple regression models, the explanatory variables such as STYIELD3, SLOPE, INASSETS, and VOLATILITY, showed their statistically significant effects on all the tested dependent variables(DVs). Another procedure such as the principle component analysis(PCA), was also performed to account for additional IDVs as possible determinants of the dependent variables. Subsequent to this analysis, larger coefficients of each corresponding eigenvector such as BETA, PFT2, GROWTH, STD, and BLEVERAGE were found to be possible financial determinants. For robustness, all the IDVs were employed to be tested in the 'full' regression model with stepwise procedure. As a result, STYIELD3, SLOPE, and VOLATILITY, and BETA showed their statistically significant relationship with all the dependent variables of the CDS spreads.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.3824-3832
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• 2009

Would it be true that cutting off using BLOG in business hour prevents that job performance decreases? Even though it is right, would the worker have different reason of using BLOG according to job characteristic? This is the purpose of this study to search the answers for the questions above. Under the first hypothesis, (factors having the people use BLOG can influence the job satisfaction), independent variable was set to three factors and define as 'Interoperability', 'Informative', 'Amusement' respectively and dependent variable was set to job satisfaction in this study. The result of analyzing this hypothesis was that two factors('Interoperability', 'Informative') haveinfluence on job satisfaction but 'Amusement' factor hadn't any influence on job satisfaction. For another hypothesis, (the factor having the worker use BLOG would have different influence on job satisfaction according to job characteristic), Job characteristic was set to 3 group (fixed/unfixed, individual/co-operational, static/active) in this study and these variables were converted to dummy variable for validating the moderating effect on both variables(independent/dependent). The result of analyzing this hypothesis was that all dummy variables set to 3 groupshadn't any moderating effect on both variables. Because a dummy variable couldn't be contained the job characteristic exactly.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2010

This study was carried out on the composting of the most part of the plant waste materials inflowed-drifting into the dam during the localized heavy rain and the rainy season, due to the abnormal climate change, and for the sewage sludge banned to dispose legally into the ocean from the year of 2012. It was analysed the distinctive physicochemical qualities of the compost with treatment S-1(dam suspended particle sawdust : oak tree bark : sewage sludge : chicken manure = 30 : 20 : 40 : 10) and treatment S-2(dam suspended particle sawdust : oak tree bark : sewage sludge : chicken manure = 30 : 30 : 30 : 10). Both S-1 and S-2 maintained for 10 days at above $65^{\circ}C$ of the compost pile temperature, and the most of its pathogen were destroyed. In case of pH, until the 90th day into composting, S-1 with the pH value of 7.78 was slightly higher than S-2. The C/N value of S-1 was 15.3 and that of S-2 was 16.9. The quality of its final product was satisfied to the manufacture-standards. The GI value of S-1 was 91 higher than that of S-2, which was 84. In conclusion, it is highly recommendable to manufacture S-1 for its frequent usage of dam suspended particle sawdust and sewage sludge, and for its excellent quality and safety.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.465-475
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• 2016

Since inaccurate demand estimation for recent urban rail construction may result in financial burden to cities, precise prediction for operating cost as well as construction costs is necessary to avoid or reduce budget loss of the local or central government. The operating cost is directly related to the public fare and affect a policy to determine the rate system. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop an estimating model for reliable operating cost of urban railway. This study introduces a new model to estimate the operating cost with new variables. It provides a better prediction in accuracy and reliability compared to the existing model, considering the feature of urban railway. For verification of our model, railway operation data from a few cities for the last five years were comprehensively examined to determine variables that affect the operating cost. The operating cost was estimated in a dummy regression model using five independent variables, which were average distance between stations, daily trains distance, total passenger capacity of a train in a train, driving mode(manned/unmanned), and investment type(financial/private).